Geomorphology最新文献

{"title":"Testing the hypogenic hypothesis for the origin of granite multi-concave topography using electrical resistivity tomography: A case study from the Southern Albera Massif (Pyrenees, Spain)","authors":"Eduard Madaula ,&nbsp;Carles Roqué ,&nbsp;Mario Zarroca ,&nbsp;Gisela Gonzalvo-Henry ,&nbsp;Anna Menció","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pediment developed on the unweathered granite rocks of the South Albera Massif exhibits the characteristic morphology of an exhumed weathering front, where prominent residual landforms (tors and granite boulders) coexist with &gt;240 weathering basins that shape a typical multi-concave topography. Active hydrothermalism is observed in the area, supporting the hypothesis that such weathering depressions may also be hypogenic in origin. Here we use Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) to investigate the geo-electrical structure of the subsurface beneath four temporary ponds and associated depressions. The resistivity images reveal sub-vertical zones with resistivity low grades (150 and 450 Ohm·m) consistent with weathered granite, which spatially correlate with the shear zones identified at the surface. These weathered zones reach widths of approximately 100 m and extend vertically to depths beyond the effective ERT investigation depth (&gt;170 m). The potential hypogenic origin of weathering depressions is supported by the following observations: (1) the occurrence of upwelling hydrothermal springs within one of the areas; (2) the widening of some weathered zones with depth; and (3) the preservation of unaltered rock masses overlaying altered zones. Spatial relationships between the studied depressions and the sub-vertical weathering structures are intricate. While some depressions entirely or partially overlap hypogenic alteration zones, in other cases, they fall outside the limits of these structures. This feature highlights the complexity of the weathering front evolution, where epigenic and hypogenic alteration processes coexist, driven by both structural factors and convergence of fluid flows of different nature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109910"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microtopography promoting Benggang erosion: Formation and stability of niche on collapsing wall","authors":"Wencong Liang ,&nbsp;Ling He ,&nbsp;Zhe Lin ,&nbsp;Shuting Liu ,&nbsp;Jianyu Wang ,&nbsp;Shuyu Luo ,&nbsp;Yusong Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Benggang erosion occurs in granite red soil regions of southern China, where headward erosion acts as a key driver of its development. The development of niches on collapsing walls marks the initiation of Benggang headward erosion. The morphological evolution and stability mechanisms of niches remain relatively understudied. In this study, the morphological characteristics and mechanical properties of natural niches were analyzed based on field investigations and representative case studies to identify the dominant controlling factors. The results revealed that significant morphological variability among niches was observed. Moreover, the long axis, short axis and depth of concavity were highly significantly positively correlated (<em>p</em> <em>&lt;</em> <em>0.01</em>), collectively influencing the other parameters. Characterized by downcutting erosion, niches exhibited a primarily elliptical planar morphology. Soil properties within collapsing wall profiles characterized by niche development exhibited pronounced spatial heterogeneity. Vertical heterogeneity of shear strength was fundamental to niche development, demonstrating a positive linear relationship with the factor of safety (FS). A decrease in clay content and an increase in moisture reduced niche stability, establishing feedback mechanisms between niche development and soil destabilization. Organic matter, clay content and free iron oxide were critical soil properties influencing niche stability, with favorable predictive capacities (<em>R</em>² = 0.876). Specifically, organic matter had the highest importance score (0.402), followed closely by clay content (0.312) and free iron oxide (0.312). Morphological parameters were key influencers of niche stability. Random forest and structural equation modeling revealed that the contribution of the length-depth ratio (LDR) was the highest for FS, followed by the short-depth ratio (SDR). These findings offered significant insights for monitoring and modeling the morphological evolution of niches, enhancing the understanding of the headward erosion of collapsing walls.