Geomorphology最新文献

{"title":"Knickpoint migration and transient landscapes on the continental margin of Northeastern Brazil","authors":"Genisson PANTA ,&nbsp;Antonio Carlos de Barros CORRÊA ,&nbsp;Pedro VAL ,&nbsp;Kleython de Araújo MONTEIRO","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The response of bedrock rivers to a sudden drop in base level is the widespread formation and upstream propagation of knickpoints. This process progresses to restore steady-state conditions. The timeframe between the onset and end of the disturbance is known as the transient state. In this study, we identify and discuss the distribution pattern, timing, and potential controls of knickpoints in the eastern seaboard of Northeast Brazil. We focused on the Capiá River basin, one of the largest tributaries of the lower São Francisco River. We carried out topographic analysis based on digital elevation models, field observations, numerical modeling of knickpoint retreat, and base-level fall rates using a linear inverse model. Using these techniques, we identified the imprint of the last regional base-level fall event in the São Francisco River, corresponding to the formation and the opening of its canyon. We estimated that the incision was at least 100 m deep. The knickpoints are of the slope-break type and exhibit a systematic spatial distribution pattern. They separate an upstream relict landscape with low relief from a downstream, high-relief sector initiated by the base level lowering. All knickpoints occur near the confluence of trunk streams at similar elevations, resulting in a clustered chi-profile pattern. Inferred total knickpoint recession is strongly dependent on the drainage area. Additionally, the numerical model indicates that the knickpoints are mobile and genetically related, and that the incision wave initiated sometime within the 10⁶ to 10⁷ years BP interval, with the best fit at or after 1.5 Ma BP, corresponding to a retreat velocity of 0.01 m/yr. These results are independently supported by the linear inversion model constrained by erosion rates from previous studies. Lastly, we hypothesize that the interplay between climate (i.e., erosion threshold), epeirogenic uplift, and Late Cenozoic tectonic adjustments is responsible for the transient state of the study area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"480 ","pages":"Article 109741"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards an understanding of dynamics of blue-ice moraines: A case study in the Grove Mountains, East Antarctica","authors":"Guocheng Dong ,&nbsp;Feixin Huang ,&nbsp;Weijian Zhou ,&nbsp;Yunchong Fu ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Feng Xian ,&nbsp;Chaolu Yi ,&nbsp;Marc W. Caffee ,&nbsp;Xiaohan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Knowledge regarding former behavior of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) is crucial for assessing global sea-level change and understanding the global climate system. Yet, it remains challenging to examine pre-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glacial histories of the EAIS due to the limitations of the traditional geologic records. Recent studies suggest that blue ice areas (BIAs) and associated deposits (e.g. supraglacial moraines) have a potential to overcome this problem. However, the relationship between blue-ice evolution and climate changes is not yet well examined. In this study, we investigate two types of BIAs in the Grove Mountains, EAIS, on the basis of surface exposure dating of erratic boulders and cobbles on blue-ice moraines at Mount Harding and Escarpment. Here, we present 27 new ages, including single (¹⁰Be; <em>n</em> = 10) and paired (¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al, <em>n</em> = 17) exposure-ages. The newly-obtained ages, along with previously-published ¹⁰Be data (<em>n</em> = 40), indicate that the studied BIAs have been relatively stagnant since the LGM, and that blue-ice moraines formed in a closed system are much older than those built in the absence of a barrier. Also, the compilation implies multiple phases of pre-LGM ice flow that corresponded to global cold periods. We suggest that there was likely a response of blue-ice evolution to Antarctic glaciations on orbital timescales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"480 ","pages":"Article 109749"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstructing the geological and geomorphological history of Morella Crater, Mars","authors":"P.B. Hiral ,&nbsp;S. Anbazhagan ,&nbsp;S. Rahul ,&nbsp;Shania James ,&nbsp;T. Sadeeda Marjan ,&nbsp;Devika Padmakumar ,&nbsp;J. Aswathi ,&nbsp;K.S. Sharini ,&nbsp;Alka Rani ,&nbsp;K.S. Sajinkumar ,&nbsp;Rajiv R. Bharti ,&nbsp;V.J. Rajesh ,&nbsp;R.B. Binoj Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ancient impact craters on Mars provide insights into the geological events and are time markers for studying global processes like colossal volcanism and fluvial activities. Among these craters, the 77 km diameter Morella Crater serves as a representative, capable of demonstrating diverse processes that acted on Martian terrain, and hence, the geological and geomorphological history of this crater is studied in detail. Despite its infilling, Morella hosts Ganges Cavus, a significant