Geomorphology最新文献

{"title":"Eastward drainage-divide migrations driven by the spatial variations in precipitation and tectonic uplift contribute to the formation of the Parallel Rivers in the Hengduan Mountains, Southeastern Tibet","authors":"Fan Gao ,&nbsp;Xibin Tan ,&nbsp;Chao Zhou ,&nbsp;Shuang Bian ,&nbsp;Feng Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the Hengduan Mountains (Southeastern Tibet), the south-draining Nmai Hka (Upper Irrawaddy), Nu (Upper Salween), Lancang (Upper Mekong), and Jinsha (Upper Yangtze) Rivers flow parallel and in proximity to each other, thus forming rather a unique geomorphic configuration (i.e., the Parallel Rivers). It has been suggested that this configuration is an outcome of tectonic shortening that “squeezed” the rivers together. Although the tectonic and surface processes in this region have been extensively studied, the processes that led to this configuration remain controversial. Here, we investigate the potential role of drainage-divide migration in forming the Parallel Rivers. We demonstrate, based on geomorphologic analysis of divide stability between the parallel rivers, that while the two western divides (Nmai-Nu, Nu-Lancang) are likely migrating eastward, the eastern divide (Lancang-Jinsha) is roughly stable. This pattern suggests that the formation of the Parallel Rivers is associated with an abutment of the migrating divides against the fixed one. GPS and precipitation data combined with prior research suggest that the migrations of the two western divides are driven by the spatial variations in precipitation and rock uplift. Concurrently the stability of the eastern divide is influenced by a combination of climatic and tectonic factors, as well as a historical river capture event. This implies that the formation of the Parallel Rivers has not necessarily been an outcome of east-west tectonic shortening but has been influenced by the spatial variations in precipitation and tectonic uplift.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 109513"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting urban channel morphology amidst multiple complexities","authors":"Lukman A. Soboyejo,&nbsp;Kathryn L. Russell,&nbsp;Tim D. Fletcher","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urbanisation has resulted in rapid geomorphic changes and ecosystem degradation in many streams worldwide. The question of how channel response to urbanisation can be accurately predicted amid multiple driving factors remains a significant scientific challenge. Numerous efforts have been made to address this issue over the past 80 years. Nevertheless, channel response resulting from urbanisation differs across physiographic regions, making it difficult to predict. The main goal of this study is to investigate the most important factors influencing morphological changes, such as channel area, in streams with urbanised catchments. To accomplish this aim, we reviewed the literature on the application of hydraulic geometry models to urban-impacted rivers worldwide. We set out to investigate two specific questions: (i) to what extent and under what circumstances can urban stream bankfull cross-sectional area be predicted by catchment area and impervious cover metrics? and (ii) is stream bankfull width more susceptible than stream bankfull depth to urban-induced enlargement? However, over 90 % of the urban channels studied in the literature we reviewed showed irregular response patterns to urbanisation, owing to the complex interplay of local factors, such as geology, sediment, hardpoints, and riparian vegetation. Our most important conclusion is that local context is an important controller of stream channel response to urbanisation. While catchment area is a good predictor of channel area in some urban sites, it is a poor predictor of channel area in other urban sites. This contrasts with non-urban sites, where catchment area usually predicts channel area more strongly. In addition, impervious cover alone, which represents the direct hydrological impact of urbanisation, is insufficient to fully explain channel enlargement and incision. Therefore, models of channel response to urbanisation must consider the specific local factors that drive or limit these responses in order to be effective as predictive and explanatory tools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 109511"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topographic ridges express late Quaternary faulting peripheral to the New Madrid seismic zone, intraplate USA: Their tectonic implications","authors":"S. Pinardi ,&nbsp;R.T. Cox ,&nbsp;D. Leslie ,&nbsp;Md.R. Hasan ,&nbsp;N. Adhikari ,&nbsp;R.B. Van Arsdale","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Northeast-trending linear topographic ridges in Pliocene and Quaternary sediments adjacent to the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ), intraplate North America, have been long speculated to be neotectonic landforms related to reactivation of basement faults of the eastern Mississippi Valley Rift margin. Earthquake epicenters and paleoseismological studies show that eastern rift margin faults (ERMF) were active during late Quaternary