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109908"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The piedmont geotouristic assets of Lara village (Far North Cameroon): Case of granite megaclasts and flatrocks","authors":"Ghislain Zangmo Tefogoum ,&nbsp;Hyacinthe Zouyane Nouhou Dama ,&nbsp;Merlin Gountié Dedzo ,&nbsp;Armand Kagou Dongmo ,&nbsp;David Guimolaire Nkouathio","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Granites in the locality of Lara crop out in plutons (inselbergs), megaclasts, and slabs of exceptional sizes and shapes. Even though inselbergs have been recently inventoried and studied for geotouristic purposes in Lara, megaclasts and flatrocks, mainly scattered in the Piedmont areas, are still under-investigated despite their alluring features. Thus, their inventory and study are of great importance in promoting them while scaling up Lara's geotouristic offer, as aimed at in this study. To achieve this goal, laboratory and field surveys were alternatively carried out, enabling the selection, description, and mapping of these landforms using GIS software. These geomorphosites were selected based on their aesthetic value and geological features. This study shows that Lara's piedmont is embellished with particular granite megaclasts and flatrocks. Megaclasts are isolated and clustered. They are 2 m or more in size and have infrequent shapes, encompassing Mushroom, Recumbent Dog, Split Tuber, Spiral Ice-Cream, and Bowl-like. Some megaclasts are crosscut by slits networks and riddled with coarse-grained quartz xenocrysts. Moreover, others are punctured by various coalescent tafoni. All these features enhance the geoheritage value of Lara megaclasts. Flatrocks are mostly elongated and fairly elliptical in shape. They extend to 10 square metres and are mostly bored by tens of centimetric pits. Lara's flatrocks bearing pits have significant cultural value due to the long-term activities practiced there by the local population. Through these features, granite megaclasts and flatrocks endow relevant educational values that make them suitable tools for the implementation of geotourism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109897"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Restoring volcanic ocean island palaeotopography to uncover island-scale buried sector collapses","authors":"F.O. Marques ,&nbsp;C.S. Catita ,&nbsp;A. Hildenbrand ,&nbsp;S.S. Victória","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A volcanic edifice much larger than the current one must have existed in Santiago Island, Cape Verde, because the granular rocks and dyke-in-dyke complex representing magma chambers and deep feeders currently outcrop up to 700 m altitude. Therefore, we aim to find an explanation for the massive destruction of the original edifice. We developed a new tool for the quantitative reconstruction of ancient topographies in a volcanic ocean island to address this problem, because it allows us to estimate the shape and volume of volcanic rock removed at a certain time. The reconstruction of the topography of the basement complex at ca. 6 Ma ago, before the unconformable deposition of a submarine complex, shows a large eastward concave depression coincident with the asymmetric distribution of volcanic complexes east and west of the eastward concave main divide of the island. This concave depression is here interpreted as the scar of an island-scale, east-directed, sector collapse. Given the position of Santiago relative to the nearby Maio Island, which could work as a buttress in the east, we conclude that the debris generated by the inferred eastward collapse might have been diverted to the northeast. A west-directed sector collapse can be recognised from the topography of the island and marine geophysical data, which supports, by similarity, the sector collapse inferred for eastern Santiago. This methodology could be replicated in many other oceanic islands worldwide where granular rocks currently outcrop above sea level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109900"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory determination of aggradation wave celerity due to sediment overloading in supercritical flow","authors":"Hasan Eslami ,&nbsp;Michele Iervolino ,&nbsp;Alessio Radice","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The manuscript presents an experiment-based formula to estimate the celerity of propagation of an aggradation wave along a river channel overloaded with sediment. The celerity parameter is important from an engineering point of view, since changes in river morphology can largely contribute to hydraulic hazard; managing the latter may require a reliable prediction of how long it would take for an aggradation wave to propagate from sediment source areas to a critical spot. In the present study, the determination of the aggradation wave celerity was approached experimentally, realizing laboratory runs with sediment overloading and detailed temporal measurement of the resulting bed profiles. Supercritical flow conditions were considered, as most representative of upland environments. In these conditions the aggradation process is dispersive, requiring particular care in quantifying a representative celerity for the wave; exploiting a synergy with a literature analytical depiction of the aggradation process, the local and instantaneous celerity of propagation of the bed elevation was suitably averaged to estimate a bulk celerity value for each experiment of the campaign. A formula is provided allowing to predict the experimental