Geomorphology最新文献

{"title":"Reply to comment by Torrente and Milia on “Giant landslide, hidden caldera structure, magnetic anomalies and tectonics in southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy)” by De Ritis, R., Cocchi, L., Passaro, S, Chiappini, M. (2024)","authors":"Riccardo De Ritis , Luca Cocchi , Salvatore Passaro , Massimo Chiappini","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109967","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"488 ","pages":"Article 109967"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144863639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of relief on headwater catchment landscapes","authors":"Hui Chen ,&nbsp;Jongmin Byun","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Headwater catchments, comprising hillslopes, valley heads, and colluvial valleys, are critical sources of water, sediments, and nutrients for downstream river networks. As mass movements dominate these landscapes, topographic relief has long been recognized as a primary factor controlling geomorphic processes and the spatial arrangement of geomorphic units in headwater catchments. However, how the transition from hillslope- to channel-dominated processes varies with relief remains debated. Particularly, the ways in which valley head location—defined as the uppermost tip of an unchanneled valley—and the lower boundaries of headwater catchments—defined by the downstream limit of colluvial dominance—scale with relief are not fully understood. To address these questions, we analyzed a drainage basin in South Korea that spans a wide range of relief. We delineated valley heads and headwater catchment extents, and quantified the likelihoods of hillslope materials reaching both valley heads and downstream river networks. Our results reveal that valley heads shift downslope with increasing relief and that the lower boundaries of colluvial channels extend downstream, enlarging headwater catchments. Likewise, both likelihoods of sediment connectivity increase with relief. These findings demonstrate that both valley head position and headwater catchment extent are governed by relief through its effects on hillslope material supply, colluvial valley morphology, and debris flow transport. Notably, the observed positive correlation between valley head source area and relief challenges the stream power-based channel initiation model, which exhibits a negative slope-area relationship. This study advances understanding of geomorphic processes in headwater landscapes and provides insights for managing mountainous environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"488 ","pages":"Article 109969"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144863636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gradients in stream power influence log jam locations","authors":"Eliza Malakoff ,&nbsp;Carl Renshaw ,&nbsp;Francis Magilligan","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Log jams are integral to river systems, yet deep uncertainties remain about the processes that control their formation. We tested whether downstream gradients in unit stream power exert control over where and how natural log jams form. Using data from 680 natural log jams in New Hampshire, Vermont and Colorado, we found that jams are more prevalent where unit stream power increases in the downstream direction in watersheds smaller than a critical drainage area of 29.5 km² (95 % CI: 11.3–62.0 km²), but more prevalent where unit stream power decreases in the downstream direction in larger watersheds. The critical drainage area was not statistically different between the Northeast and Colorado and at-a-point unit stream power did not have a consistent relationship with jam presence. We interpret these results as demonstrating a transition in dominant jam-forming mechanism from (1) jams preferentially formed by the recruitment of trees by erosional processes on reaches of increasing unit stream power at smaller drainage areas to (2) jams preferentially formed by depositional processes on reaches of decreasing unit stream power at larger drainage areas. Tree dimensions relative to channel dimensions likely influence the critical drainage area at which this transition occurs. This study demonstrates that stream power gradients reflect a physical process that contributes to natural log jam formation and can guide river management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"488 ","pages":"Article 109962"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144878289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment of kinetic energy – Rainfall intensity (KE-I) relationships for soil erosion studies using raindrop size distribution (DSD) measurements in the mountainous region of Tanay, Rizal","authors":"Marco Polo A. Ibañez ,&nbsp;Generich H. Capuli ,&nbsp;Alvin G. Pura ,&nbsp;Marcelino Q. Villafuerte II","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rainfall kinetic energy (<em>KE</em>) is an important parameter in soil erosion modeling, yet direct measurements are rare in meteorological observations. To improve <em>KE</em> estimation, this study develops kinetic energy–rainfall intensity (<em>KE–I</em>) relations using raindrop size distribution (DSD) and rainfall intensity measurements from