Geomorphology最新文献

{"title":"Micro-scale topographic controls on functional hillslope-to-stream connectivity in rapidly deglaciating terrain","authors":"M. Bayens ,&nbsp;A. Ballu ,&nbsp;B. Ruols ,&nbsp;S.N. Lane","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid retreat of Alpine glaciers since the end of the Little Ice Age has increased the spatial extent of proglacial margins. Whilst the response of glaciers to climate warming is well-documented, the response of proglacial landscapes, especially regarding sediment transfer processes, is less understood. Sediment transport, through erosion and deposition, modifies the landscape and affects sediment connectivity. The latter may be described as structural (static, related to the configuration of the system) or functional (dynamic, resulting from time-space variation in sediment flux). This paper quantifies the functional connectivity of sediment flux for a recently deglaciated Alpine hillslope. Analysis of high-resolution digital elevation models is coupled to a morphological method to assesses the spatial pattern of sediment flux required to conserve mass over a seasonal and a multi-year time-scale. Results show that functional connectivity is strongly controlled by micro-scale topography on the hillslope that has developed during and since deglaciation. Functional connectivity is then a key factor determining the delivery of sediment to the valley bottom for eventual transport by the proglacial stream following glacier retreat. This effect is stronger at the seasonal time-scale than at the multi-year time-scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109902"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Segmentation and deformation mechanisms of the North Tuole Shan fault in the Qilian Mountains: Insights from channel steepness index (ksn) and fault activity","authors":"Hongqiang Li ,&nbsp;Daoyang Yuan ,&nbsp;Qi Su ,&nbsp;Guojun Si ,&nbsp;Hong Xie ,&nbsp;Yameng Wen ,&nbsp;Ruihuan Su ,&nbsp;Yunsheng Yao ,&nbsp;Jinchao Yu ,&nbsp;Hao Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The North Tuole Shan Fault (NTF) is a significant thrust fault system in the Qilian Mountains. Understanding its activity patterns and differential deformation characteristics is essential for deciphering regional tectonic uplift, crustal deformation mechanisms, and geomorphic evolution. However, the segmentation characteristics of this fault and their controlling factors remain poorly understood, hindering a comprehensive understanding of major fault evolution in the region. In this study, we extracted <em>k</em>_<em>sn</em> values from 107 river channels along the northern slope of Tuole Shan in the central Qilian Mountains and compared them with previous findings on NTF activity. The results reveal a general consistency between fault activity variations and <em>k</em>_<em>sn</em> distribution, indicating that <em>k</em>_<em>sn</em> values serve as a reliable indicator for fault activity variations and their controlling factors. Further analysis suggests that <em>k</em>_<em>sn</em> variations between the East and West Jingtie segments are predominantly governed by fault activity differences, with secondary influences from bedrock erosion resistance. Higher <em>k</em>_<em>sn</em> values in the Qilian Segment are likely related to the transition of the Riyue Shan Fault (RYF) from dextral strike-slip motion to oblique thrusting at the fault tip. This transition intensifies tectonic loading, resulting in a simultaneous increase in <em>k</em>_<em>sn</em> values and vertical slip rates. Existing studies on the strike-slip rate of the RYF, along with new analytical results, suggest that the angular variation involved in this kinematic transition is likely ≤30°. This suggests that, in addition to faulting and lithology, lateral extrusion associated with strike-slip faulting may also play a significant role in controlling adjacent fault activity and shaping the tectonic landscape. These findings offer novel insights into the mechanisms regulating fault activity variations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109904"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field evidence of the greatest disaster in Balinese history: The 1815 Geger Bali multi-hazard event in Buleleng","authors":"Audrey Faral ,&nbsp;I. Gede Putu Eka Suryana ,&nbsp;Franck Lavigne ,&nbsp;Stoil Chapkanski ,&nbsp;Ségolène Saulnier-Copard ,&nbsp;Made Pageh ,&nbsp;Atmaja Dewa Made ,&nbsp;Christopher Gomez ,&nbsp;Clément Virmoux ,&nbsp;Mukhamad Ngainul Malawani ,&nbsp;Made Windu Antara Kesiman ,&nbsp;Danang Sri Hadmoko ,&nbsp;Benoît Caron","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On November 22, 1815, a M7.3 offshore earthquake and heavy rainfall triggered a major landslide on Bali's Buyan-Bratan caldera, initiating a cascading sequence of natural processes. This event, previously unstudied in