Geomorphology最新文献

{"title":"Scratching beneath the surface: Using Ground-Penetrating Radar to disentangle pronival ramparts, embryonic rock glaciers and moraines (Gardetta Plateau, Southwestern Alps)","authors":"Adriano Ribolini ,&nbsp;Emanuele Forte ,&nbsp;Varun Khajuria ,&nbsp;Renato R. Colucci ,&nbsp;Luca Paro ,&nbsp;Mauro Guglielmin","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The distinction between debris ridges/ramparts that form at the base of mountain slopes in cold environments is important to understanding the (palaeo) environmental condition that prompted their formation. Despite the definition of diagnostic criteria, the identification of the formative (nival, permafrost creep, glacial) and post-depositional mechanisms remains uncertain as it is mostly reliant on surface observations. We present the results of a Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey carried out on landforms presenting similarities from a geomorphological perspective (i.e. pronival rampart, protalus rock glacier, moraine) in the same Alpine context. The 2D radar profiles provide imaging of the internal structure of these landforms, allowing us to formulate hypotheses on the depositional processes that led to their formation. In the pronival rampart, concave upward and mound-shaped radar reflections fit with the presence of a ridge/rampart at the base of a permanent snow patch. Mound-shaped, flat or counterslope reflectors reflect the existence of stratigraphic beds mantling the sides of the ridge and infill the depression between this and the talus upslope or the retreating snow patch front. Some sequences of GPR facies sequences are consistently referable to progradational/retrogradational depositional processes. Poor articulation of facies architecture characterizes frontal moraines and embryonic protalus rock glaciers. The succession of predominantly planar radar surfaces/facies is consistent with an important aggradational component that can be explained by a stratigraphic overlap of debris layers fed by the glacial front and/or of permafrost-affected sedimentary units.</div><div>The GPR imaging of the interior of these mountain landforms frequently found at the talus foot can offer crucial data for the correct interpretation of the formative mechanisms and, thereby of the environmental conditions that promoted their formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 109647"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143376744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation and evolution of grus deposits in the Çine Submassif, Southwest Türkiye: A multi-proxy approach","authors":"Murat Gül ,&nbsp;Ceren Küçükuysal ,&nbsp;Göksu Uslular ,&nbsp;Gerald Raab ,&nbsp;Markus Egli","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grus deposits may be a key element in deciphering the evolution of granitic landforms due to their rapid formation, sensitivity to environmental factors, and influence on landscape morphology. This study explores the mineralogical, geochemical and structural characteristics of grus deposits developed on granitoid bedrock through subsurface weathering in a semiarid region, the Çine submassif (SW Türkiye), focusing on how topography, mineral composition and climate affect their formation and spatial variability. Two distinct grus types were identified: thinner (0–20 cm), homogenous, sand-rich deposits on upper slopes, and thicker (40–100 cm), heterogenous, gravel-rich layers in the valley and downslope near bedrock outcrops. The bimodal grain-size distributions among grus types may reflect progressive weathering along topographic gradients, where upper slopes experience limited weathering due to reduced water retention and steeper gradients, leading to the formation of thinner, sand-rich deposits. In contrast, downslopes and valleys allow for prolonged water infiltration and feldspar breakdown, resulting in thicker, gravel-rich deposits with a more advanced weathering profile. Grus consists primarily of quartz, albite, orthoclase and mica, with accessory clay minerals such as kaolinite. Geochemical data indicate a felsic grus composition with limited variations, high Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values (59 to 69 %), and a gradual weathering trend towards kaolinite, driven by feldspar weathering and fluctuating water infiltration along slopes.</div><div>The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) highlights chemical composition and grain size as key parameters differentiating grus types. The interplay of topography, water dynamics, and local structural and mineralogical characteristics controls both the formation and weathering intensity of grus, with variations in deposit characteristics reflecting the influence of slope position and water infiltration on weathering process. These findings provide new insights into granitoid landform evolution, while further geochronological studies are recommended to clarify the temporal evolution of grus mantles and subsurface weathering features across the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 109641"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143350482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cosmogenic dating reveals the timing of glaciers collapse in the high Dolomites valleys (Northern Italy)","authors":"Carlo Baroni ,&nbsp;Maria Cristina Salvatore ,&nbsp;Vittoria Vandelli ,&nbsp;Mauro Marchetti ,&nbsp;ASTER Team ,&nbsp;Mauro Soldati","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) the