south of a restraining bend in the Mississippi Valley Rift fault complex, but the ERMF zone north of the restraining bend (ERM-N) and underlying the linear ridges is seismically quiescent. A previous P-wave seismic reflection survey across the most prominent linear ridge (Rives lineament) revealed that it overlies a horst in Eocene sediment. To ascertain whether the Rives lineament could have been produced by surface faulting/folding, we collected electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiles to image the ridge's shallow subsurface features. We interpret shallow folding and faulting of late Pleistocene sediment in our ERT and GPR images. Additionally, convexity of multiple topographic profiles of scarps along margins of the Rives lineament was quantified and compared to the convexity of profiles of known neotectonic scarps and of fluvial terrace riser profiles within the region. Comparison of these profiles reveals a high degree of similarity between the scarps along the Rives lineament margins and the Holocene Reelfoot thrust scarp. When combined, our results strongly suggest late Pleistocene or Holocene folding and faulting created this ridge despite its current seismic quiescence, and thus they provide useful insight for assessing the seismic hazard potential of quiescent faults in strike-slip systems in general. We conclude that the late Quaternary series of movements documented on the Reelfoot thrust was initiated to accommodate crustal shortening after transpressional fault movements on the ERM-N became inactive in late Pleistocene or early Holocene and that movement along the ERM-N may resume if the Reelfoot thrust has an interval of inactivity in the future. Our results suggest how fault interactions within a strike-slip system can change, making faults with significant amounts of seismic potential appear as though they are inactive.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 109502"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying geoarchaeological principles to marine archaeology: A new reappraisal of the “first marine” and “in-situ” lithic scatters, Murujuga (Dampier Archipelago), NW Australia","authors":"Piers Larcombe ,&nbsp;Peter J. Ross ,&nbsp;Chris Fandry","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The absence or paucity of known underwater cultural heritage (UCH) sites on the Australian inner shelf stands in stark contrast to the thousands of sites revealed elsewhere in the world. A series of papers have asserted the first <em>in situ</em> (i.e., primary context) UCH sites in the shallow waters of Murujuga (Dampier Archipelago), NW Australia, each arguing the stone artefact scatters are at least 7000 years old and are now submerged because of Post-Glacial sea-level rise. Subsequent papers presented new data and repeated these claims. We present new hydrodynamic modelling and data on coastal erosion and bathymetry, and re-assess each sites' sedimentary setting and archaeological site-formation history.</div><div>The arguments for these sites being of primary context and reflecting Early Holocene land surfaces are unfounded, and at best untested. All artefacts are of unknown age, and many or all are likely to have been reworked, including the subtidal artefacts in Flying Foam Passage. Such sites of secondary context, if treated appropriately, can inform our understanding of site-formation processes, and may support more powerful contributions to submerged archaeology than attempts to seek the first or the oldest.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 109494"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Channel breakdown and avulsion in arroyos feeding the Little Colorado River, Arizona, USA","authors":"B.P. Graves ,&nbsp;T.J. Ralph ,&nbsp;A.M. Morgan","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improved knowledge regarding dryland river character and behaviour is important as the increasing threats of climate change and anthropogenic activities exacerbate water security issues in channels prone to discontinuity and termination. Dryland river character and behaviour is determined by a complex and dynamic interplay between extrinsic controls and intrinsic processes. Polacca and Oraibi Wash are two discontinuous dryland rivers, tributaries of the Little Colorado River in semi-arid, north-eastern Arizona, USA. Valley-scale morphometrics and downstream longitudinal trends were derived from remote sensing and geospatial analyses, hydraulic modelling, and field measurements, to assess the key controls, patterns, and processes driving channel diminution and discontinuity. Both rivers are entrenched along most of their valleys and experience downstream hydro-geomorphic changes as valley confinement eases in their low gradient floodplains. The rivers exhibit non-equilibrium responses to a concomitant decline in calculated discharge (from ∼82 to &lt;4 m³ s⁻¹), stream power (from ∼334 to &lt;5 W m⁻²), and channel cross-sectional area (from ∼82 to &lt;3 m²), which are the principal factors contributing to channel breakdown and the development of broad floodouts. Small distributary channels and avulsions are evident in the lowland reaches where channel