scientific literature, is analyzed here using historical records, geomorphological observations, sediment analysis, radiocarbon dating, as well as textural, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses. The ~5.5 km horseshoe-shaped crown scarp on the caldera flank confirms that a translational landslide, triggered by a rock-slope failure along the rim, displaced approximately 64 × 10⁶ m³ of material over an area of 2.38 km². The landslide evolved as a debris avalanche involving basaltic-andesitic rock and silty-clay soils, depositing megaclasts within 10 km of the source. Midstream, it progressively transformed into a cohesive debris flow with multi-metric boulders, driven by progressive water saturation and reduced internal friction. Hydration of the mass facilitated fluidization and the transition from avalanche to cohesive debris flow. Channel bed erosion, lateral bank failures, secondary landslides, and probably rain-triggered lahars contributed to the bulking of the debris flow, increasing both its volume and thickness. After traveling 17 km, the flow entered the sea, likely triggering a local tsunami. However, no tsunami deposits associated with the 1815 landslide have been identified in coastal records, possibly due to the tsunami's limited size and/or post-depositional sediment alteration. This geomorphological study enhances the geohistorical understanding of the 1815 Gejer Bali disaster and underscores its relevance for current risk awareness and collective memory in the landslide-prone areas of Buleleng.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109903"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to comment on “Turbulent structures at the bottom of the Gobi desert boundary layer and their impact on aeolian sand transport and dust emission” (Liang et al., 2025) by C. Keylock (2025)","authors":"Linhao Liang,&nbsp;Shaoxiu Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We responded to the comment by Keylock (2025). In Fig. 5d, the outward interaction (Q1) was mistakenly labeled as making a positive contribution to the Reynolds shear stress. We recalculated and corrected this error. The revised results further strengthen our conclusions and align well with previous studies. Additionally, we have discussed the advantages and limitations of several methods for analyzing turbulence structures in field experimental measurements, aiming to provide broader insights into studying turbulent structures in the boundary layer of arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109907"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coastal gullies formed by piping on a permafrost marine terrace near Iqaluktuuttiaq (Cambridge Bay), Nunavut, Canada","authors":"Samuel Gagnon ,&nbsp;Stéphanie Coulombe ,&nbsp;David Didier ,&nbsp;Samuel Binette ,&nbsp;Gwénaëlle Chaillou ,&nbsp;Barret Kurylyk ,&nbsp;Ivorson Maksagak ,&nbsp;Joseph Evetalegak Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Piping is the formation of subsurface tunnels (pipes) due to sediment removal by groundwater flow, which can lead to surface collapse and gully formation, thus transitioning from subsurface to surface erosion. While piping occurs across various climates, its formation in periglacial environments and its impact on these landscapes remain poorly documented. This study examines the morphology and environmental conditions of gullies that formed on a permafrost marine terrace near Iqaluktuuttiaq (Cambridge Bay), Nunavut (Canada), and provides the first conceptual model linking piping to gully formation in a periglacial environment. Nineteen gullies were surveyed along a 430-m coastline with a 2–4 m high bluff experiencing accelerated coastal erosion. Field observations, remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) surveys, and permafrost cryostratigraphy confirmed that the gullies did not form from ice-wedge degradation, but rather from lateral groundwater flow causing piping. Piping was confined to the top sand layer of the terrace, where the thaw front and underlying layer of silt loam acted as impermeable barriers (aquitards). Piping likely peaked during snowmelt when the sand layer became saturated. Gullies predominantly formed within the last 4–5 m of the terrace where the steep bluff and collocated seepage face, deeper thaw front, and terrace subsidence likely increased the lateral hydraulic gradient. This study improves understanding of piping in periglacial environments and highlights its interactions with surface, thermal, and coastal erosion in shaping Arctic coastal landscapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109905"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topographic controls on the initiation and transport of landslide-triggered debris flows","authors":"Jian Guo ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Yao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transformation