collapse structure, and Elaver Vallis, an outflow channel. We hypothesize the development of the crater through five stages, from its origin to its current denuded state, exhibiting diverse processes that determine the fate of Martian craters. Crater size-frequency distribution suggests a formation age of <span><math><msubsup><mn>3.8</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.03</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>0.03</mn></mrow></msubsup></math></span> Ga for the plateau hosting Morella Crater and <span><math><msubsup><mn>3.6</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.01</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>0.06</mn></mrow></msubsup><mspace></mspace></math></span>Ga for Morella Plains, the vast expansive plains within the crater. The occurrence of pyroxene and olivine in Morella Plains, identified through hyperspectral data, indicates impact-induced volcanism. The heat source associated with faulting and dike intrusion in the adjoining Ophir Catenae Structural Complex might have ruptured the confined cryosphere, resulting in the formation of Ganges Cavus and eventual filling of Morella with water, which subsequently breached to form Elaver Vallis at<span><math><mspace></mspace><msubsup><mn>3.4</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>0.07</mn></mrow></msubsup></math></span> Ga. Hydraulic modelling reveals a floodwater volume of 3.27 × 10¹² m³ and an estimated peak discharge of 3 × 10⁷ m s⁻¹ associated with this event. Morella witnessed additional fluvial activity at <span><math><msubsup><mn>3.3</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.4</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>0.1</mn></mrow></msubsup></math></span> Ga that created the dark-toned channels. The extensive range of geological and geomorphological processes makes Morella Crater a promising location for future Mars missions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 109740"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Meandering rivers that anabranch in the upper Midwest (USA): Prevalence, morphological characteristics, and power regimes” [Geomorphology 440 (2023) 108854]","authors":"Tanya Shukla,&nbsp;Bruce L. Rhoads","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109739","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109739","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"478 ","pages":"Article 109739"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the morphological alteration of river reaches from 15 years of measurements: French hydromorphological database and indicators (Carhyce)","authors":"Frederic Gob ,&nbsp;Nathalie Thommeret ,&nbsp;Clelia Bilodeau ,&nbsp;Vincent Tamisier ,&nbsp;Rémy Rivière ,&nbsp;Karl Kreutzenberger","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109737","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109737","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve fresh water ecological quality, river managers have to assess the geomorphological functioning of the river system and sometimes restore it. Despite noticeable efforts made in recent years by the geomorphological community, hydro-morphological assessment methods and tools are still called for and needed. In France, river managers may rely on the Carhyce catalogue built by the French Biodiversity Agency and its partners over 15 years. This is a unique database allowing the characterization of the hydromorphology of French rivers. It is based on a standardized field protocol that entails a survey of the bankfull geometry of a reach 14 times the length of the river width. To date, &gt;2500 river reaches of all type of rivers present on the French territory have been surveyed and the related data are freely available via a web interface, where they have been formatted and presented in the form of tables, graphs, sketches and indices. In addition, a morphological index has been produced to help identify and measure potential alterations of the physical functioning of the reaches. To do so &gt;500 reaches have been identified as references to build reach average hydraulic geometry relationships. Those reference models allow the morphological deviation from the regional reference situation to be determined. This paper presents the Carhyce catalogue and the Global Morphological Index (GMI), as well as several examples of how it may be used. The limits and benefits of the Carhyce data are discussed and the GMI is compared to a well-use index of morphological quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 109737"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does hydropower station construction reshape the geomorphology of downstream mid-channel bars?","authors":"Xu Zhou ,&nbsp;Shengjun Wu ,&nbsp;Changhong Ding ,&nbsp;Zhaofei Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluvial geomorphological changes have profound implications for the health and functionality of river ecosystems. The influence of hydropower dams on downstream geomorphology and the environment demands immediate investigation. However, current research methods are intricate, posing substantial challenges. This study focuses on the mid-channel bar (MCB), a crucial fluvial landform, to explore how hydropower development affects downstream fluvial geomorphology. Using global surface water datasets, the study analyzed nearly 20 years of MCB data from downstream of 10 hydropower stations along the Yangtze, Yellow, and Pearl Rivers. The results indicated that: 1) From 2000 to 2021, the total area of MCBs downstream of hydropower stations in major Chinese rivers experienced a remarkable decline. Approximately 80 % of the reduction (4.83 km²) occurred in the Yangtze River. The rate of decrease varied among river basins. The Yangtze River experienced the steepest decline at a rate of −0.23 km²/yr, followed by the Yellow River (−0.05 km²/yr) and the Pearl River (−0.01 km²/yr). 