Geomorphology最新文献

{"title":"Rock glacier velocity monitored by annual in-situ geodetic surveys: Long-term challenges, solutions and suggestions","authors":"Andreas Kellerer-Pirklbauer ,&nbsp;Xavier Bodin ,&nbsp;Reynald Delaloye ,&nbsp;Christophe Lambiel ,&nbsp;Isabelle Gärtner-Roer ,&nbsp;Bodo Damm ,&nbsp;Atsushi Ikeda ,&nbsp;Viktor Kaufmann ,&nbsp;Karl Krainer ,&nbsp;Roberto Seppi ,&nbsp;Cristian Scapozza ,&nbsp;Martin Stocker-Waldhuber ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Thibert","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We provide an overview of geodetic survey designs conducted on 43 rock glaciers (RG) in the European Alps, embed these in an overview of the pioneering phase of monitoring RG movement, and compare our approaches with other studies. Different in-situ geodetic approaches used for the annual survey of RG velocity (RGV) and RG frontal advance (RGA) are examined. Geodetic-based RGV monitoring in the Alps started in 1918 and RGA in 1921. RGV is an associated parameter of the Essential Climate Variable “Permafrost” since 2022. Nowadays, satellite-based positioning or classic measurements with a total station are used for in-situ geodetic surveys. The total number of surveyed boulders at the 43 RGs varies from 1 to 206. In most cases, only a part of these points is considered as “reference points” used to calculate the RGV value of RG units. The density of reference points for RGV calculation ranges from 27.5 to 1143 pts./km². For RGV monitoring using annual geodetic surveys, we suggest: (a) selecting a RG where multi-decennial monitoring seems to be feasible, (b) distributing uniformly observation points over the entire RG unit of interest along either profiles or well-distributed boulders, (c) repeating measurements always at the same time of the year (September), (d) site-RGV-averaging using all data points, (e) site-RGV-averaging using only the survey markers considered to be the most suitable for long-term monitoring, (f) providing additional statistical information of these points and in particular of the central flowline, and (g) securing long-term storage of original data, metadata and results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110117"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145750302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sand flux patterns derived from static morphology and migration behavior of barchan dunes in the Taklamakan Desert","authors":"Yuan Wang,&nbsp;Peng Liang,&nbsp;Xiaoping Yang,&nbsp;Jiwei Wu,&nbsp;Tinglin Ru,&nbsp;Zihan Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-scale atmospheric circulations inferred from manually labeled dunes may be biased due to limitations in data quantity and regional representativeness. This study developed a post-processing workflow based on the adjacent dune similarity and applied it to mask region-based convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN), extracting morphological metrics for 206,972 barchans (5113 with dynamics) in the Taklamakan Desert. Our results show that dune-derived near-surface wind circulations generally align with reanalysis data but exhibit significant deviations near mountain ranges due to topographic effects. Compared to static dune morphologies, multi-temporal analysis of dune migration provides a more reliable reference for identifying dominant sand-transporting winds by minimizing the effects of local wind variability, thus serving as a robust indicator for reconstructing long-term wind regimes. Dune dynamic patterns in the desert interior regions are more complex compared to those in the marginal areas. When using interior dunes to predict local circulation, it is essential to account for the influences of local topography and dune morphology variations. After correcting for the dune-size effect, the sand flux estimated from our dune celerity dataset demonstrates comparable magnitude and spatial distribution to reanalysis predictions. Notably, in areas with high barchan density, dune-based sand flux estimation reveals fine-scale variations in aeolian sediment transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110145"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A conceptual model of bed deformation and bank erosion in the bifurcated reaches of the Middle Yangtze River","authors":"Heng Zhu ,&nbsp;Junqiang Xia ,&nbsp;Shanshan Deng ,&nbsp;Meirong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The evolution of bifurcated reaches is complicated owing to flow and sediment diversion at bifurcation and subsequent differential branch deformation. Previous numerical studies have mostly focused on short-term bed deformation in bifurcated reaches, overlooking the process of bank erosion, and their practical application is often limited by high computational costs and the necessity for high-precision topographic data. Therefore, a conceptual model was proposed to simultaneously simulate bank erosion and bed deformation