European Journal of Wood and Wood Products最新文献

{"title":"Phenol formaldehyde resin impregnation of spruce wood to improve the dimensional stability and acoustic performance of harp soundboards","authors":"Taiki Okada,&nbsp;Eiichi Obataya,&nbsp;Shin-ichiro Yokota,&nbsp;Hiroshi Okumura","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02180-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02180-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To prevent cracks in the wooden soundboards of harps while maintaining its acoustic performance, Sitka spruce wood was impregnated with phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin. PF treatment significantly improved the dimensional stability of wood through the bulking effect of the PF resin introduced into the wood cell wall. Highly moistened wood was fixed at its ends and dried. The unmodified wood failed owing to drying stress, whereas the PF-treated wood did not fail because of its excellent dimensional stability. In addition, PF treatment was found to significantly reduce the internal friction of the wood, resulting in an improvement in the acoustic conversion efficiency. These results suggest that PF resin impregnation is a promising method for preventing the cracking of soundboards without degrading their acoustic quality. By contrast, the PF resin migrated around the surface, from which the solvent evaporated. If we need to modify the wood uniformly along the longitudinal (L) direction, its ends or cross-sections should be closed to prevent the migration of the PF resin along the L direction during solvent removal. It is practically difficult to prevent the condensation of the PF resin around the straight-grained surface when a large-dimensional soundboard is impregnated with PF resin. However, the results of a simulation using a multilayered model predicted that such condensation did not adversely affect the acoustic quality of the soundboard.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A method of using a combination of multiple chemical additives to improve the performance of wood (round tenon) rotary friction welding","authors":"Jiawei Wu,&nbsp;Jiarong He,&nbsp;Yang Yang,&nbsp;Lei Zhang,&nbsp;Jijuan Zhang,&nbsp;Zhongfeng Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02174-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02174-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The existing research mainly improves the performance of wood (round tenon) rotating welded specimens by using a single type of additive. Due to the single type of chemical additive used, the performance of welded specimens is limited. Therefore, we have found a joint pretreatment modification method that can simultaneously improve the waterproof, mechanical, and environmental adaptability of welded specimens. It mainly includes: the CA group (calcium carbonate and oleic acid treatment) and, the CN group (Na₂SO₃ and CuSO₄ oxidation sulfonation treatment). Techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, mechanical testing (Wood Nail Grip Strength testing and Water Resistance Test testing), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry were utilized to assess the welded interfaces. Methods including pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mechanical testing, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to evaluate the welded interfaces. Following the treatments, the interfaces displayed a grout-like layered structure with increased amounts of cellulose and lignin, enhancing intramolecular cohesion. Hydrogen bonding of oleic acid-stearic acid and tetrahydrofuran (THF) and high molecular weight aromatic methoxy groups were generated at the welding interface of the CA group. Consequently, this leads to a significant improvement in the mechanical properties and water resistance of the rotating welding interface, which in turn enhances the environmental adaptability of the welded specimen. Excluding the CN group, all samples met the ≥ 0.7 MPa strength criterion set by GB/T 14018–2009 “Test Method for Wood Nail Grip Strength” in China, with the CA group showing superior interface performance, In addition, the calcium carbonate whiskers in the CA group enhanced the mechanical properties of the welded specimens, but weakened the water resistance, which led to a large difference between dry and wet in the CA group. The CN group enhances the activity of lignin due to the oxidative sulfonation reaction, maintains a certain viscosity of the welding interface, and is resistant to water. Therefore, although the overall welding strength is low, there is no dry and wet difference in this group.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wood-fiber insulation boards produced with polylactic acid as a binder by hot press and hot air","authors":"Aldo Joao Cárdenas-Oscanoa,&nbsp;Lawrence Tene Tayo,&nbsp;Caoxing Huang,&nbsp;Chen Huang,&nbsp;Darshan Shivappa Nayaka,&nbsp;Markus Euring","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02153-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02153-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Traditionally, there are two types of wood fiber insulation boards (WFIB), the rigid ones produced in the industry by a continuous steam process, bonded with polymer diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI), with densities between 80 and 200 kg/m³, and the flexible ones with densities under 80 kg/m³ produced by hot air, usually with bicomponent fibers as a binder. In this work, wood fiber insulation boards (WFIB) were produced with polylactic acid (PLA) as a binder by hot press (HP) and hot air (HA). WFIB with densities of 60 kg/m³, 80 kg/m³, 100 kg/m³ and 5%, 10% and 15% of PLA percentage were produced by hot press (HP) and hot air (HA). Wood and PLA fibers were examined by scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and optical microscope. The WFIB were assessed for physical properties as density and short-term water absorption as well as for their resistance to compression as a mechanical property. Thermal properties such as thermal conductivity and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were also tested. In the produced WFIB, the values of density follow the same pattern as water absorption, compression strength, and thermal conductivity. The polylactic acid (PLA) content improves mechanical value like compression and diminishes physical value such as short-term water absorption in WFIB. In conclusion, wood fiber insulation boards (WFIB) were successfully produced with polylactic acid (PLA) as a binder, by hot press (HP) and hot air (HA), reaching remarkably lower thermal conductivity values, comparable with commercial ones.