an OTT Parsivel² disdrometer deployed in the mountainous region of Tanay, Rizal, Philippines. A total of 41 rainfall events, recorded between 30 January 2023 and 31 December 2024, were analyzed to derive <em>KE-I</em> relations for two rainfall erosivity indicators: kinetic energy expenditure (<em>KE</em>_<em>exp</em>, J m⁻² h⁻¹) and kinetic energy content (<em>KE</em>_<em>con</em>, J m⁻² mm⁻¹). The results show that a power-law model effectively describes the <em>KE</em>_<em>exp</em><em>–I</em> relation, and an exponential model provides the best fit for the <em>KE</em>_<em>con</em><em>–I</em> relation. <em>KE</em>_<em>con</em> generally increases with rainfall intensity, but greater variability was observed during low-intensity events. The <em>KE</em>_<em>con</em> model performed better for high rainfall intensity events, with accuracy improving by 26.4 % after excluding rainfall rates &lt;1.7 mm h⁻¹. Additionally, the results also revealed that variations in rainfall microphysics across different rainfall regimes significantly influence the <em>KE-I</em> relationships. The maximum observed <em>KE</em>_<em>con</em> in this study is found to be within the range of the global average values (28.3 ± 2.9 J m⁻² mm⁻¹), but differs from other regions like Cebu, Taiwan, and Hong Kong due to differences in rainfall microphysics, meteorological conditions, and experimental setup. These findings highlight the importance of developing localized <em>KE-I</em> models to achieve more accurate rainfall <em>KE</em> estimates essential for soil erosion studies and hydrological applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"488 ","pages":"Article 109968"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimisation of the geobiodiversity index for protected natural areas in northern Portugal","authors":"Antonio Vieira ,&nbsp;Valdir Adilson Steinke ,&nbsp;Antonio Bento-Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Saulo Folharini ,&nbsp;Jorge Novais ,&nbsp;Sara Silva ,&nbsp;Tiago Marques","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most studies on geodiversity and geoheritage have focused exclusively on analyzing and evaluating abiotic elements. Although some authors have emphasized the important links between abiotic and biotic elements, the focus has mostly been on abiotic elements alone and not on the interrelationship between the two. In this sense, our proposal is to analyze the potential of geodiversity in a broader sense. In other words, all elements, including biodiversity, should be considered. In the context of the project ‘Clictour - Resilient Tourism to climate change in protected areas in the north of Portugal’, we selected three protected areas in the northwest of Portugal to carry out this work: the Peneda-Gerês National Park, the Alvão Natural Park and the North Coast Natural Park. Building upon a methodological framework originally developed for the Brazilian Cerrado biome, this study adapts and applies the geobiodiversity index to three protected areas located in northwestern Portugal. The approach enables the identification of spatial patterns and zones of higher relevance by integrating key components of both geodiversity and biodiversity, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the natural heritage and conservation value of these landscapes. The methodological procedures were centered on segmenting the study area into hexagonal cells. The parks were subjected to a spatial matrix analysis in GIS and geostatistical environments, capable of articulating the various elements and generating an agglutinating index for each cell. The results reveal the existence of a high index value for geobiodiversity in various areas within the Peneda-Gerês National Park, as well as in the Alvão Natural Park and the North Coast Natural Park. It also shows the importance of integrating the analysis of geodiversity and biodiversity, especially in protected natural areas. This study points to the importance of the hexagonal cell compartmentalization approach, which can provide a multi-level and multi-scale approach to complex spatial analysis studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"488 ","pages":"Article 109970"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the visual fragility of geomorphological landscapes and geodiversity sites in the Sierras Subbéticas UNESCO Global Geopark (southern Spain)","authors":"Juan F. Martínez-Murillo ,&nbsp;Mario Menjíbar-Romero ,&nbsp;Ricardo Remond","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>UNESCO Global Geoparks are unified geographical areas that manage sites and landscapes of international geological significance through an integrated approach encompassing conservation, education, and sustainable development, with active involvement of local communities. The Sierras Subbéticas Geopark is among the 213 UNESCO Global Geoparks, recognized for its outstanding ammonite fossil deposits and distinctive geomorphological landscapes, particularly those associated with karst landforms. Given their undeniable aesthetic value for both visitors and local residents, assessing the visual fragility of the landscapes in which these features are embedded is crucial for effective management, especially in the face of sudden territorial changes (e.g., forest