Geomorphology最新文献

{"title":"Hydromorphological adjustment and river–lake disconnection in the Jingjiang Reach under long-term regulation of three Gorges Reservoir","authors":"Wenguang Luo ,&nbsp;Yancheng Han ,&nbsp;Liming Yan ,&nbsp;Jun Xia ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large dam operations can profoundly reshape downstream river morphology and disrupt river–lake interactions, leading to significant hydrological and ecological consequences. This study investigates long-term hydromorphological changes in the Jingjiang Reach of the Yangtze River following the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) since 2003. Based on daily discharge and water level data from three key hydrological stations (Zhicheng, Shashi, and Jianli), power-law stage–discharge relationships were developed to characterize channel evolution. Effective base level analysis indicated negligible change at Zhicheng but substantial riverbed incision at Shashi and Jianli, with mean lowering rates of 0.271 and 0.256 m/year, respectively. By 2024, cumulative channel storage had increased by approximately 2.45 billion m³, equivalent to 11 % of the average volume of Dongting Lake. Under the original hydrological regime, the Yangtze River flow was distributed into Dongting Lake through three main distributary inlets—Songzikou, Taipingkou, and Ouchikou. Results show a marked decline after TGR impoundment, particularly at Taipingkou and Ouchikou, where linear trends suggest potential inflow cessation by the mid-21st century. Extrapolated trends indicate that channel storage may reach 7.4 billion m³ by 2071, coinciding with a transition toward a “one-in, three-out” regime. This evolving hydrodynamic pattern is expected to weaken Dongting Lake's flood regulation capacity and exacerbate hydrological and ecological fragmentation. These findings highlight the necessity of integrated morphological monitoring and adaptive water management to mitigate the cumulative impacts of large-scale reservoir regulation on downstream river–lake systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110113"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rockfall susceptibility mapping from topography perspective combing slope units and physical model-based negative sample strategy in the Yangtze Three Gorges","authors":"Fangyi Yan ,&nbsp;Haijia Wen ,&nbsp;Yujie Li ,&nbsp;Jiwei Hu ,&nbsp;Peng Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rockfalls occurring along the Yangtze River's reservoir banks pose a considerable threat to shipping safety, necessitating extensive spatial identification. Numerical analysis methods are often employed to assess rockfall stability, yet the inherent complexity of rock structures and the uncertainty of related parameters pose significant challenges in providing accurate inputs for numerical simulation models. Fortunately, the advent of high-precision DEM (Digital Elevation Model) models and advancements in artificial intelligence techniques now enable preliminary identification of potential rockfall locations based on topographic factors. In this study, the r.slopeunits method was employed to delineate slope units along the Yangtze River's reservoir banks, while the Scoops3D model was used to screen stable slope units. These stable units, together with known potential rockfall units, formed the dataset for machine learning. Unlike previous susceptibility assessment methods, this study focused on constructing the dataset using seven refined topographic factors, all derived exclusively from DEM data. The LightGBM algorithm was adopted for rockfall susceptibility prediction, with model validation conducted via 5-fold cross-validation and 100 random splits of the training and test sets (at a 7:3 ratio). The results indicated that slope standard deviation had the greatest impact on slope stability, with 87.6 % of rockfalls occurring in extremely high-risk areas. These findings underscore the importance of topographic factors in assessing rockfall susceptibility along the reservoir banks. Furthermore, the model achieves rockfall risk assessment using only DEM data, demonstrating strong generalization capability and providing extensive support for disaster prevention efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110136"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial heterogeneity of gully erosion and its dominants in multiple spatial scales in the Rolling Hilly Region of Northeastern China","authors":"Xin Liu ,&nbsp;Dichen Wang ,&nbsp;Yulan Chen ,&nbsp;Dan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gully erosion is a common global degradation process with high spatial heterogeneity, because its influencing factors vary greatly in different spatial scales. However, the analyses of gully erosion and its influencing factors at different scales are lacking. Given this, gully interpretation was conducted in 5005 grids (1 km × 1 km) sampled from an area of 17.75 × 10⁴ km² by the stratified random sampling method to obtain gully area density in grids, geomorphic zone, and whole region scales in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China. Climate, topography, land cover, and human activity factors, including 18 potential parameters, were selected to explore the causes of spatial