2) The impact of hydropower damming on changes in MCB area differed before and after river closure. In most cases, the rate of decrease accelerated significantly after river closure. 3) For individual MCBs, around two-thirds showed a downward trend in area, with the rate of decline accelerating after river closure. The reduction in MCB area is primarily attributed to three factors: decreased downstream sediment supply due to sediment trapping in reservoirs, changes in flow dynamics caused by dam regulation, and internal factors such as MCB type and evolution trajectory. This study provides a novel perspective on understanding the ecological impacts of hydropower and offers scientific support for fluvial geomorphology management and ecological conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 109729"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A generalized framework for inferring river bathymetry from image-derived velocity fields","authors":"Carl J. Legleiter,&nbsp;Paul J. Kinzel","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although established techniques for remote sensing of river bathymetry perform poorly in turbid water, image velocimetry can be effective under these conditions. This study describes a framework for mapping both of these attributes: Depths Inferred from Velocities Estimated by Remote Sensing, or DIVERS. The workflow involves linking image-derived velocities to depth via a flow resistance equation and invoking an optimization algorithm. We generalized an earlier formulation of DIVERS by: (1) using moving aircraft river velocimetry (MARV) to obtain a continuous, spatially extensive velocity field; (2) working within a channel-centered coordinate system; (3) allowing for local optimization of multiple parameters on a per-cross section basis; and (4) introducing a second objective function that can be used when discharge is not known. We also quantified the sensitivity of depth estimates to each parameter and input variable. MARV-based velocity estimates agreed closely with field measurements (<span><math><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>0.81</mn></math></span>) and the use of DIVERS led to cross-sectional mean depths that were correlated with in situ observations (<span><math><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>0.75</mn></math></span>). Errors in the input velocity field had the greatest impact on depth estimates, but the algorithm was not highly sensitive to initial parameter estimates when a known discharge was available to constrain the optimization. The DIVERS framework is predicated upon a number of simplifying assumptions — steady, uniform, one-dimensional flow and a strict, purely local proportionality between depth and velocity — that impose important limitations, but our results suggest that the approach can provide plausible, first-order estimates of river depths.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 109732"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The collapse of recently constructed risers of forest bench terraces and its mitigation","authors":"Martinho A.S. Martins ,&nbsp;Meni Ben-Hur ,&nbsp;Jan J. Keizer","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bench terracing has become a common practice in north-central Portugal to establish eucalypt plantations on steep hillslopes. While terraces are typically considered to be a soil conservation technique, their construction with bulldozers, and without stone walls, may foster adverse effects on soil mobilization through the collapse of risers. Terracing removes all topsoil vegetation and the former tree roots, leaving the soil unprotected. Additionally, the bulldozers exert mechanical forces that cause the ground to break, mix, and/or shake, detaching soil particles. This affects soil structure and stability, leaving the soil without protection against erosion during rainfall events. The collapse of forest terrace risers, however, is poorly studied, and the same is true for the effectiveness of possible mitigation measures such as anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) and hydromulch, which have been found to be effective in stabilizing roadside risers. The present study aimed to quantify: (i) the collapse of bench-terrace risers during the first year following their construction; and (ii) the effectiveness of PAM and hydromulch in reducing this collapse.