processes of different branches, calibrated and verified using the measurements from two typical bifurcated reaches in the Middle Yangtze River. Results show that: (i) the main branch experienced scouring, while the secondary branch showed deposition or slight scouring, with the calculated cross-sectional profiles closely matching the measurements; (ii) the mid-channel bar adjacent to the main branch exhibited more intense bank erosion due to a higher flow diversion ratio, with a bank retreat width of about 10 m, further promoting the development of the main branch; and (iii) the fluvial erosion intensity of incoming flow-sediment conditions showed a positive correlation with the deformation difference between the branches, and short branches with small bifurcation angles experienced stronger erosion compared with long branches. Besides, engineering interventions that rose the riverbed elevation at the main branch entrance by 1 m could switch the roles of the main and secondary branches, potentially promoting the transition from a two-branched system to a single-channel system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110114"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modification of offshore wind flow and aeolian sand transport by artificial foredunes","authors":"Antoine Lamy ,&nbsp;Nicolas Robin ,&nbsp;Patrick A. Hesp ,&nbsp;Thomas A.G. Smyth ,&nbsp;Camille René ,&nbsp;Olivier Raynal ,&nbsp;Bertil Hebert","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Airflow dynamics and aeolian sand transport under offshore wind conditions have primarily been examined over relatively large coastal dunes, where dune morphology significantly alters flow structure and sediment pathways. In contrast, the role of smaller-scale, anthropogenically constructed coastal sand dunes, remains relatively understudied. This study investigates airflow patterns and sand transport over a low (&lt;2.5 m) artificial foredune in Leucate (South of France), exposed to dominant offshore winds. A high resolution network of anemometers and aeolian sand traps was deployed along a cross-shore transect during four field campaigns. Results indicate that the direction of incident offshore winds generated distinct patterns of airflow and sediment transport from the dune's lee slope to the beach. When wind approached within 20° of crest-normal, flow separation occurred on the lee side, with wind speeds reduced to 10–20 % of crest values. For angles &gt;20°, flow remained attached but deviated alongshore, with wind speeds reaching 35–50 % of crest values at the dune seaward toe. Wind velocity consistently increased seaward, enhancing sand transport toward the berm, with maximum transport rates exceeding 300 kg/m/h. This seaward-directed transport contributed to a negative sediment budget under persistent offshore wind dynamics. These findings highlight the capacity of small, artificial dunes to modify offshore wind dynamics and sediment pathways, with implications for dune management and coastal sediment budgets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110106"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal and spatial dynamics of urban stream geomorphology: The role of effective imperviousness and development age","authors":"Lukman A. Soboyejo ,&nbsp;Kathryn L. Russell ,&nbsp;Tim D. Fletcher","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urbanisation has been widely studied for its impact on stream channel geomorphology, primarily using space-for-time substitution approaches. However, continuous monitoring of urban geomorphic responses, to understand the temporal dynamics and influence of development age, remains underexplored within this framework. In this study, we combined repeated field observations collected 13 years apart with land cover analysis to assess geomorphic change across a gradient of urbanisation. We addressed three research questions: (i) to what extent do space-for-time substitution interpretations align with directly observed changes in stream channel morphology, and are post-study changes in stream channels consistent with earlier observations? (ii) how has the change in the extent of urbanisation over the study period directly influenced observed changes in stream channel morphology? (iii) at what level of urban development is stream incision most severe (i.e., does channel morphology stabilise during the latter stages of urban development)? We found that predictions made through space-for-time substitution in 2011 (i.e. regression models) were largely consistent with relationships observed in 2024 following further urbanisation of the catchments. However, change in geomorphic attributes at each site over the 13-year period were not significantly related to change in effective impervious cover (EI), possibly due to lag in geomorphic responses to ongoing urbanisation, along with the presence of hardpoints such as rock protection in the urbanised streams. Notably, several individual