values of this bulk celerity within ±25 % accuracy; the only control parameter in the formula is the load ratio that represents the degree of sediment overloading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109906"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the possible role of potassium enrichment for controlling the morphological evolution of stratovolcanoes into compound or caldera (Java Island, Indonesia)","authors":"Indranova Suhendro ,&nbsp;Danang Sri Hadmoko ,&nbsp;Eko Haryono ,&nbsp;Afrinia Lisditya Permatasari","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on integrating the morphometry analysis (acquired from image processing) with the published geochemical and eruptive parameters data on the Late Quaternary Java Volcanoes (LQJV). First, we qualitatively discriminate the volcano type into stratovolcano, compound, and caldera. Next, we performed quantitative morphometrical analyses and compiled geochemistry data from previous works. Stratovolcano marks the youngest stage of a volcano, can be either small or large, but exhibits a typically steep and sharp morphology, with basaltic and andesitic magmas as the primary magma compositions. As time goes by and the magma differentiates into more viscous compositions (up to dacite and rhyolite), a stratovolcano may develop into a compound type, forming multiple cones and a larger edifice size. Finally, a caldera marks the most developed volcano type due to the typically large and nearly flat morphology as a result of the highly catastrophic eruptive event. Both compound and caldera volcanoes show a significantly overlapping silica content, suggesting that silica is not the main factor that controls the formation of a caldera on Java Island. Interestingly, all caldera volcanoes on Java Island always exhibit high-K magma affinity, while compound volcanoes are dominated by medium- and low-K affinity. This means that potassium occurs as the most important factor that controls the fate of a volcano during the growth process, either just becoming a compound or evolving into a caldera. This idea is further supported by the recent findings from other works, where the solubility of volatiles (e.g., CO₂ and H₂O) in magmas increases with increasing potassium content. The fact that most calderas in the Sunda Arc (e.g., Toba, Maninjau, Ranau, Rinjani, and Tambora) also exhibit high-K affinity (or even shoshonitic) does not deny this idea. Finally, we also pointed out that irregularity and the ellipticity index are more controlled by the exogenous factors (e.g., the preexisting morphology) instead of magma composition and eruption style.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109898"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro-scale topographic controls on functional hillslope-to-stream connectivity in rapidly deglaciating terrain","authors":"M. Bayens ,&nbsp;A. Ballu ,&nbsp;B. Ruols ,&nbsp;S.N. Lane","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid retreat of Alpine glaciers since the end of the Little Ice Age has increased the spatial extent of proglacial margins. Whilst the response of glaciers to climate warming is well-documented, the response of proglacial landscapes, especially regarding sediment transfer processes, is less understood. Sediment transport, through erosion and deposition, modifies the landscape and affects sediment connectivity. The latter may be described as structural (static, related to the configuration of the system) or functional (dynamic, resulting from time-space variation in sediment flux). This paper quantifies the functional connectivity of sediment flux for a recently deglaciated Alpine hillslope. Analysis of high-resolution digital elevation models is coupled to a morphological method to assesses the spatial pattern of sediment flux required to conserve mass over a seasonal and a multi-year time-scale. Results show that functional connectivity is strongly controlled by micro-scale topography on the hillslope that has developed during and since deglaciation. Functional connectivity is then a key factor determining the delivery of sediment to the valley bottom for eventual transport by the proglacial stream following glacier retreat. This effect is stronger at the seasonal time-scale than at the multi-year time-scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109902"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Segmentation and deformation mechanisms of the North Tuole Shan fault in the Qilian Mountains: Insights from channel steepness index (ksn) and fault activity","authors":"Hongqiang Li ,&nbsp;Daoyang Yuan ,&nbsp;Qi Su ,&nbsp;Guojun Si ,&nbsp;Hong Xie ,&nbsp;Yameng Wen ,&nbsp;Ruihuan Su ,&nbsp;Yunsheng Yao ,&nbsp;Jinchao Yu ,&nbsp;Hao Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The North Tuole Shan Fault (NTF) is a significant thrust fault system in the Qilian Mountains. Understanding its activity patterns and differential deformation characteristics is essential for deciphering regional tectonic uplift, crustal deformation mechanisms, and geomorphic evolution. However, the segmentation