differentiation in gully erosion by using interpretable machine learning models. The research results indicated that the correlation coefficient and Nash's efficiency coefficient from the interpretable machine learning models are greater than 0.77 in all zones, and their simulation accuracy is satisfactory. Regionally, the annual average temperature significantly drove the spatial differentiation in gullies, increasing it above 3 °C and inhibiting it below this threshold. The dominant factors for plains, platforms, hills, and mountains were snow cover days, annual average temperatures, annual average temperatures, and annual minimum temperatures, respectively. At the grid scale, the annual average temperatures and annual maximum temperatures were identified as dominant drivers of gully densities in 23.31 % and 22.42 % of the study area, respectively. The main controlling factors had a significant spatial scale effect on gully erosion, suggesting that prevention and control measures based on the dominant factors at multiple scales should be implemented to decelerate gully erosion, protecting the ecology and land resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110147"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface processes in the Horqin Sandy Land, northeastern China: Insights from grain size and shape of sediments","authors":"Deyang Zhang,&nbsp;Hongwei Li,&nbsp;Xiaoping Yang,&nbsp;Xinchen Yu ,&nbsp;Steve Pratte,&nbsp;Bo Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluvial-aeolian interactions are integral to the evolution of desert landscapes, yet the associated processes and sediment sources remain an area of active investigation. Recent studies highlight the potential of grain shape characteristics as indicators of sediment transport history and provenance. The Horqin Sandy Land (HQ) in northeastern China is a dunefield characterized by intensive fluvial-aeolian interactions. However, surface processes and its provenance connection with the upwind Hunshandake Sandy Land (HSDK) require further clarification.</div><div>The grain size and shape of fluvial sediments and dune sand samples from the HQ and surrounding regions were analyzed to elucidate transport processes and sand provenance. The grain shape of most river sediments significantly differs from that of aeolian sands in the HQ, except for sediments from the Xilamulun River (XLML), which originate in the HSDK and exhibit grain shape characteristics similar to HQ aeolian sands. Approximately 80 % of the fine sand transported by the XLML is derived from the HSDK, resulting in high sphericity of finer sand in the western HQ. Aeolian sands in the HQ exhibit pronounced spatial heterogeneity in grain size and shape parameters, reflecting strong fluvial-aeolian interactions. Wind-driven sorting and abrasion exert dominant control on sediment patterns in the western and central HQ, while their impacts are diminished in the eastern HQ due to a barrier effect of rivers and increased sediments influx from the Yanshan Mountains.</div><div>These findings highlight the complexity of fluvial-aeolian sediment dynamics. Moreover, they demonstrate that grain-shape analysis—characterized by low cost and high efficiency—can effectively resolve sediment provenance and surface processes even when their geochemical signatures are similar, underscoring its unique value as a tracer in desert environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Northeastern Tibetan Plateau paleo-Yellow River drainage expansion at ~3 Ma linked to the East Asian summer monsoon intensification","authors":"Benhong Guo ,&nbsp;Jiechang Gao ,&nbsp;Zhenghao Qin ,&nbsp;Fuhang Niu ,&nbsp;Yindi Wang ,&nbsp;Tingjiang Peng ,&nbsp;Shanpin Liu ,&nbsp;Chengying Liu ,&nbsp;Junsheng Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fluvial terrace sequences in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau indicate that the modern Yellow River primarily originated in the Lanzhou Basin around 1.8 Ma and subsequently extended into the interior of the Tibetan Plateau through headward erosion. However, the evolutionary history and driving mechanisms of the paleo-Yellow River during the Pliocene-Pleistocene, prior to the formation of the modern Yellow River system, remain unclear despite its establishment by ~3.6 Ma. In this study, we present the new results of magnetic susceptibility and combined with previous sedimentological analyses and detrital zircon U<img>Pb ages of fluvial sequences spanning the interval of ~3.6–2.2 Ma in the Lanzhou Basin, in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Our results reveal a rapid increase in the sediment supply into the Lanzhou Basin from the northeastern Tibetan Plateau at ~3 Ma, signaling an expansion of the paleo-Yellow River drainage system at this time. This Late Pliocene drainage system expansion coincides with the intensification of the East Asian summer monsoon, which may reflect interactions between the evolution of the paleo-Yellow River and climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110133"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145750298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of landslides induced by extreme rainfall in folded mountains: Case study of Zhenba, July 1, 2023","authors":"Wenbo