Geomorphology最新文献

{"title":"Assessing landslide susceptibility and dynamics at cultural heritage sites by integrating machine learning techniques and persistent scatterer interferometry","authors":"José Eduardo Bonini ,&nbsp;Carlotta Parenti ,&nbsp;Francesca Grassi ,&nbsp;Francesco Mancini ,&nbsp;Bianca Carvalho Vieira ,&nbsp;Mauro Soldati","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Landslides can significantly affect cultural heritage sites worldwide, often leading to irreversible damage and loss of invaluable cultural assets, and the assessment of the spatio-temporal distribution of such processes in culturally relevant sites is still a challenge. In this study, we propose a workflow to assess landslide susceptibility at the catchment scale and landslide dynamics, in terms of state of activity, at the slope scale with reference to built environments. A fully open-source and quantitative approach that integrates machine learning methods and persistent scatterer interferometry is proposed. The workflow was tested to identify cultural heritage sites potentially affected by landslides in a catchment of the Northern Apennines (Italy) characterized by the occurrence of earth slides and earth flows. The research reveals that 18 sites are located in highly susceptible terrains and five of them display notable displacement rates. Two sites in the highest susceptibility class and with high displacements rates were selected as case studies. One of the sites showed displacement rates up to 8 mm/year, while the second one up to 80 mm/year. A seasonal pattern of displacements was observed, with higher rates during summer and autumn. The analysis suggested a remarkable influence of topographic conditioning factors for the identification of earth slide susceptibility, while lithology was more important for the identification of earth flow susceptibility. Limitations due to the widespread occurrence of landslides characterized by a complex style of activity and the yearly update schedule of the interferometric data used are acknowledged. Nonetheless, the proposed workflow demonstrates its replicability with minimal operational costs to assess landslide susceptibility and state of activity in diverse geomorphological contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"469 ","pages":"Article 109522"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenic legacy sediment budgets in heavily disturbed historical mining catchments","authors":"Mark Kincey ,&nbsp;Jeff Warburton","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unregulated metal mining mobilises high volumes of waste sediments to river systems within impacted catchments, increasing sediment yields, contaminating floodplain stores, and profoundly altering long-term patterns of channel planform evolution. However, quantifying the actual scale of historical mine sediment production and dispersal remains a significant challenge, due largely to the variable quality, character and availability of disparate datasets relating to past mining operations. In this study, we reconstruct anthropogenic sediment production associated with historical lead mining between 1700 and 1948 for a globally significant orefield in the North Pennines, UK, that includes the headwater catchments of two major river systems: the River South Tyne and the River Tees. Using a range of interdisciplinary methods including digital terrain analyses and ore-to-waste sediment scaling ratios, we find that mining produced 4.4 × 10⁵ t of lead ore during the study period, but also mobilised an estimated 7.2 × 10⁶ t of associated waste sediment. Approximately 67 % of this waste sediment cannot be accounted for within extant anthropogenic sediment storage landforms within the catchment areas. Surface working using managed water supply (hushing) was the key sediment production process, with 64 % of waste sediment originating from surficial hushing but only 36 % from subterranean mining. The high connectivity of hushes with river channels resulted in minimal (&lt;1 %) long-term sediment storage in the form of hush outwash fans. We find pronounced spatial and temporal variability in legacy sediment production and storage, which has important implications for understanding reach-scale patterns of channel response to historic mining operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"470 ","pages":"Article 109518"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frost weathering in contemporary active-layer deposits—micro-scale records from Kaffiøyra Plain (NW Spitsbergen)","authors":"Karolina Ulbin ,&nbsp;Barbara Woronko ,&nbsp;Ireneusz Sobota","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frost weathering serves a critical role under cold, nonglacial (i.e., periglacial) conditions. Within a contemporaneous active layer, the progressive development of microscale frost-weathering features may be recorded on the surface of sand-fraction quartz grains (0.5–0.8 mm). The purpose of this study is to identify the factors responsible for the effects of this type of frost weathering. Sediments from four profiles were tested from the Kaffiøyra Plain (NW