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-024-02153-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of a 2-year environmental exposure on colour, structure and chemistry of cork","authors":"Isabel Miranda,&nbsp;Ana Lourenço,&nbsp;Helena Pereira","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02155-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02155-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A field test with two-year-long exposure of natural cork to aboveground and underground conditions was carried out with analysis of CIELAB colour parameters, cellular features by scanning electron microscopy, and surface chemistry by ATR-FTIR. The impact of weathering and soil burial was different regarding changes in colour and surface chemistry. Under atmospheric exposure to weather, cork was bleached (ΔE* 17.1) mainly due to the photooxidation of lignin by UV-radiation and hemicellulose degradation, with suberin remaining mostly unaffected. With soil burial, cork darkened (ΔE* 19.7) while significant depolymerization and degradation of suberin and hemicelluloses occurred in addition to lignin alteration. Only the external one-cell layer at the surface was affected with some cellular expansion and minute cell wall fractures, while the material maintained its characteristics without damage or deterioration signs. The cork weathering features are indicative that it can be used in outdoor applications such as building façades or external equipment, with only surface colour dynamics to be taken into account.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the strength and toughness performance of urea-formaldehyde adhesive using a biomimetic strategy","authors":"Furong Chen,&nbsp;Qing Dong,&nbsp;Jinpeng Wang,&nbsp;Jian Wang,&nbsp;Chaoyi Fan,&nbsp;Hangtian Hu,&nbsp;Xin Zheng,&nbsp;Yajun Pang,&nbsp;Hao Chen,&nbsp;Sai Wu,&nbsp;Zhehong Shen","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02178-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02178-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Developing a urea-formaldehyde adhesive (UF) with excellent mechanical strength and toughness, particularly with regard to water resistance, for plywood production remains a challenging task. Inspired by the biomineralization process of the shell, a facile yet effective biomimetic strategy was proposed. Clay, serving as an inorganic reinforcer, and dopamine, as an organic crosslinker, were utilized to fabricate a robust and resilient UF wood adhesive. The wet shear strength and toughness of poplar plywood prepared using the biomimetic adhesive increased by 126% and 57%, respectively. This enhancement in strength and toughness can be attributed to the formation of an organic-inorganic hybrid structure, featuring multiple interactions throughout the UF resins, due to the phenolic amine chemistry and mineral reinforcement. This environmentally friendly strategy offers a straightforward yet efficient approach for the rapid preparation of high-performance UF adhesives, with promising implications for the advancement of wood-based panel production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transforming inferior short-rotation teak: unleashing superior durability and stability with lactic acid-based bio-treatments","authors":"Efrida Basri,&nbsp;Gabriel Tobing,&nbsp; Saefudin,&nbsp;Titik Kartika,&nbsp;Yelin Adalina,&nbsp;Istie Sekartining Rahayu,&nbsp;Mahdi Mubarok,&nbsp;Wayan Darmawan,&nbsp;Philippe Gérardin","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02190-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02190-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study focused on enhancing the properties of inferior short-rotation teak (SRT) wood through impregnation with lactic acid (LA)-based treatments, aiming to improve its dimensional stability, biological durability, and thermal stability. Applying a vacuum-pressure of 12.2 bar for two hours, followed by curing at 150 °C and 180 °C, the research found that wood treated at 180 °C with a 10% LA and 10% citric acid (CA) composition demonstrated superior performance. Specifically, the treated woods exhibited higher anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), lower water uptake (WU), lower swelling value (Sv), and lower leaching (Wlc), as well as better resistance to white-rot fungi, subterranean termites, and thermal stability. The best results retained by the treated wood were 69% ASE, 27% WU, 3% Sv, and 1% Wlc, with durability classified as class I. Microscopic analysis reveals that the impregnants effectively filled the wood pores. Chemical analysis on the modified wood demonstrated a decrease in hemicellulose content and an increase in α-cellulose and lignin. FTIR analysis further confirmed strong chemical bonds formed between the LA + CA impregnants and wood cellulose and lignin. These findings highlighted the potential of LA + CA treatment combined with 180 °C curing on the SRT wood for high-quality interior and exterior wood applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studies on improving the decay resistance and surface hardness of poplar wood impregnated with nano zinc oxide fortified poly(vinyl) acetate resin","authors":"P. Nagraik,&nbsp;S. R. Shukla","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02167-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02167-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wood protection against bio-deteriorating agencies is of paramount importance in increasing the service life of wood products used in various applications ranging from construction to furniture manufacturing. In this study, the efficacy of nano zinc oxide (ZnO) fortified poly(vinyl) acetate (PVAc) against brown rot and white rot fungal decay was explored in fast-growing hardwood. Different concentrations of nano ZnO (1–5%) were blended with water-based PVAc resin (10–20%). The poplar (<i>Populus deltoides</i>) wood samples were pressure-impregnated with different concentrations of nanoparticle-fortified resin formulations to evaluate the effects on physico-mechanical properties and decay resistance. The impregnation of higher concentrations of nano ZnO fortified PVAc (3% ZnO fortified 20% PVAc) showed improvement in the end and side hardness of poplar wood by 42.93 and 76.88% respectively. The laboratory decay test results revealed significant protection conferred by nano ZnO-PVAc against brown and white rot fungal decay. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental mapping revealed uniform distribution of the nanoparticles in the wood structure and morphological changes brought with fungal decay and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed chemical changes induced by fungal decay. The findings of the present study suggest the potential utility of wood impregnation with nano ZnO-PVAc resin in the area of wood protection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving fire safety and corrosion resistance of wood using dual-layer tung oil-based coatings","authors":"Zhongwei Wang,&nbsp;Shoulu Yang,&nbsp;Zhu Liu,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang,&nbsp;Yan Qing,&nbsp;Yiqiang Wu","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02166-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02166-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel approach utilizing tung oil (TO)-based coatings to improve the fire safety and corrosion resistance of wood was presented. This study focuses on the development of methyl 11,13,15-tris((diethoxyphosphoryl)oxy)-10,12,14-trihydroxyoctadecanoate (MTTO), a tung oil-derived structural flame retardant polyol using innovative methods. Synthesizing MTTO from epoxidized TO methyl ester (eTOME) and diethyl aminophosphate achieved a high yield of 91%. Molecular characterization of MTTO was performed using various spectroscopic techniques. The application of 50% MTTO solution coated with 1% tung oil (MTTO-b-TO) treated wood demonstrated excellent flame retardant properties, belonging to UL-94V-0 class of materials. The incorporation of MTTO increased the LOI of the material from 21.4% to 37.9% and 36.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the treated wood with MTTO-b-TO exhibited significantly lower mass loss rates compared to pure wood after undergoing anti-white or brown-rot fungus experiments. These findings provide valuable insights for the rational design of tung oil-based coatings, offering enhanced wood protection, sustainable resource utilization, and reduced health and environmental risks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of tannin-geopolymer impregnation on wood: leachability, biodegradation resistance and mechanical properties","authors":"Yeray Manuel López-Gómez,&nbsp;Aitor Barbero-López,&nbsp;Sari Suvanto,&nbsp;Martti Venäläinen,&nbsp;Antti Haapala","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02184-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02184-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Geopolymers have elicited significant attention in the field of construction and building materials due to their enhanced durability, physical load-bearing ability and chemical resistance. This study investigates the effects of geopolymer impregnation on wood, together with commercial tannin-rich bark extract Colatan GT10, which, by itself, preserves wood against decay but leaches out once the wood is exposed to water. The efficacy of the treatments is evaluated through attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FTIR) spectroscopy, mechanical testing, decay resistance assessment (EN 113) and leachability analysis (EN 84). The results showed that the two-step tannin-geopolymer impregnation improved the durability of wood against wood decay fungi. The mechanical properties of the treated wood specimen were not different from that of the untreated controls, and the performance of the treated wood specimen was retained after the leaching test. The FTIR revealed that the absorbance of tannin at 10 and 5% treatments was reduced after leaching, indicating the leachability of tannin. The combination of tannin at 5% with subsequent geopolymer at 4% treatment yielded the best performance, showing no significant change in absorbance before and after the leaching test. Overall, this study highlights the potential of combining tannin and geopolymer impregnation treatments to enhance the performance of wood in terms of fixation, leachability and wood decay resistance. These findings contribute to the development of a durable wood material for various applications, such as outdoor construction, where resistance to decay is a critical factor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-024-02184-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142905989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic and quasi-static evaluation of stiffness properties of CLT: longitudinal MoE and effective rolling shear modulus","authors":"Anders Olsson,&nbsp;Whokko Schirén,&nbsp;Min Hu","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02185-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02185-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product composed of solid layers of glued sawn timber. In this study, essential material stiffness parameters for CLT made from Norway spruce and Scots pine are evaluated. Specifically, the longitudinal modulus of elasticity (MoE) for longitudinally oriented layers and the effective rolling shear modulus for transversely oriented layers are the focus. By combining finite element (FE) analysis with four-point, out-of-plane bending tests using digital image correlation (DIC), a robust assessment of the effective rolling shear modulus of CLT layers is achieved. Additionally, eigenvalue analysis, applied to an FE model, along with resonance frequencies obtained from dynamic excitation of CLT, enables stable and simultaneous assessment of the dynamic longitudinal MoE and effective rolling shear modulus. Notably, while the dynamic MoE of longitudinal CLT layers is only 4% higher than the quasi-static local MoE, the dynamic effective rolling shear modulus of CLT layers is 40% higher than the quasi-static effective rolling shear modulus. This finding indicates a tangible viscoelastic behavior of wood concerning rolling shear.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-024-02185-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}