of landslides into debris flows is influenced by topography, which governs their initiation, mobility, and connectivity. However, the specific geomorphic controls on this process remain poorly understood. In this study, the influence of topography on landslide–debris flow transformation in Xita village, China, is examined using field investigations, numerical simulations, and remote sensing analysis. The findings reveal that topography dictates the spatial distribution of shallow landslides, with most landslides occurring near watershed divides due to terrain-driven variations in material and water availability. Furthermore, two distinct transformation mechanisms, i.e., gravity driven and hydraulically driven mechanisms, are shaped by topographic conditions, influencing initiation pathways and mobility. Numerical simulations highlight that the confluence angle and bed friction significantly affect landslide connectivity and transformation efficiency. By quantifying key geomorphic indices, such as the slope, confluence angle, and material connectivity, this study provides new insights into the role of terrain in hazard evolution. These findings offer a scientific basis for improving models of spatial prediction and hazard assessments of rainfall-induced landslides and their triggered debris flows in mountainous regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109901"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PG-Tools: A framework and an ArcGIS toolbox to standardize paleoglacier outlines and attributes","authors":"Yingkui Li ,&nbsp;Benjamin J.C. Laabs ,&nbsp;Leif S. Anderson ,&nbsp;Joseph M. Licciardi","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Pleistocene Epoch was characterized by extensive glacier systems in numerous mountain ranges around the world. Mapping glacial landforms and deposits over many decades of prior work has afforded reconstructions of mountain glaciers, chiefly during the last Pleistocene glaciation and subsequent deglaciation. The availability of high-resolution satellite imagery, digital terrain models, and numerical chronologies of glacial deposits and landforms provides opportunities for mapping paleoglacier outlines and reconstructing ice thickness and volume during specific periods across glaciated regions at different spatial scales. Most paleoglacier reconstructions require outlines corresponding to a specific valley and terminus. However, various formats of digital paleoglacier outlines exist in the literature, some of which encompass entire glacier complexes or ice caps without differentiating between individual valleys and outlet glaciers. Also, unlike inventories of present-day glaciers such as the Randolph Glacier Inventory, digitized paleoglacier outlines lack standardized attributes. In this study, we developed an ArcGIS toolbox to subdivide paleoglacier outlines into individual polygons constrained within watershed boundaries (drainage basins) and to derive a consistent set of attributes related to the geometry, topography, and ice thickness of paleoglaciers. We demonstrate the applications of this toolbox in glaciated mountain areas in Costa Rica, the western U.S., and the central Tibetan Plateau. Although some manual adjustments are still necessary, this toolbox provides an efficient means to standardize the format and derive attributes for paleoglacier outlines. Our proposed framework and newly developed ArcGIS toolbox for standardizing paleoglacier outline formats and attributes improve the value, accuracy, and utility of paleoglacier mapping and paleoclimate reconstruction, and facilitate consistency and comparability among model simulations of glacier and climate changes from the past to present and into the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109893"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling Quaternary travertine precipitation through new sedimentological and geochemical insights at Kurkur Oasis, Egypt","authors":"Kamal Abou Elmagd ,&nbsp;Al-Hussein M. Fathy ,&nbsp;Russell N. Drysdale ,&nbsp;Wael Abdelwahab ,&nbsp;Muhammad Hazem ,&nbsp;Mohammed Hassan Younis","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109894","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109894","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents new sedimentological and geochemical insights into the Quaternary travertine deposits of Kurkur Oasis in Egypt's Western Desert. Lithofacies analysis identified a suite of distinctive features, including abiotic crystalline forms and microbial structures such as fan/ray crystals, feather crystal shrubs, bacterial shrubs, foam rocks, microbial mats, and calcite rafts. These facies reflect rapid calcium carbonate precipitation influenced by both inorganic processes and microbial activity.