Geomorphology最新文献

{"title":"Assessing the effects of anthropogenesis on Appalachian flood severity: An eastern Kentucky case study","authors":"Meredith L. Swallom ,&nbsp;Jason M. Dortch ,&nbsp;J. Ryan Thigpen","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flooding represents the complex interplay between drainage morphology, landscape hydrology, and precipitation. Precipitation patterns are influenced by interactions between atmospheric moisture circulation and topography, making steep Appalachian terrain vulnerable to extreme storms. Human activity alters surface hydrology and can exacerbate flooding of low-elevation areas where populations are densest. Mountaintop removal is a notable landscape change, but floodplains are also affected by construction of roads and other critical infrastructure and access limitations are addressed by reengineering river channels and building bridges. Though all of these may contribute to flooding, their relative importance remains equivocal. A July 2022 flood in eastern Kentucky provided the opportunity to validate a flood model incorporating major alterations to the landscape, then to iteratively test to determine which, if any, worsened flooding. While bridges, roads, and buildings had only minor effects on flooding despite their proximity to main channels and floodplains, discharge, flood height, and volume results were sensitive to channel narrowing and increased surface runoff facilitated by mountaintop removal sites. Lowering channel capacity decreases discharge and increases flood heights more than mountaintop removal, but mountaintop removal sites result in higher total discharge and operate as the primary contributor to flood volumes in the upper and lowermost portions of the watershed, highlighting a hydrologic sensitivity of the catchment to land use changes. Findings of this study serve to identify human-controlled factors most likely to contribute to future flooding and may thus inform mitigation efforts in eastern Kentucky and similar Appalachian catchments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"482 ","pages":"Article 109818"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beach-dune dynamics and coastal management along the North-Médoc coastline, southwest France: a decade of morphological change and erosion mitigation","authors":"Marine Vandenhove ,&nbsp;Bruno Castelle ,&nbsp;Alexandre Nicolae Lerma ,&nbsp;Vincent Marieu ,&nbsp;Vincent Mazeiraud","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The North-Médoc coastline, exposed to energetic waves and meso-macro tides and exhibiting major erosion hot-spots, has experienced notable changes in beach and dune volumes over the last decades due to a combination of natural forcings and human interventions, including coastal defenses and beach nourishment. Annual LiDAR data (2011−2023) combined with interspersed annual GNSS surveys were used to quantify spatial and temporal variations in beach-dune topography along approximately 14.5 km of coastline. Beach-dune changes along the North-Médoc coast over the past decade were influenced by multiple factors at varying scales. (1) Long-term changes, such as chronic erosion or accretion of up to 7 m/yr, are mainly inherited from large-scale shoal welding originating from the estuary mouth (internal forcing). (2) Coastal structures have localized impacts on shoreline dynamics, sometimes altering trajectories. While alongshore structures stabilize the shoreline, they may cause issues at their ends. Cross-shore structures, like groynes, have variable effects; for instance, extending one of the groyne after winter 2013–14 led to rapid accretion, widening beach, and raising elevations updrift. This accreting area is now used as a sediment extraction area to nourish the eroding southern beaches. (3) Interannual shoreline variability, linked to winter wave height fluctuations driven by climate modes of atmospheric variability, overlaps with trends from (1) and (2). However, this external forcing is more pronounced farther from the estuary, indicating a continuum from external forcing on open coasts to internal processes near the estuary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"482 ","pages":"Article 109758"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How did the Hukou Waterfall of the Yellow River form?","authors":"Hao Liang ,&nbsp;Ke Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianguo Xiong ,&nbsp;Zhongyun Li ,&nbsp;Xiu Hu ,&nbsp;Ying Xu ,&nbsp;Ping Huang ,&nbsp;Zhigang Li ,&nbsp;Yipeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Gege Hui ,&nbsp;Kang Liu ,&nbsp;Weitao Wang ,&nbsp;Peizhen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waterfalls are steep steps in river sections that longitudinally break river channels, typically found in drainage systems with tectonically active conditions. However, large waterfalls can also form in tectonically inactive areas, creating a phenomenon that is not yet fully understood. The Hukou Waterfall, located in the Jinshaan Gorge of the Yellow River, an area generally considered tectonically stable, preserves datable landforms and provides an opportunity to study the formation and propagation processes of waterfalls. In this study, we reconstruct the paleochannel associated with the recession of the Hukou Waterfall by correlating fluvial terraces and paleo-outlets. Our results suggest that the waterfall once existed at a paleo base level approximately 65 m higher than its current position. The migration rates of the waterfall varied between 16.9 and 30.3 cm/a during its recession, with faster recession during inter-glacial periods. Based on these findings, we estimate that the Hukou Waterfall entered the Jinshaan Gorge between 233.5 and 260.0 ka, and propose that the