Spitsbergen) in 2011. These profiles represent sediments of various origins and ages, ranging from 11 to 9 ka B.P., and on to the Little Ice Age. Scanning electron microscopy, grain-size distribution, CaCO₃ content, pH, and deposit geochemistry were used to determine the intensity of frost weathering on study sediments. The results from sand-sized quartz-grain microtexture analysis indicates that a low degree of micro-scale frost weathering had occurred regardless of sediment age. Most of the micro-scale frost-weathering effects were recorded in the active layer's top and base. Quartz-sand-grain microtextures predominate in these two locations, their extant providing insight into the initial development of such weathering. Microtexture's predominance signifies an inception of weathering development, manifested as large and small conchoidal fractures (&gt;10 μm and &lt;10 μm, respectively). Small and large breakage blocks (&gt;10 μm and &lt;10 μm, respectively) are recorded as accessory microtextures, requiring more freeze–thaw cycles and longer operating times. Of note, frost-weathering effects are dependent on grain-size composition; the finer the sediment, the more intense is the grain-weathering development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"469 ","pages":"Article 109510"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bypassing at a headland-controlled meso-scale tidal inlet","authors":"Mariane Couceiro Pullig ,&nbsp;Antonio Henrique da Fontoura Klein ,&nbsp;Laís Pool ,&nbsp;Deivid Cristian Leal Alves ,&nbsp;João Thadeu de Menezes","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a conceptual model is presented addressing the morphological evolution of a headland-controlled inlet at Babitonga Bay, Southern Brazil. Multiple historic bathymetric datasets were compiled spanning a period of 160 years (1862–2021). A test of various interpolation methods identified the Empirical Bayesian Kriging interpolation method as the most suitable to reconstruct the morphological features presented in nautical charts. The morphological evidences indicates that the basin-channel orientation, i.e., outflow configuration onto the ebb tidal delta and the Longshore Transport rate affect the headland-inlet bypassing mechanism. The first stage (1862–1941) revealed a volume gain along the Ebb tidal delta downdrift lobe. While the northwest channel and updrift coast were erosive, several deposits formed in the channel updrift side. This phase relies on sediment remobilization along the updrift coast and wave deposition dominance at the inlet's entrance and along the updrift channel side. The wave-dominance increase the nearshore headland bypassing and erode the downdrift channel bank, supplying the associated lobe. The second stage (1941–1972) was remarkable by accretion across the ETD. At the channel landward sector, cross-sectional asymmetry suggests the formation of a straighter ebb channel. This indicate the channel became dominated by tidal currents. On the other hand, wave-induced deposition dominated at the downdrift lobe, inducing a longshore transport reversal and an ETD sediment-trapping phase. During the third phase (1972–1995) the updrift channel sector was erosive, suggesting a longshore transport rate decreasing at the inlet's entrance and a ETD outer shoal bypassing. The fourth phase (1995–2021) was related to a higher LST rate, regarding the updrift coast was erosive and the landward channel compartment imputed sediment again.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"469 ","pages":"Article 109512"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal mobility of transverse finger bars within a mixed sand-gravel bay measured using X-band Radar","authors":"Dominique Townsend ,&nbsp;Julian Leyland ,&nbsp;Hachem Kassem ,&nbsp;Charlie E.L. Thompson ,&nbsp;Ian H. Townend ,&nbsp;Paul S. Bell ,&nbsp;Cai O. Bird","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transverse finger bars have largely been associated with sandy coasts. Here we show that these features persist within a wider mixed sediment environment, adjacent to a shingle cuspate foreland, which has not been previously reported. Details of the bars' characteristics were gleaned from analysis of bathymetry data, whilst weekly migration rates were inferred from remote sensing of the sea surface roughness as a proxy of undulating bedforms, using X-band radar reflectance data. The bars were on average ~380 m long, had wavelengths of ~160 m, amplitudes of approximately 0.2 to 0.6 m and were orientated 30° to shore normal. They were found in water depths between −3.3 and −5.8 m Ordnance Datum. The bars migrated by approximately 150 m over the first ‘winter’ observation period (15/11/2020–02/04/2021) and 70 m in the following winter period (Sept 2021–Feb 2022) but showed virtually no signs of movement during the intervening summer months. Analysis of hydrodynamic conditions suggested the bar mobility was related to the dominant longshore currents resulting from high angle, south westerly waves. Low amplitude rhythmic bedforms were also found in the upper beach, migrating at a similar rate to the nearshore