sites did show signs of active channel adjustment; all of these sites had moderate levels of urbanisation (&lt;30 % EI), which had developed relatively recently (in the last 25 years). Severe channel incision was also observed within this range, suggesting a critical window for morphological instability. Whether channels eventually stabilise (without heavy intervention to harden channels) remains uncertain. Overall, the findings reinforce the importance of validating space-for-time substitution approaches through repeated observations to better develop more reliable urban channel evolution and stream management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110155"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced channel migration rates in a braided reach owing to upstream damming","authors":"Yifei Cheng ,&nbsp;Junqiang Xia ,&nbsp;Meirong Zhou ,&nbsp;Shanshan Deng ,&nbsp;Xixi Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Braided reaches are the most unstable channel type, prone to rapid and frequent migration. The construction of upstream dams significantly alters the downstream flow–sediment regime, leading to substantial variations in channel migration rates, which poses critical challenges for river management and training works. This study examines the braided reach of the Lower Yellow River, which exhibits intense channel adjustments and diverse migration patterns, serving as an ideal site to evaluate decadal-scale changes in thalweg and centerline migration rates. Based on long-term remote sensing imagery and cross-sectional profile measurements, results indicate that (i) a significant spatial and temporal reduction in channel migration rates has occurred. The average rate of thalweg migration in the braided reach reduced from 229 m/a during the pre-dam stage to 166 m/a during the post-dam stage, accompanied with the rate of centerline migration reducing from 122 to 76 m/a. The middle sub-reach was always the most active in the braided reach, but the spatial difference of channel migration rate reduced by around 20 % during the post-dam stage; (ii) the thalweg migration rate generally exceeded or equaled the centerline migration rate, but the discrepancy between these two types spatially varied. The smallest difference was observed in the upper sub-reach, and the largest in the middle sub-reach; and (iii) a reduction in channel migration rate was reconciled with the significant decrease in incoming sediment coefficient and the increase in bankfull depth caused by upstream damming, with the incoming sediment coefficient identified as the dominant controlling factor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110142"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early-onset of rapid deposition rates of the Mangshan loess challenges the classical hypothesis of full Yellow River connection during the late Pleistocene","authors":"Yingyong Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Miao","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the origin and evolution of the Yellow River is not only crucial for understanding the geomorphic and climatic history, but also pivotal due to its historical significance and ecological impact on China's environment. However, the timing of the full connection of the Yellow River, as a critical event in the genesis of this major river system, is still debated continuously. Among various competing hypotheses, the abrupt increase of deposition rates followin<u>g</u> paleosol 2 (S2 of Chinese loess sequence, starting at about 0.245 Ma at the late Pleistocene) of the Mangshan loess was considered as major evidence of the late Pleistocene hypothesis, which attributes this increase to a sudden connection of the Yellow River. Here we scrutinized the stratigraphy of the Mangshan loess and identified abrupt increase of deposition rates occurring significantly earlier (at layers L11, S10, S9, L8, L7, L3) than S2, undermining the late Pleistocene hypothesis of the Yellow River genesis in the perspective of time. Moreover, we attribute the abrupt deposition rates to episodic gully erosion of the Loess Plateau, a mechanism distinct from the late Pleistocene full-river connection hypothesis. Therefore, the hypothesis that the Yellow River fully connected during the late Pleistocene is mechanistically unsupported, suggesting this connection likely occurred much earlier than 0.245 Ma.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110149"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of sediment connectivity changes on channel evolutionary trajectory: the case study of the Taro and Ceno rivers in the Northern Apennines (Italy)","authors":"Sharon Pittau ,&nbsp;Vittoria Scorpio","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The post-1950s evolutionary trajectories of the Taro and Ceno rivers (Northern Apennines, Italy) were investigated, focusing on the correlation between channel adjustments and sediment alterations. The specific aims were to: i) highlight similarities and dissimilarities between the evolutionary trajectories of the two rivers; ii) assess the role of sediment connectivity decrease caused by land use changes along the hillslopes, and iii) evaluate the impact of gravel mining.