Hukou Waterfall originated from a sudden drop in base level due to drainage integration between the Fenwei Basin and the Sanmen Gorge. Our analysis also shows that migration rates, as well as overburden on waterfall-related terraces, correlate with cyclic climate patterns, highlighting the role of climate variability in driving waterfall migration over time. These findings may help refine models of river incision, base-level change, and knickpoint migration, contributing to the broader understanding of waterfall migration patterns in response to both climate and tectonic changes and offering a template for studying landform evolution in other river systems worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"482 ","pages":"Article 109812"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contourite distribution on the continental slope off NW Ireland, Rockall Trough (NE Atlantic Ocean): genesis and evolution","authors":"Ling Wang ,&nbsp;Alice Lefebvre ,&nbsp;Tilmann Schwenk ,&nbsp;Brit Kockisch ,&nbsp;Andrew Wheeler ,&nbsp;Morten Iversen ,&nbsp;Elda Miramontes","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Continental slopes are commonly shaped by ocean currents, forming contourite systems, especially in areas where submarine canyons are not very abundant. Although contourites have been identified in different environments, it is still unclear how near bottom circulation controls the deposition and erosion of sediment in contourite systems and shapes the slope due to the limited direct oceanographic observations. The continental slope located on the eastern Rockall Trough offshore NW Ireland is dominated by numerous plastered drifts, which are genetically linked with contourite terraces. Terraces and plastered drifts generally grow synchronously to form terrace-plastered drift systems (T-D system). This research focuses on the development of T-D systems and the effects of oceanographic processes through a multidisciplinary approach that combines geophysical, sedimentological and oceanographic observations. T-D systems develop on the upper and middle slopes at 500–1500 m water depths under the influence of the Eastern North Atlantic Water (ENAW). They started to form during the Late Oligocene. Direct measurements show that strong along-slope bottom currents (up to 50 cm/s) and breaking internal waves control the development of T-D systems. Internal wave activity causes the formation of high-turbidity nepheloid layers above the T-D systems. The extension of the observed contourite systems is confined by downslope gravitational processes, with submarine canyons limiting their lateral extension and mass-wasting processes dominating the lower slope. This study provides a better understanding of the conditions under which bottom currents control the morphology of continental slopes worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"482 ","pages":"Article 109788"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Fault dynamics and paleoseismic evidence in the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalayan foothills: A study of fault-controlled landscapes”","authors":"Chandreyee Chakrabarti Goswami ,&nbsp;Petra Štěpančíková ,&nbsp;Atul Singh ,&nbsp;Manoj K. Jaiswal ,&nbsp;Prasun Jana","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109802","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalayan foothills exhibit a dynamic interaction of regional thrusts, back thrusts, and transverse faults, facilitating strain adjustments. The back-thrust system is characterized by the hinterland-sloping Thaljhora, Nagrakata, and Baradighi scarps, while the transverse faults are controlling river courses, including the Neora, Murti, Jaldhaka, Gathia, and Jiti. This region, known as the Jaldhaka recess, shows evidence of active deformation.</div><div>Analyses of slope and longitudinal profiles of rivers and fan surfaces suggest folding in Thaljhora and Baradighi surfaces, with major rivers forming prominent knickpoints as they cross scarps related to back thrusts. A parallel river network further indicates transverse fault-controlled drainage. A trench excavation perpendicular to the Thaljhora scarp, supplemented by natural outcrops, revealed sediment deformations linked to a southerly dipping back thrust fault. Soft Sediment Deformation Structures, which we consider as seismites, indicate moderate-magnitude earthquakes intermittently activated by Thaljhora back thrust.</div><div>The radiocarbon age of deformed carbonaceous clays suggests a significant uplift along the Thaljhora thrust between ∼31,000 and ∼ 28,000 CalBP. Another activation phase occurred around ∼21,000 CalBP, forming the Baradighi scarp, with reactivation at ∼9000 CalBP. The Nagrakata scarp likely resulted from rotational movement and strain adjustments among the Thaljhora backthrust and the transverse Jaldhaka and Gathia faults. Thus, evidence from river profiles, trench excavations, and dating techniques (radiocarbon and OSL) confirms late Pleistocene seismic activity, with at least two significant earthquakes (Mw 6–7) influencing fault movements and landscape evolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"482 ","pages":"Article 109802"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding surface processes from escarpment to watershed: Insights from karst landscapes using cosmogenic nuclides and geochemical data","authors":"Rogerio Uagoda ,&nbsp;Lionel L. Siame ,&nbsp;Jérémie Garnier ,&nbsp;Laëtitia Leanni ,&nbsp;Dandara Caldeira ,&nbsp;Régis Braucher ,&nbsp;Rémi Freydier ,&nbsp;Patrick Seyler ,&nbsp;ASTER Team","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tropical karst landscapes are marked by complex sediment dynamics resulting from the interplay between geomorphic processes and sediment transport. In the Vermelho Watershed (Brazilian savanna), we use paired cosmogenic nuclides (¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al) to quantify denudation rates, burial durations, and sediment mixing. The spatial distribution of Al<img>Be ratios reveals rapid erosion and prolonged burial on escarpments, in contrast to the more stable conditions of flatter areas, where erosion is subdued, and sediment residence time is longer.