fires or land-use transformations). To address this, the study applied a multi-step methodology: i) mapping and inventory of geomorphological landscapes; ii) selection of geodiversity sites associated with landforms; iii) spatial analysis of the visual fragility of geomorphological landscapes and selected geodiversity sites based on observation points along road and trail networks; and iv) simulation of the impact of a sudden landscape change (e.g., forest fire). The results revealed: i) the presence of six geomorphological domains within the Geopark, primarily shaped by exokarstic and fluvial processes, with structural geology playing a significant role in the southern sector; and ii) several geodiversity sites exhibited high vulnerability to abrupt landscape alterations, particularly those located at higher elevations, on steep slopes, or in highly visible locations. Overall, the study offers valuable insights for land managers to design and implement mitigation strategies aimed at preserving the visual and geological integrity of geodiversity sites under the pressures of global change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"488 ","pages":"Article 109971"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic detection and classification of marine and fluvial terraces using statistical and stochastic clustering methods","authors":"Junki Komori ,&nbsp;Aron J. Meltzner","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Terrace landforms, including marine, fluvial, and lacustrine terraces, play a significant role in various geoscience fields as records of past relative water-level changes caused by climate and tectonic activity. The identification of lateral continuity of synchronous terraces is one of the most important observations. However, the evaluation of terrace continuity often encounters difficulties due to erosion and weathering, and often relies on subjective judgment. This study improves upon the previous terrace clustering method by applying stochastic analysis using a Gaussian Mixture Model, achieving an automatic and highly reliable classification. For model verification, we applied this classification analysis to the Pleistocene marine terraces in the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea; the Holocene marine terraces in the Boso Peninsula, Japan; and fluvial terraces along the Waipawa River, New Zealand; all of these cases have been well studied in previous research and have high-resolution terrain data available. In each study area, a quantitative and graphical representation of the continuity and likelihood of cliff features is provided. The classification process is implemented with a Python script and is able to semi-automatically detect and classify terraces. The wide adaptability, easy application, and quick implementation of this model, accompanied by the recent expansion of worldwide topographic datasets due to advancements in remote sensing, will accelerate the analysis of global terraces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"488 ","pages":"Article 109956"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144863627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Very fast canyon formation and evolution along active volcanic flanks: A case from Stromboli Island","authors":"Daniele Casalbore ,&nbsp;Federico Di Traglia ,&nbsp;Massimiliano Favalli ,&nbsp;Alessandro Fornaciai ,&nbsp;Claudia Romagnoli ,&nbsp;Riccardo Civico ,&nbsp;Tullio Ricci ,&nbsp;Paolo Berardino ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Borselli ,&nbsp;Pierfrancesco Calabria ,&nbsp;Sonia Calvari ,&nbsp;Tommaso Carlà ,&nbsp;Nicola Casagli ,&nbsp;Francesco Casu ,&nbsp;Francesco Latino Chiocci ,&nbsp;Walter De Cesare ,&nbsp;Claudio De Luca ,&nbsp;Matteo Del Soldato ,&nbsp;Antonietta M. Esposito ,&nbsp;Carmen Esposito ,&nbsp;Carlo Tacconi Stefanelli","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Active insular volcanoes are generally characterized by their rapid morphological evolution, as a close interplay exists between eruptive activity and erosive-depositional processes in such volcanoes. The Sciara del Fuoco depression, a sector collapse scar on the NW flank of the Stromboli volcano (Italy), is considered a natural laboratory for studying the response of a volcanic slope to such a dynamic evolution. In this study, we report the very fast morphological evolution that affected the subaerial and submarine Sciara del Fuoco slope from May 2022 to May 2023, a period of time marked by the occurrence of two crater rim failures, pyroclastic density currents and multiple lava flows. The analysis of repeated topo-bathymetric surveys demonstrates that a narrow (100 m wide at maximum) and steep-sided canyon, tens of meters deep, formed in the central part of the Sciara del Fuoco. The canyon was mainly related to the erosive activity of the pyroclastic density currents, which led to the remobilization of (at least) 3.7 × 10⁶ m³ volcanic material, mainly in the subaerial slope. The canyon was initially formed by retrogressive erosion upslope, starting from an initial submarine/coastal landslide. It then evolved through a progressive widening of its flanks through small-scale landslides. The study shows that landslide location, as well as the final canyon shape, were strongly