Zheng ,&nbsp;Wen Fan ,&nbsp;Yanbo Cao ,&nbsp;Xin Liang ,&nbsp;Shaoqing Yuan ,&nbsp;Nuanzong Zhang ,&nbsp;Shilin Zhang ,&nbsp;Pengxu Jing","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Regional record-breaking heavy rainfall can significantly exacerbate landslide disasters and pose severe threats to structurally complex mountainous areas that are vulnerable to external environmental variations. To better understand the effects of extreme rainfall on geological structures in folded mountains, a recent event in July 2023 in Zhenba County, Qinling-Daba Mountains area, Shaanxi Province, China, is investigated using observations and reanalysis data. Remote sensing interpretation of satellite imagery identified significant surface changes before and after the rainfall. Field investigations further characterized the distribution, size, and mobility of landslides. A comprehensive disaster database, comprising 719 landslides and 293 debris flows, was compiled to examine the geological and topographical factors driving widespread failures. Numerical simulations were conducted to assess the effects of rainfall infiltration on pore water pressure and slope stability. The results revealed a strong correlation between high-mobility landslides and short-duration, high-intensity rainfall events. Debris flow-induced toe erosion significantly contributed to the initiation of additional landslides. Rock landslides, which accounted for 58.8 % of total geological disasters, were widespread across the region. Geological disasters developed most abundantly in rock layers conforming to bedding planes, accounting for 52 % of all recorded events. The highest disaster density was 3.81 events km⁻² in the core strata of anticlines. Additionally, near-horizontal rock layers in syncline cores present a potential risk for deep-seated landslides. The study area is experiencing an unprecedented climatic shift. The research provides a scientific foundation for predicting and issuing early warnings for regional geological disasters, as well as for disaster prevention and mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110115"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145750299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying gravel-sand transition zones in alluvial plains using normalized steepness index","authors":"Kazuki Yoshida ,&nbsp;Mamoru Koarai","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Identifying gravel-sand transition (GST) location, where riverbed sediments shift from coarse gravel to fine sandy-muddy materials, is crucial for assessing natural disaster risk. However, GST zones remain unidentified on Japan's landform classification maps, complicating disaster risk assessments. Therefore, here, we aimed to investigate differences in the formation zones of gravelly and sandy-muddy alluvial plains in Japan, and GST zones in previous studies both within and outside Japan. To this end, we analyzed the longitudinal valley slope (<em>S</em>) and upstream drainage area (<em>A</em>) of 118 rivers in median- to large-scale alluvial plains of Japan, calculated using digital terrain models derived from Light Detection and Ranging. Sediment types from the surface to a depth of 3 m were obtained from borehole log data. Additionally, we calculated <em>S</em> and <em>A</em> values for small- to median-scale alluvial plains across six regions of Japan with different river sedimentation environments. The transition from gravelly to sandy-muddy alluvial plains systematically occurred at a normalized steepness index (<em>k</em>_<em>sn</em>) value of 10–20 m^0.9. This threshold corresponded to the observed relationship between <em>k</em>_<em>sn</em> and the median grain size of riverbed sediments: when <em>k</em>_<em>sn</em> was below 20 m^0.9, fine-grained sediments, including sand, became dominant. This threshold is consistent with GST zones reported globally. As <em>k</em>_<em>sn</em> can be derived solely from terrain data, without requiring field observations, it offers a practical method for generating simple, area-based landform classification maps. This approach is especially useful for the rapid creation of hazard maps, such as those predicting liquefaction risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110151"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The curious case of a short fault scarp in the podhale basin: Implications for late pleistocene geodynamics of the central western carpathians","authors":"Jacek Szczygieł ,&nbsp;Jerzy Zasadni ,&nbsp;Piotr Kłapyta ,&nbsp;Marta Woszczycka ,&nbsp;Krzysztof Gaidzik ,&nbsp;Maciej Mendecki ,&nbsp;Artur Sobczyk ,&nbsp;Christoph Grützner","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Areas with low deformation rates, such as continental interiors or mature orogens, may represent significant seismic hazard zones, albeit still insufficiently recognized. Relatively low-magnitude earthquakes occurring in such regions pose challenges for paleoseismology, despite occasional documented surface fault ruptures. This study focuses on a scarp located in the Podhale Basin (Central Western Carpathians) that deviates from empirical displacement-length scaling relationships. Despite its relatively short length of only 3 km, the scarp, measuring 4 m in