</div><div>Comparisons with Iraquara and Serra das Mesas emphasize the influence of topography and sediment sources on nuclide inventories. Downstream increases in freshly eroded material point to fluvial mixing, while discrepancies between cosmogenic burial and OSL ages (Tarimba Cave) suggest partial burial and pre-depositional histories.</div><div>The integration of cosmogenic, geochemical, and geomorphic data underscores the complexity of tropical karst systems, where vertical mixing and uneven erosion are key processes. These results contribute to a broader understanding of landscape evolution and offer a comparative basis for interpreting cosmogenic signals in fluvio-karst environments worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"482 ","pages":"Article 109794"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate patterns derived from piedmont glaciation during the LGM in the Central Himalaya","authors":"Yanmin Yang ,&nbsp;Weilin Yang ,&nbsp;Jinfeng Xu ,&nbsp;Gengnian Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quaternary glaciers serve as vital proxies for reconstructing the palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, the scarcity and unevenly distributed observations impede our understanding of the interactions between glacier and climate changes at a regional scale. In this study, we explored the advance and retreat of the piedmont glaciers during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in Central Himalaya, using a combination of field investigation and glacier modelling. The thirty ¹⁰Be exposure ages from six moraines shows the piedmont glaciers in the north slope of the Central Himalaya occurred extensive advance during 17.4 ± 2.6 ka to 19.6 ± 1.2 ka. Then, glacier extents, ice thickness, and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) were reconstructed using a 2D coupled ice-flow and mass balance model. The modelling results were well-matched with our dated moraines and previously published observations, confirming that the glacier area in the Central Himalaya during the LGM was approximately 11.6 times larger than that of modern glaciers, with the area and volume of 9985 km² and 1885 km³. The regional average ELAs during the LGM was 5293 ± 218 m, about 347 ± 110 m lower than the present. The palaeo-ELAs were lower on the southern side (5190 ± 220 m) but higher on the northern side (5348 ± 195 m) of Central Himalaya influenced by regional topography, geology, and atmospheric circulations. The ELAs in the central region (4850 ± 268 m) were 85 ± 66 m lower than at the western Gurla Mandhata (4935 ± 334 m) and 185 ± 13 m lower than at the eastern Mansell Snow Mountains (5008 ± 255 m) due to differences in mountain range orientation and orographic effects. This study provides a framework for large-scale regional palaeoenvironment and palaeoglacier reconstructions and contributes to understanding the heterogeneity in glacier fluctuations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"482 ","pages":"Article 109798"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143890594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring debris flow dynamics: insights from 4D-LiDAR observations in Ohya landslide, Central Japan","authors":"Tatsuki Kaneko ,&nbsp;Fumitoshi Imaizumi ,&nbsp;Tomoya Osada ,&nbsp;Saleh Yousefi ,&nbsp;Shoki Takayama","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Debris flows, characterized by their destructive potential, rapid velocities, and extensive runout distances, pose significant hazards. Recent technological advancements have enabled the monitoring of debris flows using 4D (3D + time)-LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) from automotive-grade LiDAR for serial production, which is essential given the rapid temporal and spatial changes associated with debris flows. However, the data acquisition remains insufficient, particularly regarding the runout and deposition characteristics of debris flows traversing natural channels, which have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we installed 4D-LiDAR alongside video cameras at two locations; upstream and downstream, in the Ohya landslide scar in central Japan. This setup aimed to capture the three-dimensional surface morphology of the debris flows during its runouts, development, and deposition phases. As a result, we observed differences in longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles, surface morphology, and sediment deposition between fully and partly saturated debris flows. The cross-sectional profile showed a convex shape at the front of partly saturated debris flow. The surface morphology of debris flow, as indicated by the mean and standard deviation value of slope gradient and roughness, revealed that the front and middle sections of the surges exhibited similar tendencies, while the tail section displayed a different trend. This difference suggests that the standard deviation of slope gradient and roughness of flow surface were influenced by flow turbulence, particularly in saturated debris flows. Additionally, particle size also affects the standard deviation of slope gradient in partly saturated debris flows that are fully covered by boulders. However, the movements of boulders during the 0.1 s analysis interval of the LiDAR data may have resulted in poor correlations