bars, which are thought to be driven by high-angle wave instability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"469 ","pages":"Article 109517"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erosion processes and gravitational mass movements on Trindade Island, Brazil (South Atlantic Ocean)","authors":"Fernanda Avelar Santos,&nbsp;Lázaro Valentin Zuquette,&nbsp;Rodolfo José Angulo,&nbsp;Maria Cristina de Souza,&nbsp;Adriana Ahrendt Talamini,&nbsp;Leonardo Mairink Barão,&nbsp;Herick Faust Daufenbach,&nbsp;Maurício Henrique Garcia","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides the first assessment of non-volcanic geohazards on Trindade Island, a remote South Atlantic territory 1140 km southeast of Brazil. The island's location, climate, relief, lithology, and natural processes like weathering, erosion, and deposition pose significant dangers to habitation and geoheritage. Our focus was on geological-geotechnical mapping to identify gravitational mass movements and erosive processes. Within the six units mapped, two primary contexts were identified. We observed active hydraulic erosion, such as gullies and alluvial fans, on slopes shaped by nephelinite lava flows interlayered with fragmented pyroclastic material. In contrast, phonolitic peak areas and pyroclastic breccia bedrock displayed gravitational mass movement deposits, such as avalanche rocks. Gravitational mass movements triggered by hydrological erosion processes are the main threat. The island's landscape evolution is primarily driven by natural processes, with human influence contributing since colonization. Thus, Trindade Island's landscape is shaped by both natural and anthropogenic factors. This study underscores the need for effective mitigation and protection measures to ensure the safety of Trindade Island's inhabitable areas. Integrating an analytical model and considering temporal variations in rainfall could enhance our understanding of non-volcanic hazards on oceanic islands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"469 ","pages":"Article 109516"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eastward drainage-divide migrations driven by the spatial variations in precipitation and tectonic uplift contribute to the formation of the Parallel Rivers in the Hengduan Mountains, Southeastern Tibet","authors":"Fan Gao ,&nbsp;Xibin Tan ,&nbsp;Chao Zhou ,&nbsp;Shuang Bian ,&nbsp;Feng Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the Hengduan Mountains (Southeastern Tibet), the south-draining Nmai Hka (Upper Irrawaddy), Nu (Upper Salween), Lancang (Upper Mekong), and Jinsha (Upper Yangtze) Rivers flow parallel and in proximity to each other, thus forming rather a unique geomorphic configuration (i.e., the Parallel Rivers). It has been suggested that this configuration is an outcome of tectonic shortening that “squeezed” the rivers together. Although the tectonic and surface processes in this region have been extensively studied, the processes that led to this configuration remain controversial. Here, we investigate the potential role of drainage-divide migration in forming the Parallel Rivers. We demonstrate, based on geomorphologic analysis of divide stability between the parallel rivers, that while the two western divides (Nmai-Nu, Nu-Lancang) are likely migrating eastward, the eastern divide (Lancang-Jinsha) is roughly stable. This pattern suggests that the formation of the Parallel Rivers is associated with an abutment of the migrating divides against the fixed one. GPS and precipitation data combined with prior research suggest that the migrations of the two western divides are driven by the spatial variations in precipitation and rock uplift. Concurrently the stability of the eastern divide is influenced by a combination of climatic and tectonic factors, as well as a historical river capture event. This implies that the formation of the Parallel Rivers has not necessarily been an outcome of east-west tectonic shortening but has been influenced by the spatial variations in precipitation and tectonic uplift.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 109513"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hybrid, genetic programming and physically-based predictor of dune geometry","authors":"Arnaud Doré ,&nbsp;Giovanni Coco","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subaqueous sand dunes are found in many natural environments and pose significant operational challenges. However, classic dune predictors found in the literature fail at predicting equilibrium dune dimensions. In this study, we first investigated the potential of using genetic programming to derive predictive equations of dune wavelength and height. The predictors outperformed existing relationships, yet the equations remain complex due to the intricate physics governing dune evolution. We carried out a global sensitivity analysis to evaluate the most influential parameters of the GP predictors. Finally, we proposed a set of robust predictors, for equilibrium dune heights and wavelengths, relying on basic environmental parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 