Geomorphology最新文献

{"title":"Almost eroded but still there: Oldest diatreme volcanoes of pre-Quaternary age in the eastern Bohemian Massif, Czechia","authors":"Martin Kašing ,&nbsp;Jakub Jirásek ,&nbsp;Dalibor Matýsek ,&nbsp;Jan Valenta ,&nbsp;Vladislav Rapprich ,&nbsp;Petr Tábořík ,&nbsp;Tomáš Pek","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Young volcanic forms are often well pronounced in topography and preserve valuable geological record of paleoenvironmental evolution. However, in ancient volcanic fields (Ma old), some volcanic landforms may exist only as erosional remnants that are completely transformed by long-term denudation. The identification of such structures is challenging owing to their small size and subtle geomorphic signature. Earlier magnetic surveys from the 1960s identified a minor volcanic form of unclear origin at a site within the Bruntál Volcanic Field, a Late Cenozoic intraplate volcanic province in Central Europe (Czechia). Newly conducted high-resolution magnetic, gravity, and geoelectrical surveys of the site revealed remnants of two deeply eroded diatremes and their feeder dykes. Analysis of the collected samples and excavated material from shallow trenches supports the phreatomagmatic origin of these structures. The two analogous circular diatremes, separated by a distance of 750 m, exhibit pronounced magnetic and conductive responses. Their small diameters (&lt;100 m), coupled with minor negative gravity anomalies and the presence of excavated diatreme breccias, suggest the exposure of a deep part of the diatremes, e.g. root-zones, at the current erosional surface. The material buried in the diatremes also allows for the deduction of the previous extent of concurrently eroded Neogene sediments in the area. Despite unsuccessful attempts at Ar–Ar dating, the Neogene age assumed based on the deep erosional level of the volcanic vents makes them the oldest known maar-diatreme volcanoes in the eastern Bohemian Massif. This study provides very rare information about explosive volcanism in the area of northeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif and is the first-ever study on regional pre-Quaternary phreatomagmatism in the Bruntál Volcanic Field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"475 ","pages":"Article 109668"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstructing past sea-level changes from storm-built beach ridges","authors":"Alessio Rovere ,&nbsp;Marta Pappalardo ,&nbsp;Sebastian Richiano ,&nbsp;Deirdre D. Ryan ,&nbsp;Karla Rubio-Sandoval ,&nbsp;Patricio Martin Ruiz ,&nbsp;Alejandro Montes ,&nbsp;Evan J. Gowan","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Storm-built beach ridges, built by waves on sedimentary coasts, can be used as geomorphological indicators of past sea level. However, quantifying the relationship between the geomorphological elements of the ridge and the paleo sea level at the time of deposition is difficult, as a beach ridge is primarily correlated to wave energy and only secondarily to the position of sea level. In this work, we propose a methodology to quantify the upper and lower limits of a storm-built beach ridge based on remote sensing data. We use the tidal model FES2022, data from the Copernicus Marine Service and beach slope gathered from satellite imagery as inputs to different wave runup models, that are used to calculate the limits of the storm-built beach ridge. We test our approach on a particularly well-preserved Pleistocene storm-built beach ridge in Patagonia, Argentina. Our results show that the paleo relative sea level reconstructed using remote sensing data coincides (82.8 % similarity) with that obtained from measured modern analog landforms at the same location.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"476 ","pages":"Article 109659"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Clustering and distribution characteristics of large landslides in the Yalong River Basin, China","authors":"Chengqiu Li,&nbsp;Jing Zhang,&nbsp;Lichan Gao,&nbsp;Xiaoli Chen,&nbsp;Siyuan Ma,&nbsp;Renmao Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Yalong River Basin (YRB), situated on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, is characterized by high vertical erosion rates, rugged terrain, narrow gorges, and steep hill slopes, which host many large landslides. Analyze the distribution characteristics of landslides in this region is significant for understanding geomorphic evolution and assessing potential landslide risks. In the current study, a landslide database for the Yalong River was initially established based on remote sensing interpretation and field investigation. A total of 729 landslides were mapped, including 191 medium-scale and 538 large-scale landslides. According to the updated Varnes classification, 538 large landslides (73.8 %) were recognized and divided into four major types: slides (344 cases), flows (109 cases), topples (56 cases), and slope deformations (29 cases). The total area of these landslides was 886.2 km², and they were predominantly concentrated in the alpine canyon areas along the middle segment of the Yalong River. Based on integrated kernel density estimation and spatial autocorrelation, three landslide cluster zones (A, B, and C) were identified, with zone B showing the highest concentration of large landslides. Statistical results indicate that large landslides are concentrated in areas with elevations of 1500–3500 m, slopes of 20°–40°, topographic reliefs of 400–600 m, and dominant aspects being E, SE and SW. Active faults in the YRB play a crucial role in the formation and spatial distribution of landslides, showing a notable correlation with fault geometry, arrangement, and movement types.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"475 ","pages":"Article 109667"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating changes in proglacial stream suspended sediment concentration and their drivers using large scale remote sensing","authors":"Lily K. Vowels ,&nbsp;William H. Armstrong ,&nbsp;Irina Overeem ,&nbsp;Daniel McGrath ,&nbsp;Brianna Rick ,&nbsp;Adrian Dye ,&nbsp;Derek Martin","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glaciers are prolific sediment producers, and quantifying trends in proglacial suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is critical for understanding the evolution of sediment dynamics in glacierized systems, a task impeded by sparse in situ observations in these often-remote environments. In this study, we use Landsat-derived spectral reflectance to quantify how SSC changed between 1984 and 2023 across a range of proglacial river systems (<em>n</em> = 54) in Alaska and northwestern Canada. We investigated how observed SSC changes were related to upstream proglacial lakes, as well as glaciological factors. We found that 54 % of all study sites underwent statistically significant SSC changes (median rate of statistically significant change = −1.8 mg L⁻¹ yr⁻¹ or − 0.7 % yr⁻¹; IQR = −8.4 to 0.5 mg L⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Streams below proglacial lakes are more likely to have significant changes than systems without lakes (60 % of sites with upstream lakes vs 42 % of sites without upstream lakes). SSC declines dominate statistically significant trends for sites with upstream lakes, while increasing SSC is dominant for rivers with no upstream proglacial lake. We perform statistical analyses to investigate potential physical drivers of SSC change and find a direct association between glacier area and a site's median SSC as one of the few significant correlations. Proglacial lake area and its change are poor predictors for both downstream median SSC and SSC change. Together, these findings show clear changes in sediment dynamics in glacierized watersheds over ~40 years, with proglacial lakes playing a notable but complicated role in downstream sedimentary processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"475 ","pages":"Article 109664"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How is the occurrence of rainfall-triggered landslides related to extreme rainfall?","authors":"Binru Zhao ,&nbsp;Lulu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xia Gu ,&nbsp;Wen Luo ,&nbsp;Zhaoyuan Yu ,&nbsp;Linwang Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In a warming climate, more frequent occurrences of extreme rainfall may increase the risk of landslides due to the triggering and preconditioning effects of rainfall conditions on landslides. However, the relationship between rainfall-triggered landslides and extreme rainfall has rarely been quantified. Here, by making full use of rich landslide records and dense rainfall measurements in the Liguria region, Bayesian analysis was applied to calculate the conditional probability of landslide occurrences under extreme and non-extreme rainfall. By considering the impact of the antecedent cumulative rainfall responsible for landslide occurrences and the threshold for determining extreme rainfall, it is found that extreme rainfall has a higher probability of triggering landslides than non-extreme rainfall, up to 33 times in the Liguria region, but this is still an underestimate when the impact of missing landslide records is taken into account. This indicates that extreme rainfall plays a much more significant role in triggering landslides than non-extreme rainfall. The satellite-based and reanalysis rainfall datasets are great alternatives to rain gauge data for areas with insufficient rainfall measurements for this analysis, although both underestimate the ratio of landslide probability under extreme rainfall to non-extreme rainfall.