characteristics of this fault and their controlling factors remain poorly understood, hindering a comprehensive understanding of major fault evolution in the region. In this study, we extracted <em>k</em>_<em>sn</em> values from 107 river channels along the northern slope of Tuole Shan in the central Qilian Mountains and compared them with previous findings on NTF activity. The results reveal a general consistency between fault activity variations and <em>k</em>_<em>sn</em> distribution, indicating that <em>k</em>_<em>sn</em> values serve as a reliable indicator for fault activity variations and their controlling factors. Further analysis suggests that <em>k</em>_<em>sn</em> variations between the East and West Jingtie segments are predominantly governed by fault activity differences, with secondary influences from bedrock erosion resistance. Higher <em>k</em>_<em>sn</em> values in the Qilian Segment are likely related to the transition of the Riyue Shan Fault (RYF) from dextral strike-slip motion to oblique thrusting at the fault tip. This transition intensifies tectonic loading, resulting in a simultaneous increase in <em>k</em>_<em>sn</em> values and vertical slip rates. Existing studies on the strike-slip rate of the RYF, along with new analytical results, suggest that the angular variation involved in this kinematic transition is likely ≤30°. This suggests that, in addition to faulting and lithology, lateral extrusion associated with strike-slip faulting may also play a significant role in controlling adjacent fault activity and shaping the tectonic landscape. These findings offer novel insights into the mechanisms regulating fault activity variations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109904"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field evidence of the greatest disaster in Balinese history: The 1815 Geger Bali multi-hazard event in Buleleng","authors":"Audrey Faral ,&nbsp;I. Gede Putu Eka Suryana ,&nbsp;Franck Lavigne ,&nbsp;Stoil Chapkanski ,&nbsp;Ségolène Saulnier-Copard ,&nbsp;Made Pageh ,&nbsp;Atmaja Dewa Made ,&nbsp;Christopher Gomez ,&nbsp;Clément Virmoux ,&nbsp;Mukhamad Ngainul Malawani ,&nbsp;Made Windu Antara Kesiman ,&nbsp;Danang Sri Hadmoko ,&nbsp;Benoît Caron","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On November 22, 1815, a M7.3 offshore earthquake and heavy rainfall triggered a major landslide on Bali's Buyan-Bratan caldera, initiating a cascading sequence of natural processes. This event, previously unstudied in scientific literature, is analyzed here using historical records, geomorphological observations, sediment analysis, radiocarbon dating, as well as textural, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses. The ~5.5 km horseshoe-shaped crown scarp on the caldera flank confirms that a translational landslide, triggered by a rock-slope failure along the rim, displaced approximately 64 × 10⁶ m³ of material over an area of 2.38 km². The landslide evolved as a debris avalanche involving basaltic-andesitic rock and silty-clay soils, depositing megaclasts within 10 km of the source. Midstream, it progressively transformed into a cohesive debris flow with multi-metric boulders, driven by progressive water saturation and reduced internal friction. Hydration of the mass facilitated fluidization and the transition from avalanche to cohesive debris flow. Channel bed erosion, lateral bank failures, secondary landslides, and probably rain-triggered lahars contributed to the bulking of the debris flow, increasing both its volume and thickness. After traveling 17 km, the flow entered the sea, likely triggering a local tsunami. However, no tsunami deposits associated with the 1815 landslide have been identified in coastal records, possibly due to the tsunami's limited size and/or post-depositional sediment alteration. This geomorphological study enhances the geohistorical understanding of the 1815 Gejer Bali disaster and underscores its relevance for current risk awareness and collective memory in the landslide-prone areas of Buleleng.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109903"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to comment on “Turbulent structures at the bottom of the Gobi desert boundary layer and their impact on aeolian sand transport and dust emission” (Liang et al., 2025) by C. Keylock (2025)","authors":"Linhao Liang,&nbsp;Shaoxiu Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We responded to the comment by Keylock (2025). In Fig. 5d, the outward interaction (Q1) was mistakenly labeled as making a positive contribution to the Reynolds shear stress. We recalculated and corrected this error. The revised results further strengthen our conclusions and align well with previous studies. Additionally, we have discussed the advantages and limitations of several methods for analyzing turbulence structures in field experimental measurements, aiming to provide broader insights into studying turbulent structures in the boundary layer of arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109907"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}