between the particle size determined from video images. The deposition of the surge front formed inverse slope topography relative to the original channel bed. These reverse gradients were consistently present during debris flow deposition, indicating that the topography decreased the mobility of subsequent flows, leading to the backfilling of sediments in the debris flow channel. We conclude that 4D-LiDAR monitoring is effective in enhancing our understanding of the runout characteristics of debris flows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"482 ","pages":"Article 109800"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil dynamics along an escarpment of a quartz sandstone tableland","authors":"Simon Amrein ,&nbsp;Markus Egli ,&nbsp;Filip Duszyński ,&nbsp;Piotr Migoń ,&nbsp;Kacper Jancewicz ,&nbsp;Dmitry Tikhomirov ,&nbsp;Jarosław Waroszewski","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-term geomorphic evolution of tablelands involves various mechanisms and processes. The retreat of peripheral escarpments is assumed to be of key significance. How soils evolve on escarpments undergoing retreat and what they tell about the pace of this retreat is poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, the following research questions were set: (a) How do the composition and the properties of soils change with distance from a sandstone caprock escarpment? (b) What is the weathering state of the soil material? (c) How do erosion and deposition rates compare within an escarpment cliff?</div><div>The Stołowe Mountains in Poland provide a spectacular tableland landscape where a sandstone caprock overlies mudstones and marls, resulting in morphologically bipartite slopes, with a cliff line at the top and planar to concave slopes below. Eight profiles along a toposequence within the escarpment of Urwisko Batorowskie were investigated. By using the fallout radionuclides ^239+240Pu as a tracer, soil erosion and deposition rates along the sequence were assessed. For a comprehensive understanding of soil characteristics in relation to erosion processes, weathering severity was characterised by using weathering indices. Soil dynamics were further investigated using a portable optically stimulated luminescence reader. The soils exhibited complex characteristics and varied from Podzols to Stagnosols, Gleysols and possibly polygenetic soils. Soil erosion and deposition rates showed a high variability along the slope, with erosion rates of 0.5–6.4 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and deposition rates of 0.2–6.9 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, and thus an almost equal mass balance. Weathering indices and luminescence measurements revealed the high dynamics of these soils. Some abrupt changes along the profiles and within the sequence indicated (lithological) discontinuities in the soils. Consequently, soils along such slopes often exhibit a polygenetic character. Although the area is forested, soil redistribution rates appeared comparable to agricultural land. The soil dynamics showed that the entire escarpment is an active morphodynamic domain, notwithstanding the paucity of clear landform record of this activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"481 ","pages":"Article 109793"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landform evolution and failure mode of bank collapses controlled by active fault zones and huge water level fluctuations in the Heishui tributary of the Baihetan Reservoir","authors":"Chuangchuang Yao ,&nbsp;Xin Yao ,&nbsp;Zhenkui Gu ,&nbsp;Renjiang Li ,&nbsp;Kaiyu Ren ,&nbsp;Shu Jiang ,&nbsp;Li Ma ,&nbsp;Fuchu Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Baihetan Reservoir filling began on April 15, 2021, triggering extensive landslides and the reactivation of previously deposited slope material after two periods of 825 m trial impoundments. Reactivation events are distinct in the Heishui tributary. It is crossed by the Zemuhe Fault Zone, with broken rock soil mass inducing bank collapse processes associated with long-term tectonic activity. Following two impoundment cycles, three disastrous slope failures occurred in the Heishui tributary, posing significant threats to road and building safety. We aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the transient evolution of bank collapse in the Heishui tributary. Terrain-following photogrammetry and innovative dual-controller cooperative UAV flight campaigns will be conducted in 2022 and 2023. Then, digital orthophoto maps (DOMs) and digital surface models (DSMs) were created to establish and analyze comprehensive bank collapse inventory and distribution laws. Next, a geomorphic change detection (GCD) method was used to calculate the erosion caused by catastrophic bank collapses. The results indicated that 80 bank collapses occurred during the initial impoundment, which increased to 90 after the second impoundment. The collapses mainly occurred at the intersection of the faults and bank slope. Catastrophic bank collapses exhibit precursor signs, with the front edge experiencing failure in areas ranging from 7 % to 46 % during the initial impoundment and destruction occurring during periods of high water levels. In addition, the bank slope increases by 2° to 5°. Although some bank collapses became part of the fluctuating zone after impoundment, the collapse process remained prevalent in the Baihetan Reservoir. This case study focuses on bank collapse geomorphological characteristics, distribution laws, and transient evolution, which can help enhance the understanding of disaster prevention in reservoir impoundment regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"481 ","pages":"Article 109797"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}