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"475 ","pages":"Article 109666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear modeling of river dunes: Insights in long-term evolution of dune dimensions and form roughness","authors":"W.M. van der Sande ,&nbsp;P.C. Roos ,&nbsp;T. Gerkema ,&nbsp;S.J.M.H. Hulscher","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>River dunes are large-scale (primary) bed patterns commonly occurring worldwide. Capturing these features in process-based morphodynamic models is challenging, partly because of steep gradients at the lee side of the bedform. Here, we present a new morphodynamic model with a hydrodynamic module (solved within OpenFOAM) that is capable of capturing lee side effects such as flow separation, and with a sediment transport formulation that suppresses steep lee slopes. Model results suggest that river dunes develop as free instabilities of the flat bed, characterized by initial exponential growth. After the initial phase, dunes reach a quasi-equilibrium, with the wavenumber of the dominant topographic mode decreasing over time; this holds for a range of parameter settings. Furthermore, we show that the spatially averaged water depth – a proxy for roughness – increases with about 3–5 %; the effective roughness length increases with about 50–100 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"475 ","pages":"Article 109649"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fault scarps as evidence of historical co-seismic slip - a study of postseismic scarp degradation following the 2016 Norcia earthquake","authors":"Robert Elliott ,&nbsp;Kenneth McCaffrey ,&nbsp;Laura Gregory ,&nbsp;Luke Wedmore","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In immature near-surface normal fault zones, co-seismic slip on a main fault plane will be variably partitioned onto a primary fault scarp and ancillary hanging wall structures and will be subject to ongoing processes of deformation and erosion. The extent to which such processes affect the evidence of visible surface features over time is uncertain, particularly in the first few postseismic years. Using differential repeat Terrestrial Laser Scans (TLS) we investigate continuing postseismic deformation of near-fault areas and degradation in the Monte Vettore region in the Apennines, Central Italy where extensive surface ruptures formed as part of the M_w 6.6 30th October 2016 Norcia earthquake, during the Central Italy Earthquake Sequence (“CIES”), with widely distributed Off Fault Deformation (“OFD”). We concentrate here on one ancillary antithetic structure, the San Lorenzo fault, and the evolution of its scarp over three years following the Norcia earthquake.</div><div>The principal causes of postseismic alteration or degradation of fault scarps are expected to be tectonic-related after-slip and/or erosion. Combining careful alignment of repeat TLS, use of an ICP (Iterative Closest Point) algorithm, recursive filtering and detrending techniques, we characterise postseismic surface deformation at ~centimetre scale. We show that afterslip and erosion both play significant roles in the evolution of this fault scarp and the near-fault areas even within the first few postseismic years. Although variable along strike, vertical and horizontal postseismic displacements adjacent to the scarp are ~5–10 % of co-seismic values. Evidence of co-seismic slip associated with such ancillary structures will likely disappear or be significantly degraded quickly relative to the typical earthquake recurrence intervals in the Apennines region, even if the primary fault scarp remains visible. Where fault scarps are used as evidence of previous slip history, particularly in immature fault zones, those factors must be considered to avoid possible misinterpretation of that evidence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"475 ","pages":"Article 109662"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the impact of agricultural practices and climate change by using 137Cs resampling to assess recent changes in soil redistribution rates in northern Spain","authors":"Leticia Gaspar ,&nbsp;Iván Lizaga ,&nbsp;Arturo Catalá ,&nbsp;Ana Navas","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change and anthropogenic activities, mainly agricultural practices, significantly intensify denudation processes. A new strategy to improve the application of ¹³⁷Cs technique has been tested and validated in an upland agroecosystem in north Spain to provide information on changing soil redistribution rates between multiple periods. For the first time in Spain, the ¹³⁷Cs resampling approach, which requires repeated soil sampling programs, has been applied in a representative Mediterranean mountainous landscape. The toposequence selected for this study characterized by rangeland and cultivated soils has maintained the land cover and land uses between the two sampling campaigns, 2003 and 2016. We identified specific processes of erosion and deposition occurring in sectioned soil profiles over the time interval of this