discontinuity occurs, with a dominance of knickpoints in distal floodout reaches as they attempt to re-establish channel continuity. Using historical aerial imagery we show that knickpoint headcut retreat rates have ranged from ∼1.7 to 53 m a⁻¹. Channel breakdown patterns and processes in the Polacca and Oraibi Washes are similar to other dryland rivers around the world, and reveal common underlying factors that are central to river termination and reformation. This study reveals a combination of intrinsic erosion and sedimentation processes and avulsion threshold responses that trigger channel adjustment resulting from downstream fluvial decline. However, key extrinsic controls, such as valley confinement and hydroclimate, influence and limit the rate and nature of these adjustments. Early recognition of these geomorphic changes can inform river, land, and water management strategies across the American southwest.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 109501"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recognition of palaeo-glacial troughs with cirques on parts of Tibetan Plateau using multi-modal datasets with deep learning models","authors":"Chenhe Zhu ,&nbsp;Fei Guo ,&nbsp;Zhigang Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingyuan Xu ,&nbsp;Hong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yiman Li ,&nbsp;Shilong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recognition of landforms associated with past glaciation is crucial for understanding past ice dynamics and their relationship to climate. With the development of artificial intelligence technology, deep learning techniques have assisted in the automatic extraction of glacial landforms, but these methods still face problems of low precision and weak transferability. This study proposes a new method named geomorphology-attention DeeplabV3+ (GA-DeeplabV3+) model. This method adds spatial attention and channel attention modules based on the DeeplabV3+ network and utilizes a combination of multi-modal geographic data. Verification shows that the model proposed in this paper significantly enhances the recognition precision of glacial troughs with cirques compared to existing models, reaching a Mean Intersection over Union (MIoU) of 86.2% and a mean Pixel Accuracy (mPA) of 90.64% in the area of the Palaeo-Daocheng ice cap. In addition, validation experiments were conducted in the Peiku Gangri region and the Tenasserim mountains, achieving MIoU scores of 70.09% and 73.28% respectively. This accomplishment represents a vital stride towards automating the extraction of palaeo-glacial landforms, which holds great significance for analyzing the scale and evolution of ancient glaciers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 109499"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pothole formation on Rock Window Mesa, Chinle valley, AZ","authors":"Monte Fleming ,&nbsp;Cornelis Bootsman ,&nbsp;Norman Moll ,&nbsp;Leonard Brand","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In areas of the Colorado Plateau, rock basins, or potholes, occur in abundance. Because of their impressive size and often enigmatic location, their presence begs an explanation. Our goal in undertaking this research is to suggest a model for the origin of Rock Window Mesa's potholes, by which we might better interpret the geomorphological history of the mesa and Chinle Valley. Data collection consisted of both field work and analysis of a high-resolution 3D point cloud of the mesa. The southern and western edges of the mesa, closest to the Chinle Wash, and close to where knickpoints may have been, are the areas of highest pothole density. The pothole-forming processes disrupted drainage systems, and pothole sizes do not correlate with the catchment areas of the potholes. There are abundant, fluvially deposited erratic pebbles and cobbles on the mesa, and the joints and cracks that are present in the bedrock exert little to no control over pothole morphology. These data suggest that the potholes were formed subaqueously. A proposal that may point us to a possible mechanism is that similar potholes, in the Navajo Sandstone exposed in the Henry Mountains, appear to have been formed via fluvial processes in over-steepened tributary junctions. At our research location, the water that carved out the potholes appears to have come from ENE, and the point at which this water met the Chinle Wash may have been over-steepened as a result of rapid incision of the Chinle Wash through the poorly lithified Navajo Sandstone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 109498"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-shore profile evolution induced by real emergent vegetation in a sandbar-lagoon coast: Laboratory experiments","authors":"Cuiping Kuang ,&nbsp;Xin Cong ,&nbsp;Lixin Gong ,&nbsp;Jiantao Liu ,&nbsp;Xuejian Han ,&nbsp;Wei Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pressures from anthropogenic activities and climate change in lagoon ecosystems have increased rapidly in recent years. Coastal vegetation serves as a natural sea defense mechanism and is pivotal in maintaining a robust ecological balance. However, our understanding of