Italian Alps were extensively ice-covered with icefields feeding a network of interconnected valley glaciers and piedmont glaciers spilling into the foreland. The subsequent Lateglacial ice retreat occurred with different modes and timing across the region. This paper arises from the need for further investigation to better understand the glaciers' dynamics of the period and focuses on the glacial history of the Alta Badia valley (Eastern Dolomites, Italian Alps) as a key area for reconstructing the LGM glaciers' collapse and Lateglacial readvances within the region. We present a reconstruction of LGM and Lateglacial glaciers' evolution supported by cosmogenic ³⁶Cl surface exposure data - obtained for the first time in the area - and geomorphological evidence. Our findings suggest that LGM ice retreat began before 17 ka BP. Within a general trend of ice decay, we identified the Gschnitz readvance from reconstructed glacier surfaces and Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) estimates, supported by moraine dating (15.8–15.4 ka BP) in the southeastern sector of the valley. Similarly, a Lateglacial readvance corresponding to the traditional Daun Readvance was recognized in the southwestern sector, based on exposure ages (14.4 and 13.3 ka BP) and calculated ELA. Evidence indicates that after the Daun phase, the valley was nearly deglaciated, retaining only small glacial remnants at higher elevations. This study enhances our understanding of LGM ice retreat and Lateglacial chronology, providing insights into the Alpine glacial history and establishing a foundation for estimating paleoclimatic conditions of the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 109648"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow dynamics and bed morphology in a narrow channels: A comparative study of experimental and numerical approaches to velocity distribution","authors":"Pritam Kumar,&nbsp;Vangapandu Deepak,&nbsp;Anurag Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of narrow channels on flow structure and hydrodynamics have been widely studied. However, due to the complexity of flow dynamics in narrow channels, three-dimensional flow properties have rarely been explored. This paper presents a novel experiment investigating the influence of narrow channels with an aspect ratio of 4.615 on three-dimensional turbulent properties and bed morphology. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how narrow channels impact turbulent properties and bed feature dynamics in mobile bed flows. The results showed that longitudinal velocity is higher towards the centre and free surface, while vertical velocity shows upward flow near the bed and downward flow towards the free water surface, with intensities varying across the channel. Experimental longitudinal velocity was compared numerically using the Realizable k-ε model by Ansys Fluent software and an analytical model. Both models performed well in predicting values, with the analytical model showing slightly higher accuracy as indicated by statistical indices. Turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stress are higher close to the bed and banks of the channel. Bed features generates ripple bedforms, which are dynamic and complex, influenced by flow dynamics, sediment transport, and channel geometry, creating a rich and intricate flow environment. The three dimensional skewness and kurtosis are also explored in this paper. This information is valuable for river or canal design engineers, with implications for stability and navigation, and it can guide maintenance strategies for narrow rivers and canals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 109645"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143350483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-temporal interpolation of ~530 Ma paleo-DEM to quantify denudation of a terrestrial impact crater","authors":"J. Aswathi ,&nbsp;S. James ,&nbsp;S. Keerthy ,&nbsp;A. Rajaneesh ,&nbsp;V.R. Rani ,&nbsp;K.S. Sajinkumar ,&nbsp;Thomas Oommen ,&nbsp;R.B. Binoj Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Erosion and weathering are two of the several exogenic processes that control the intensity and patterns of landform evolution. Based on previous studies, the varied erosion rates observed in the geological past depends on factors like mean relief (morphology), climate, lithology, and time. Meteorite impact craters have unique geomorphic features, being characterized by both negative relief features (the bowl-shaped depression) and positive features (such as elevated rims; additionally, central elevated areas for complex craters). This makes them a suitable morphologic feature to study both erosion and deposition. This study estimates the long-term erosion of Ramgarh crater in western India, a crater debated on its morphology and erosion rates. This study uses a paleo-digital elevation model (paleo-DEM), a reconstruction of the crater morphology at ⁓528 Ma- the potential upper age of formation of Ramgarh, along with previously established models with suitable modifications to quantify erosion from the final stage to the present day. The type of projectile and its physical characteristics such as diameter and volume were also estimated. Reconstruction of the crater's paleo-position was achieved through GPlates (a GIS-based paleo-reconstruction model), followed by recreating the transient and final crater morphology (including parameters such as crater diameter and true depth, rim height, and thickness of proximal ejecta) for two age limits (528 Ma and 395 Ma). The intermittent morphology of the crater was generated using mathematical equations to depict the sequence of changes through time. The erosion of the crater, quantified in terms of cumulative volume, is between 0.41 and 0.58 km³. This range is based on four conditions pertaining to two different final crater rim heights (mathematically derived) as well as two age limits. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the long-term morphological evolution of Ramgarh crater and contributes to the understanding of impact crater's erosion processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 109644"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The fluvio-deltaic interaction on river channel morphodynamical equilibrium in the lower Yellow River","authors":"Dangwei Wang ,&nbsp;Yuanxu Ma ,&nbsp;Xiaofang Liu ,&nbsp;Zuwen Ji ,&nbsp;Anjun Deng ,&nbsp;Jianguo Chen ,&nbsp;Yuhai Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Upstream river channel adjustments exhibit complex responses to changes in base level, particularly those induced by delta river channel avulsions. While this phenomenon has been studied, the equilibrium of river channels under the influence of base level changes and fluvial transport remains unclear. The Yellow River delta, known for frequent channel avulsions, exerts a time-varying impact on upstream river channel dynamics. In this study, we employed multi-source data to quantify the overall effect of delta evolution on upstream river channel changes in the lower Yellow River. We analyzed water level fluctuations at a discharge of 3000 m³/s (a representative near-bankfull discharge) from five hydrological stations over the period from 1951 to 1990. The water levels at all five cross-sections showed an overall rising trend with fluctuations. However, the trends at different stations during the same period were not synchronous, indicating that the river channel bed elevation did not rise or fall uniformly across the entire lower Yellow River. To explore this further, we conducted lagged linear regression to determine how river channel changes responded to delta propagation both downstream and upstream. The regression results showed no lag in water level changes at the five hydrological stations in the downstream direction. However, in the upstream direction, the water levels at Huayuankou, Gaocun, Aishan, and Luokou demonstrated a maximum delayed response of up to 8 years to changes at the Lijin station. This suggests that river channel adjustments can experience up to an 8-year delay in response to flow-sediment regimes at Lijin, likely due to the backwater effects of deltaic evolution. The point of transition where lagged regression coefficients in both the downstream and upstream directions converge near Aishan was identified as the upper boundary of the delta backwater effect. At this location, the downstream influence of fluvial processes and the upstream influence of delta backwater equilibrate. This point is situated approximately 500 km from the Xiaolangdi Dam and 250 km from Lijin. Our findings offer new insights into the ongoing debate regarding river channel adjustments in the lower Yellow River, under the dual influence of fluvial sediment transport and delta backwater effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 109643"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of deep-seated gravitational slope deformation in a deep valley of the Czech Flysch Carpathians","authors":"Vladimír Chalupa ,&nbsp;Tomáš Pánek ,&nbsp;Michal Břežný ,&nbsp;Francisco Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;Alicia Medialdea","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the Czech Outer Western Carpathians (OWC), the lower limit of deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSDs) occur associated with moderate local relief and slope gradient, showing a limited degree of geomorphic development. Here, DSGSDs display a relatively high spatial frequency, despite the limited tectonic and seismic activity, often claimed as major preparatory and triggering factors. Nonetheless, favourable stratigraphic and structural features in flysch successions, together with fluvial downcutting, provide conditions prone to DSGSDs. The study area of Travný Mt. hosts the typical DSGSDs in the highest part of Czech OWC. With the aim of unravelling the controlling and triggering factors, the internal structure, and the timing and kinematics of mass-movement activity, a multidisciplinary investigation was performed. LiDAR-based and field geomorphological mapping allowed to constrain the extent of the of DSGSD, expressed by characteristic landforms such as antislope scarps and grabens. The structural analysis and geophysical surveys (ERT and GPR) provided insight into the internal structure of the DSGSD, reaching a depth of &gt;100 m, and supported its mountain-scale spatial propagation. The instability is controlled by inherited faults, deep-penetrating joints and and the stratigraphic contact between brittle caprock overlying weaker rocks. Morphologically, the most prominent deformation is located in the upper part, which is dominated by toppling of flysch blocks with thick-bedded sandstone. The results of the trenching technique and geochronological analyses point to the episodic kinematics of this portion of the DSGSD, revealing a significant displacement event (ca. 9.9 ka) linked to a major climate change occurred after the Late Glacial/Holocene transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"470 ","pages":"Article 109545"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of fluvial systems in Eurasia at different time scales","authors":"David Bridgland ,&nbsp;Tobias Lauer ,&nbsp;Martin Stokes","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109540","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"470 ","pages":"Article 109540"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bedload response to dam removal: Results from a 6-year particle tracking survey in the Leitzaran River (Basque Country)","authors":"A. Ibisate ,&nbsp;H. García ,&nbsp;D. Vázquez-Tarrío ,&nbsp;I. Sánchez-Pinto ,&nbsp;X. Herrero ,&nbsp;A. Sáenz de Olazagoitia ,&nbsp;A. Ollero","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dams, weirs and transverse barriers to rivers interrupt sediment continuity and reduce sediment supply downstream. In this regard, dam removal is an increasingly used river restoration measure to recover longitudinal connectivity of sediment, among many other river processes. In this work we present a 6-year (from 2016 to 2022) monitoring of bedload transport before, during and after the removal of the 7-meters high Olloki dam in the Leitzaran River (Basque Country). The removal process started in 2018 with the upper 3 m and was completed in 2019 with the remaining 4 m of the dam. To monitor bedload transport, we seeded RFID-tagged stones in three reaches: a control reach unaffected by the dam, a reach immediately upstream of the dam, and a reach downstream of the dam. We deployed 300 tagged stones each year (100 by reach), i.e., 1800 in total. We measured important mobilization and displacement of tracer stones (with maximum travel distances of ∼8.8 km of tracers seeded upstream the Olloki dam) during an active hydrological year following the complete removal of the dam, with some tagged particles even travelling across a downstream weir. We also reported changes in the progression of tagged stones in the dam-affected reaches (upstream and downstream) with the removal, with further and faster dispersal of sediments once the dam was removed. In addition, in these reaches we estimated larger volumes of mobilized bedload in the three years following removal than in the previous years, especially in the upstream reach. In this regard, the relationship between bedload and cumulated energy suggests that less energy was expended in the upstream reach for mobilizing bedload once the removal of the dam was completed. Conversely, in the control reach no major changes were observed before and after the removal of the dam; this reach showed only an increase in sediment mobilization during the last hydrological year, which was the most hydrologically active of the whole monitoring period. In summary, our tracer observations document that travel distances and mobilization volumes are considerably increased with dam removal, especially once the dam was completely removed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"470 ","pages":"Article 109542"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithological controls on chemical weathering signatures in the semi-arid climatic regime: Study based on tropical small scale catchments","authors":"Ravi Kant Prasad ,&nbsp;Naman Deep Singh ,&nbsp;Sunil Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Vikrant Jain","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithological controls on chemical weathering can be better constrained by studying catchments having different lithologic settings in similar climatic conditions. This study compares the weathering fluxes in two small catchments having different lithology in semi-arid region (500–800 mm year^-1 rainfall) in western India: The West Banas River (2100 km² area, 372 m relief) draining granitic/gneissic rocks and the Berach River (610 km² area; 542 m relief) flowing through shales. Sample collected in the year 2016 and 2017, were analysed for chemical composition to evaluate chemical weathering fluxes. Inverse model analysis and Soil and Water Assessment tool (SWAT) simulated runoff were combined to estimate the annual weathering fluxes. Total dissolved solids (TDS) in the West Banas ranged from 71 to 428 mgL⁻¹(avg. 227 mgL⁻¹), while the Berach River showed TDS of 190–712 mgL⁻¹(avg. 370 mgL⁻¹), with a few higher values due to anthropogenic sources. Silicate weathering rate (<em>Sil</em>WR) is estimated as 7.7 ± 1.7 tons km⁻²y⁻¹ for the granitic West Banas catchment whereas 5.7 ± 1.2 tons km⁻²y⁻¹ for the shale lithology in the Berach River. The weathering susceptibility ratio of shale to granite is derived as 2:3. The weathering intensity is highly controlled by the susceptible minerals present in these rocks. The posteriori results of elemental ratios of the silicate endmember in shale lithology basin (Berach River) shows strong indication of incongruent weathering in the basin as a result of their constituting minerals has already gone through at least one cycle of chemical weathering during their formation. Saline-alkaline soils (SAS) contribute significantly to dissolved loads, especially in the Berach (38 ± 12 %), compared to the West Banas (26 ± 7 %). The cations derived from different lithologic sources have a dependency on the drainage basin area. However, other topographical factors showed minor control on chemical weathering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"470 ","pages":"Article 109521"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}