</div><div>The results revealed considerable soil mobilization from the terrace riser during the first post-terracing year, with the median deposition of sediments at the base of the risers being 258 Mg ha⁻¹. In addition, landslides affecting risers from top to base were frequently observed. Both hydromulch and PAM were effective in reducing the cumulative annual deposition, to averages of 113 and 105 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. However, neither measure prevented the occurrence of landslides on parts of the risers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 109736"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quaternary denudation rates in the eastern Tianshan","authors":"Julien Charreau ,&nbsp;Pierre-Henri Blard ,&nbsp;Dimitri Saint-Carlier ,&nbsp;Jérôme Lavé ,&nbsp;Etienne Large ,&nbsp;Catherine Zimmermann ,&nbsp;Stéphane Dominguez ,&nbsp;Shengli Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Predicting how denudation will change in the future, and hence impact the Earth's surface, requires an understanding of the links between past climate variability and denudation responses, especially during the Quaternary. In this study, we reconstructed Quaternary paleo-denudation rates in the eastern Tianshan range (central Asia) and compared the results to climate changes documented by geochemical variations recorded in nearby speleothems. Based on a reanalysis and inversion of 18 published cosmogenic in situ ¹⁰Be depth profiles collected across abandoned Quaternary alluvial surfaces, combined with analyses of five new profiles in the northern Tianshan piedmont, we constrained the inherited ¹⁰Be paleo-concentrations and when the surfaces were abandoned. To extend the dataset beyond the Mid-Pleistocene Transition, when important changes in denudation are hypothesized to have occurred, we also collected nine ancient river sand samples along the Jingou He section in the northern Tianshan, previously dated by magnetostratigraphy to ∼1.5 to ∼1 Ma. To calculate paleo-denudation rates based on the measured paleo-concentrations, we used both uncorrected cosmogenic paleo-production rates (assuming no ice in the drainage basin) and rates corrected for maximum ice cover extent. Paleo-denudation rates were then normalized to modern values derived from in situ ¹⁰Be cosmogenic concentrations previously measured in modern river sand. We observed steady Early Pleistocene denudation rates similar to those at present day in the Jingou He basin. However, since 700 ka during the Middle Pleistocene, paleo-denudation rates were more variable, but uncorrelated with climate oscillations. Those variations may have been due to climatic cooling and a stronger glacial influence that had a nonlinear effect on denudation, yielding spatial variations between drainage basins. However, we see no sustained acceleration in denudation despite the increased amplitude of glacial cycles during the Late Pleistocene.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 109734"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A decade of erosion monitoring of coastal chalk cliff faces at a seasonal frequency (2010−2021) using terrestrial lasergrammetry and photogrammetry (Varengeville-sur-Mer and Dieppe, Normandy, France): Technical evolution and main results","authors":"Pauline Letortu ,&nbsp;Stéphane Costa ,&nbsp;Robert Davidson ,&nbsp;Olivier Maquaire ,&nbsp;Bastien Peuziat ,&nbsp;Guillaume Thirard ,&nbsp;Laurence David ,&nbsp;Pauline Clain ,&nbsp;Benjamin Troadec","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109738","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109738","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Every four to five months between October 2010 and July 2021, cliff face topography was monitored with centimeter-scale precision at two sites in Normandy, each with a chalk cliff linear length of several tens to hundreds of meters. These sites (6.5 km apart as the crow flies) have relatively similar lithological and meteorological contexts (the latter is affected by seasonal variations of oceanic temperate climate) but are affected differently by marine agents: Varengeville-sur-Mer is an active cliff (influenced by both marine and subaerial factors), while Dieppe is an abandoned cliff (affected only by subaerial factors). Thanks to our seasonal monitoring using terrestrial lasergrammetry and then terrestrial photogrammetry, our main outcomes are: 1) the cliff face erosion rate (2010–2021) is approximately 50 times higher in the active cliff context than in the abandoned one (0.51 ± 0.02 m/year and 0.00 ± 0.01 m/year, respectively), reinforcing the importance of marine actions in the erosion of Norman chalk cliffs; 2) unsurprisingly, along the active cliff, erosion peaks generally occur in winter, with periods of stability preferentially in summer; 3) in Varengeville-sur-Mer, of the 103 gravity movements identified on the cliff face, rock falls accounted for 68 % of total erosion, compared with 32 % for debris falls, the latter value being higher than reported in the scientific literature (from 2 to 25 %); 4) nine cases of cliff foot departure generating a basal notch, which later triggered rock falls over the entire cliff face by instability propagation in Varengeville-sur-Mer, have been identified. This monitoring continues, providing a valuable database for understanding cliff erosion (rates, rhythms, and modalities).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 109738"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}