how vegetation influences the evolution of typical sandbar-lagoon coasts is limited. To address this gap, a series of mobile-bed flume experiments were conducted within a typical sandbar-lagoon cross-section to investigate the impact of sparse <em>Phragmites</em> spp. planted on the sandbar on wave propagation and the evolution of the cross-shore profile under varying water depths and irregular wave conditions. These findings revealed that vegetation attenuates infragravity and sea-swell waves. Notably, infragravity waves are associated with the formation of a right- or obtuse-angled foredune scarp, whereas sea-swell waves tend to create an acute-angled scarp. Vegetation-induced changes in the local amplitudes of short waves within wave groups and the local mean water level are instrumental in reshaping foredune scarps. Additionally, the cross-shore width of the vegetation had a more pronounced influence on sediment transport within the lagoon than that of the solid volume fraction. Sparse vegetation not only reduces sediment deposition in the lagoon but also enhances offshore sediment transport. These insights significantly advance our understanding of wave-vegetation-sediment dynamics and provide essential scientific support for the implementation of coastal ecological restoration initiatives, particularly in the context of sandbar-lagoon coasts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 109500"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface exposure ages of middle–late Pleistocene marine and fluvial terraces along the northern and southern Sanriku coasts, Northeast Japan","authors":"Sachi Wakasa ,&nbsp;Tatsuya Ishiyama ,&nbsp;Daisuke Hirouchi ,&nbsp;Nobuhisa Matta ,&nbsp;Natsuko Fujita ,&nbsp;Tomoo Echigo","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To estimate long-term rates of coastal uplift along the northern Pacific coast of Northeast Japan, we determined the surface exposure ages of marine and fluvial terraces based on terrestrial in situ cosmogenic radionuclide dating of exposed bedrock surfaces. Based on reinterpretation of marine and fluvial terraces, we collected samples from the northern and southern Sanriku coast. The surface exposure ages from ¹⁰Be concentrations in quartz calculated from the measured ¹⁰Be/⁹Be ratios commonly suggest MIS 5 and MIS 7 for the marine and fluvial terraces and averaged coastal uplift rates of ca. 0.25 ± 0.15 and 0.4 mm/yr along the northern and southern Sanriku coast at intermediate timescales. The results may demonstrate different styles of crustal strain accommodation in the northern Northeast Japan arc above the subducting Pacific plate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 109497"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relating ten years of rock temperature monitoring to rockwall weathering processes in steep mountain valleys in western Norway","authors":"Katja Laute,&nbsp;Achim A. Beylich","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most existing studies on rockwall frost regimes and frost weathering at rockwalls focus on permafrost-affected rockwalls. However, a high share of rockwall surface areas in Norway and in many other cold-climate environments is actually free of permafrost. It is therefore of interest how these permafrost-free rockwall systems will respond to future changes in air and rock temperatures. In this study, we report field measurements conducted at rockwalls beneath the current permafrost limit and investigate thermal regimes at rockwalls that include both rockwall areas with and without permafrost. We present a unique dataset of up to ten years of rockwall temperature measurements from ten temperatures sensors installed in two mountain valleys in western Norway. An analysis of the different rockwall thermal regimes with respect to rock weathering and associated rockfall supply for both, permafrost-affected and permafrost-free rockwalls is provided. The highest intensity of recent rockwall weathering including determined rockwall retreat rates and associated rockfall supply is detected for northeast-facing rockwalls followed by south-facing rockwalls in our study area. Frost cracking activity, probably in the form of segregation ice growth, seems to be an important factor particularly for the high weathering intensity on northeast-facing rockwalls whereas solar radiation-induced thermal stresses, which favour incremental subcritical crack growth, is assumed to play a relevant role in the moderate weathering intensity on south- and southwest-facing rockwalls. A mean annual and study area-wide rockwall retreat rate of 0.24 mm yr⁻¹ is estimated for our ten-year investigation period (2010−2020) which is comparable to other published rates in similar lithologies and climates. As it can be assumed that seasonal frost regimes and permafrost will react differently to ongoing and future climate changes, more attention should be paid to analyse these two different thermal regimes with respect to possible varied implications for mechanical rockwall weathering and associated rockfall supply.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 109496"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}