controlled by the lithological limits of previous lava flows, highlighting the importance of inherited morpho-stratigraphy and lateral heterogeneities in slope stability. Since its formation, the canyon has acted as a main conduit for lava flows and volcaniclastic materials supplied on their way to the sea. About 1 × 10⁶ m³ of material filled the subaerial canyon floor through time, and another 1 × 10⁶ m³ of slope accretion was estimated for the submarine part of the Sciara del Fuoco, down to 400 m below sea level. Comparing the volumes associated with slope erosion and accretion, it is evident that a large part of the remobilized material bypassed the Sciara del Fuoco shallow-water sector and was emplaced at greater depths. This study highlights the relevance of an integrated system for monitoring the submarine and subaerial morphological evolution of insular volcanic flanks, contributing to an improved geohazard assessment during eruptive crises.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"488 ","pages":"Article 109961"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beach ridge formation and Holocene relative sea-level changes in the southern Sendai coastal plain, northern Japan","authors":"Manata Maruyama ,&nbsp;Kazuaki Hori ,&nbsp;Toru Tamura ,&nbsp;Yuji Ishii ,&nbsp;Koji Seike ,&nbsp;Toshimichi Nakanishi ,&nbsp;Wan Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Beach ridges are common on wave-dominated coasts in Japanese coastal plains. However, because sandy beach-ridge deposits generally lack materials suitable for radiocarbon dating, the timing of their formation remains unclear, except in a limited number of plains. This study investigates the sedimentary facies and infrared-stimulated luminescence (IRSL) chronology of the beach ridge sequences and their subsurface deposits in the southern Sendai coastal plain, near the epicenter of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Borehole core sediments (10 m in length) retrieved from the four beach ridges primarily consist of three facies, in ascending order: lower shoreface, upper shoreface, and foreshore/backshore facies. Fading-corrected IRSL ages from foreshore/backshore deposits suggest that the most landward beach ridge formed around 6 ka, while the other three deposited within the last 4 ka. Additionally, corrected IRSL ages from the near-surface deposits corresponding to foreshore/backshore deposits in numerous beach ridges provide a more detailed timeline of their formation. The succession from the uppermost lower shoreface to the foreshore/backshore likely occurred within a few hundred years for each beach ridge. The base elevation of the foreshore deposits, which likely corresponds to spring low tide levels, is approximately 1.2 m above present sea level in the most landward beach ridges, and more than 2.5 m higher than in the three seaward ridges. The elevation difference, along with evidence for a middle Holocene sea-level highstand, is primarily attributed to glacio-hydro isostasic adjustment of the Earth; however, tectonic movements associated with subsurface fault activity beneath the plain are also considered a possible contributing factor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"488 ","pages":"Article 109957"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144809501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shrinking salt crusts of the Bonneville Basin, Utah: Observations from multispectral remote sensing","authors":"Mark Radwin,&nbsp;Brenda Bowen,&nbsp;Jeremiah Bernau","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Halite crusts in Utah's Bonneville basin, including the Bonneville Salt Flats, Newfoundland basin, and Pilot Valley saline pans, show rapid spatiotemporal variations and significant declines in surface area over the past century. Using multispectral satellite imagery from 1984 to 2024 (585 dates), aerial imagery from 1946 to 1978, and a 1925 map, we analyze long-term changes in halite and water surface areas to understand these salt crust systems' evolution and hydrological/climatic influences. Data are processed into Normalized Difference Water Index and Halite Index rasters and classified with static and dynamic thresholds, respectively. Results indicate that the Bonneville Salt Flats has shrunk by 75 % since 1925, with a decline rate of 0.75–1.45 km²/year, projecting a potential disappearance between 2072 and 2126. The Newfoundland basin crust, an anthropogenic feature, has been declining at 2.6–6 km²/year and may vanish between 2154 and 2353. When normalized to initial area, decline rates are comparable between the Bonneville Salt Flats and Newfoundland basin. In contrast, the ephemeral Pilot Valley crust shows no clear long-term reduction in area but considerable intra-annual variability. Flooding events are observed to be significant drivers of halite area changes, with post-flood halite growth 30–90 days after peak water area. These findings underscore the dynamic nature of salt crust systems, reveal links between hydrological cycles and crust dynamics, and provide a framework for future research, monitoring, and management of salt flats in arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"488 ","pages":"Article 109959"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}