</div><div>Stable isotope analyses (δ¹³C: −3.3 ‰ to +0.67 ‰; δ¹⁸O: −12.4 ‰ to −7.5 ‰) indicate that CO₂ involved in travertine formation originated primarily from two sources: (1) groundwater interacting with Paleocene marine limestones and (2) meteoric water enriched with atmospheric CO₂. Estimated depositional temperatures range from 13 °C to 38 °C, suggesting precipitation occurred under fluctuating hydrological and thermal conditions.</div><div>Elemental correlations involving Sr, Br, and rare earth elements (REEs) with CaO across temperature gradients reveal a progression from cooler, freshwater-dominated settings to warmer, geothermal environments. Importantly, this study documents, for the first time, soft-sediment deformation structures within the Kurkur travertines—features interpreted as evidence of tectonic influence, potentially linked to paleoseismic activity.</div><div>The integration of geochemical, isotopic, and structural evidence supports the presence of both meteogene and thermogene travertine types in the Kurkur Oasis. These findings contribute to a broader understanding of travertine deposition in arid regions and enhance interpretations of paleohydrological and tectonic processes in continental carbonate systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109894"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slowly adjusting and incising river network in a Ni-bearing landscape, SE New Caledonia","authors":"Jean-Louis Grimaud ,&nbsp;Yoram Teitler ,&nbsp;Sylvain Favier ,&nbsp;Yaël Guyomard ,&nbsp;Fabrice Golfier ,&nbsp;Michel Cathelineau","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109896","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Constraining the evolution of river networks under external forcings is critical because drainage evolution and landscape dissection control the redistribution of regolith, which has implications for mining resources. In this study, several Neogene geomorphic evolution stages of the Southern Massif of New Caledonia, where supergene nickel ore is exploited, are reconstructed by combining Digital Elevation Model (DEM) analysis with field mapping of abandoned lateritic paleo-landsurfaces. Results show that the drainage has been mostly exorheic, and that stream capture and piracy have slowly modified the landscape over the past 20 million years. The river long profiles are still adjusting to ongoing uplift, as demonstrated by southward island tilting and the uplift of quaternary reefs to the North of the study area. Ranges of drainage area changes and river incisions are assessed. Neogene incision rates are very low in the vicinity of the Goro pit (i.e., 1–15 m.Myr⁻¹), the classic basin-type Nickel deposit of New Caledonia, compared to other places (i.e., up to 15–30 m.Myr⁻¹). We propose that such low incision rates can explain the singularly high thickness of oxide Ni deposits in the area due to enhanced polygenetic weathering on lateritic profiles during the Neogene.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109896"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glacial geomorphosites in the Greater Himalayan and Pir Panjal Ranges of the Kashmir Valley: Inventory, classification, and geotourism potential","authors":"Khalid Omar Murtaza ,&nbsp;Omar Jaan Paul ,&nbsp;Reyaz Ahmad Dar ,&nbsp;Nida Akther ,&nbsp;Adil Ahmad Mir ,&nbsp;Saudiyah Khan ,&nbsp;Shakil Ahmad Romshoo","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the glacial geomorphosites of the Greater Himalayan Range and Pir Panjal Range in the Kashmir Valley, highlighting their potential for geotourism and geoheritage conservation. Traditionally valued for paleo-glacial reconstructions, and validation of landform evolution models, alpine glacial landforms are increasingly recognized as prime destinations for educational tours and adventure tourism. The diverse glacial landforms, shaped through glacial advances and retreats during the Quaternary period, position the Kashmir Himalaya as a unique destination for geoheritage and geotourism hub, attracting visitors and researchers globally. Using Google Earth images and Digital Elevation Models, we systematically mapped and classified a range of glacial landforms, validating many through extensive field surveys. The study identifies a rich inventory of unique glacial geomorphosites, including moraine ridges, U-shaped valleys, horns, and cirques, which offer valuable insights into the region's geological history. These geomorphosites not only enhance scientific and educational understanding but also present significant opportunities for promoting sustainable geotourism and geoheritage conservation in the Kashmir Himalaya. This study highlights the scientific, educational, and tourism potential of glacial geomorphosites, advocating for sustainable management that balances conservation with geotourism promotion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"486 ","pages":"Article 109895"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}