</div><div>Changes in active channel width and bed level were quantified using multi-temporal orthophotos (1954–2020) and topographical cross-sections. Land use dynamics were reconstructed through multi-temporal land cover maps, and changes in structural sediment connectivity were assessed by applying the Index of Connectivity (IC). Evolution of landslide-prone areas was analysed to estimate changes in sediment supply, and the influence of anthropogenic activities was also considered through mapping gravel mining areas and in-channel works.</div><div>Results showed progressive afforestation, after the 1950s in the Ceno and after the 1970s in the Taro basin, with decreases in landslide-prone areas and IC. Hillslope stabilization caused a decrease in sediment supply to both channels, with subsequent channel narrowing and bed incision (−50 % and −3.3 m in the Taro and −38 % and −2.5 m in the Ceno, respectively). More intense morphological changes in the Taro, especially between 1954 and 1976, were linked to the intense gravel mining activity, completely absent along the Ceno. The combined effects of catchment-scale afforestation and reach-scale gravel extraction therefore played a key role in shaping the dissimilarities in the evolutionary trajectories between the two rivers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110131"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is the maximum elevation mountains can reach on Earth, the Moon, and Mars?","authors":"Eulogio Pardo-Igúzquiza ,&nbsp;Peter Dowd","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of this paper is to compare the maximum theoretical and actual height of mountains on the Earth, Moon and Mars. This comparison requires a new definition of a mountain in which the reference to a global vertical datum is replaced by a local datum that is used for each topographic positive relief. Submarine topographies on Earth are also included as mountains. Although the Moon is the most likely to have the tallest mountains it has not had the effective geological processes required for mountain building. On Mars there is a high similarity between the maximum theoretical height and the heights of its giant volcanoes. On Earth, the geological factors of isostasy, fluvial and glacial erosion prevent mountains reaching their maximum theoretical height. On the Moon the highest mountains have been built by impact tectonics, whereas on Earth and Mars volcanism is the most efficient way of building a single mountain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110144"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep-seated cave inception and shallow sulfuric acid maze cave genesis in Southern Irecê Basin, São Francisco Craton (Brazil)","authors":"Philippe Audra ,&nbsp;Luca Pisani ,&nbsp;Marco Antonellini ,&nbsp;Francisco Hilario R. Bezerra ,&nbsp;Augusto S. Auler ,&nbsp;Vincenzo La Bruna ,&nbsp;Giovanni Bertotti ,&nbsp;Fabrizio Balsamo ,&nbsp;Cayo C.C. Pontes ,&nbsp;Rebeca S. Lima ,&nbsp;Marjan Temovski ,&nbsp;Xianfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Jo De Waele","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ioiô Cave is a 4.7 km long maze cave in the southern tip of the Irecê Basin (Bahìa, Brazil), and although still actively forming today, it hosts signs of a long speleogenetic history. Deep rising hydrothermal fluids weathered the carbonates, creating dark ghost-rocks and quartz and dolomite veins, mainly in the anticlinal hinges and below the siliciclastic seals. This silicification, although not directly dated, is probably associated with the end of the Brasiliano-age tectono-thermal activity (Lower Cambrian) based on isotopic and trace element data and regional tectonic correlations. Since the Plio-Quaternary, the progressive exhumation of the carbonate reservoir increasingly favored the introduction of meteoric oxygen-rich water from the surface, causing sulfide oxidation at shallow aquifer depth. The CO₂ produced by Sulfuric Acid Speleogenesis (SAS) rose along fractures and degassed at shallow depth, producing carbonic speleogenesis close to the water table. This carbonic speleogenesis, probably still active, produced a maze network, by horizontal diffusion of aggressive fluids from the feeders. Surface breaching increased air flow activating degassing and supersaturation of the basins, with deposition of subaqueous calcite shelves, carved with bubble trails resulting from CO₂ degassing related to still-ongoing pyrite oxidation (localized SAS).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55115,"journal":{"name":"Geomorphology","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 110126"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}