study. As the land use has been maintained for most of the sampling sites, the change in redistribution rates recorded in the soil profiles may be associated with a shift in rainfall patterns over the study period. However, change in land management with impact on soil redistribution has been successfully identified in two sites by applying the resampling approach. The results allow a better understanding of changes in soil mobilization and the possibility to evaluate the influence of agricultural management and climate variability on soil erosion. The procedure described in this study must be seen as a promising application of ¹³⁷Cs measurements in soil erosion investigations associated with climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"475 ","pages":"Article 109660"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143436773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thinning and retreat of the temperate Connemara ice centre, Ireland, during Heinrich Stadial 1 constrained with cosmogenic 10Be dating","authors":"Adrienne C. Foreman ,&nbsp;Gordon R.M. Bromley ,&nbsp;Brenda L. Hall ,&nbsp;Paulo C. Rodríguez","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Within the North Atlantic region, climatic perturbations such as Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) and the Younger Dryas stadial (YD) have traditionally been viewed as anomalous periods of extreme cooling linked to abrupt changes in the poleward oceanic transport of heat. While there is considerable geologic data to support strong cooling during stadial winters, recent work in mid- and high-latitude regions fringing the North Atlantic suggests that this thermal signal did not extend to stadial summers, contrary to previously inferred palaeoecological and ice core proxies. Some directly dated glacial records from Britain, Ireland, and Scandinavia, for instance, document the large-scale retreat of terrestrial ice masses during both HS1 and the YD, coincident with meltwater pulses from the European continent and consequent weakening of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Similar patterns of stadial deglaciation have been reported from Greenland and north-east North America. Together, these datasets support the emerging model of stadials as periods of anomalous seasonality imposed on the strongly maritime North Atlantic climate. In this study, we present a geologic record of ice sheet behaviour from the Maumturk Mountains in western Ireland during the last glacial termination, constrained with cosmogenic ¹⁰Be surface-exposure dating. Coupled with glacio-geomorphologic and sedimentologic characterisation of moraine landforms, our record describes a temperate ice mass undergoing sustained active retreat during the first half of HS1, synchronous with increased European meltwater discharge into the North Atlantic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"475 ","pages":"Article 109661"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drainage-divide migration at the Qinling and its implications for the drainage reorganization and rift evolution of the Weihe graben, Central China","authors":"Xun Zeng ,&nbsp;Xibin Tan ,&nbsp;Yiduo Liu ,&nbsp;Mingming Wang ,&nbsp;Shuang Bian ,&nbsp;Feng Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The east-trending Qinling horst and Weihe graben system in Central China is an important tectonic transition zone between the transpressional Northeastern Tibetan Plateau and the transtensional Eastern North China Craton. However, it remains unclear how the horst-graben system and the modern drainage morphology have evolved in this region. Here we analyze the stability of the main drainage divide at the Qinling, based on χ-plot and Gilbert metrics, and estimate the divide migration rates using the catchment erosion rates from cosmogenic nuclide ¹⁰Be data. Our results show that the drainage divide in the western part of the Qinling is moving southward, while that in the eastern part is mostly stable. We suggest that the migration of the Qinling drainage divide is controlled by the subsidence of the Weihe graben, and the along-strike variation in the drainage-divide stability results from the westward expansion of the Weihe graben. Moreover, based on the wind gaps, barbed tributaries, Holocene sediment close to the wind gaps, and landscape numerical modeling results, we identify two major river capture events near the rift-bounding normal fault, likely caused by both the subsidence of the Weihe graben and the uplift of the Qinling horst in the Cenozoic. The results indicate that before the capture events, some rivers in the southern Ordos used to flow southward across the Qinling into the Sichuan Basin, which is of great significance to the evolution of the middle Yellow River.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"475 ","pages":"Article 109658"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}