height, presents several indications of its tectonic origin, yet to some extent scarp height could have been exaggerated by creep of weathered clays. Geophysical GPR and ERT surveys revealed a vertical discontinuity directly beneath the scarp. Moreover, we identified distinct features interpreted as a fault zone in a trench across the scarp. Lacking material suitable for dating, we estimated the age of the fault scarp at 10–50 ka using simple linear diffusion modeling. However, this result requires caution due to assumptions like scarp formation from a single event. Yet, the consistency of the estimated age with the superposition of the scarp relative to the morphology and weathered covers from the last glaciation is noteworthy. Furthermore, morphological and geological mapping suggests dextral oblique kinematics of the studied fault. The prevailing trend of NE (NNE) compression across the Podhale and Orava basins and the Tatra Mountains aligns the dextral Brzegi fault with the broader Alpine-Carpathian geodynamic framework. The Brzegi fault, as part of the broader Białka fault zone, provides evidence of far-field effects, serving as an NNW-striking dextral antithetic fault to major sinistral NE-SW striking faults. The recognized pattern indicates the continued post-Miocene Alpine extrusion towards the Carpathians.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No transcontinental paleo-Red River flowing to the South China Sea: A mass balance perspective","authors":"Guihong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuntao Tian ,&nbsp;Zengjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Michael B.W. Fyhn ,&nbsp;Zhenglian Xiao ,&nbsp;Zhen Sun ,&nbsp;Peizhen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The southeastern Tibetan Plateau hosts several of the world's largest rivers, such as the Yangtze, Mekong, and Salween, which are proposed to have formed by early Cenozoic breakup of a Mississippi-like paleo-Red River. The model predicts that the modern Red River, which flows along the Ailaoshan-Red River Shear Zone (ASRRSZ) and eventually into the Song Hong-Yinggehai Basin (SHYGB), extended northward to involve the upper Yangtze, Mekong, and Salween Rivers in the past. To test model, this study reconstructs the Cenozoic exhumation history of the SHYGB's proximal sources using thermochronological datasets, and compares it with the sedimentation records. Results reveal that since the late Eocene, the Red River supplied ~84 % of the sediment in the SHYGB, with the remainder from Hainan Island to the east and central Vietnam to the west. The volumetric comparability contradicts the paleo-Red River model. We show that deep exhumation along the ASRRSZ dominated sediment ‘source-to-sink’ transport pattern of the Red River drainage basin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"494 ","pages":"Article 110107"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site-specific controls on rockfall activity: A case of study from north and south faces on the Pyrenees","authors":"Jaime Boyano-Galiano ,&nbsp;Alberto Muñoz-Torrero Manchado ,&nbsp;José Carlos Robredo Sánchez ,&nbsp;Santiago Fábregas Reigosa ,&nbsp;Juan A. Ballesteros-Cánovas","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In mountain environments, rockfalls pose a significant natural hazard. Climate change is expected to influence their magnitude and frequency, yet understanding long-term dynamics and specific triggers remains challenging due to scarce observational data. Dendrogeomorphology offers a valuable tool to reconstruct past rockfall passage frequency. This study investigates contrasting rockfall dynamics and their climatic triggers on opposing north (Artouste forest, France) and south (Pineta valley, Spain) Pyrenean faces. We analyzed 261 increment cores from 142 impacted <em>Abies alba</em> Mill. and <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L. trees across four plots with varying exposure and vegetation density. Rockfall Rate (RRt) was reconstructed from the early 20th century using the conditional impact probability method (CIP method). Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) was used to characterize block sizes and accurately determine tree locations. RRt was statistically analyzed (Spearman, LMMs) against daily E-OBS climate data to identify key climate-rockfall relationships. Our results reveal distinct rockfall dynamics. The north-face exhibited higher activity, strongly linked to autumn freeze-thaw cycles. By contrast, the south-face showed lower activity influenced by both spring/autumn freeze-thaw cycles and intense precipitation events (&gt; 20 mm/day), particularly in the less vegetated plot. Interestingly, our results provide evidence that local site conditions such as release zone lithology and vegetation density strongly modulate the sensitivity to these climatic triggers. Our findings highlight the spatial variability in Pyrenean rockfall dynamics, underscoring the need for site-specific hazard assessments and suggesting potential increases in rockfall activity under projected climate warming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"494 ","pages":"Article 110088"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145580511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}