109495"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting urban channel morphology amidst multiple complexities","authors":"Lukman A. Soboyejo,&nbsp;Kathryn L. Russell,&nbsp;Tim D. Fletcher","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urbanisation has resulted in rapid geomorphic changes and ecosystem degradation in many streams worldwide. The question of how channel response to urbanisation can be accurately predicted amid multiple driving factors remains a significant scientific challenge. Numerous efforts have been made to address this issue over the past 80 years. Nevertheless, channel response resulting from urbanisation differs across physiographic regions, making it difficult to predict. The main goal of this study is to investigate the most important factors influencing morphological changes, such as channel area, in streams with urbanised catchments. To accomplish this aim, we reviewed the literature on the application of hydraulic geometry models to urban-impacted rivers worldwide. We set out to investigate two specific questions: (i) to what extent and under what circumstances can urban stream bankfull cross-sectional area be predicted by catchment area and impervious cover metrics? and (ii) is stream bankfull width more susceptible than stream bankfull depth to urban-induced enlargement? However, over 90 % of the urban channels studied in the literature we reviewed showed irregular response patterns to urbanisation, owing to the complex interplay of local factors, such as geology, sediment, hardpoints, and riparian vegetation. Our most important conclusion is that local context is an important controller of stream channel response to urbanisation. While catchment area is a good predictor of channel area in some urban sites, it is a poor predictor of channel area in other urban sites. This contrasts with non-urban sites, where catchment area usually predicts channel area more strongly. In addition, impervious cover alone, which represents the direct hydrological impact of urbanisation, is insufficient to fully explain channel enlargement and incision. Therefore, models of channel response to urbanisation must consider the specific local factors that drive or limit these responses in order to be effective as predictive and explanatory tools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 109511"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topographic ridges express late Quaternary faulting peripheral to the New Madrid seismic zone, intraplate USA: Their tectonic implications","authors":"S. Pinardi ,&nbsp;R.T. Cox ,&nbsp;D. Leslie ,&nbsp;Md.R. Hasan ,&nbsp;N. Adhikari ,&nbsp;R.B. Van Arsdale","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Northeast-trending linear topographic ridges in Pliocene and Quaternary sediments adjacent to the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ), intraplate North America, have been long speculated to be neotectonic landforms related to reactivation of basement faults of the eastern Mississippi Valley Rift margin. Earthquake epicenters and paleoseismological studies show that eastern rift margin faults (ERMF) were active during late Quaternary south of a restraining bend in the Mississippi Valley Rift fault complex, but the ERMF zone north of the restraining bend (ERM-N) and underlying the linear ridges is seismically quiescent. A previous P-wave seismic reflection survey across the most prominent linear ridge (Rives lineament) revealed that it overlies a horst in Eocene sediment. To ascertain whether the Rives lineament could have been produced by surface faulting/folding, we collected electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiles to image the ridge's shallow subsurface features. We interpret shallow folding and faulting of late Pleistocene sediment in our ERT and GPR images. Additionally, convexity of multiple topographic profiles of scarps along margins of the Rives lineament was quantified and compared to the convexity of profiles of known neotectonic scarps and of fluvial terrace riser profiles within the region. Comparison of these profiles reveals a high degree of similarity between the scarps along the Rives lineament margins and the Holocene Reelfoot thrust scarp. When combined, our results strongly suggest late Pleistocene or Holocene folding and faulting created this ridge despite its current seismic quiescence, and thus they provide useful insight for assessing the seismic hazard potential of quiescent faults in strike-slip systems in general. We conclude that the late Quaternary series of movements documented on the Reelfoot thrust was initiated to accommodate crustal shortening after transpressional fault movements on the ERM-N became inactive in late Pleistocene or early Holocene and that movement along the ERM-N may resume if the Reelfoot thrust has an interval of inactivity in the future. Our results suggest how fault interactions within a strike-slip system can change, making faults with significant amounts of seismic potential appear as though they are inactive.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 109502"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}