European Journal of Wood and Wood Products最新文献

{"title":"Machine learning based density estimation of light red meranti (Shorea spp.): a segmented approach to multiple regression of self-organising maps colour clusters using custom made ‘KayuSort’ colour sorting software","authors":"Chiat Oon Tan,&nbsp;Ogata Shigenobu,&nbsp;Siew-Cheok Ng,&nbsp;Hwa Jen Yap,&nbsp;Zuriani Usop,&nbsp;Mohd ’Akashah Fauthan,&nbsp;Khairuddin Mahalil,&nbsp;Shaer Jin Liew","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02188-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02188-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wood density is an important characteristic of wood which correlates to its strength. This study proposes an algorithm using multiple regression on pre-segmented colour images of the wood to estimate the density of light red meranti (<i>Shorea</i> spp.) (LRM). Two batches of LRM timber were randomly selected from a factory (Batch 1: 119 samples, Batch 2: 79 samples). Timber samples were kiln-dried, free of sapwood and major visual defects, and freshly surfaced 2 sides. The apparent density and moisture content (MC) of each timber sample were measured. The samples were then imaged and colour-sorted using KayuSort, an in-house industrial timber colour sorting prototype that uses the self-organising map (SOM) algorithm. Otsu thresholding was applied to several different colour space components to obtain features. Multiple regression was applied to obtain an equation to estimate the density of the wood. Coefficients of determination (<span>(hbox {R}^{2})</span>) and 95<span>(%)</span> Limits of Agreement (LoA) were used to assess performance. Performing colour segmentation to the dataset using KayuSort for average <span>(text {YC}_b{text{C}}_r)</span> colour space scored an <span>(hbox {R}^{2})</span> of 0.7109 and an LoA of ±146.8 <span>(hbox {kgm}^{-3})</span>. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the density of LRM using colour features of the wood using KayuSort, with the caveat that timber is kiln-dried to under 15% MC, freshly surfaced, without major defects and sapwood, and within the thickness range of 26.9 to 30.6 mm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142925519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wood density of 38 Dalbergia and 29 Diospyros Malagasy species and its relationship with climate and tree diameter","authors":"Andry Clarel Raobelina,&nbsp;Jean-Michel Leban,&nbsp;Caroline Christina Jaozandry,&nbsp;Tahiana Ramananantoandro","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02162-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02162-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Several Malagasy <i>Dalbergia</i> and <i>Diospyros</i> species are highly valued, in the furniture industry despite limited understanding of their wood technological properties. This study contributes to address this gap by assessing the wood density (WD) of 38 <i>Dalbergia</i> and 29 <i>Diospyros</i> species, their radial WD variation, and the influence of climate and tree size on WD. WD was measured on 297 wood cores using X-ray computed tomography. One-way analysis of variance revealed that <i>Diospyros</i> genus (1.070 ± 0.165 g∙cm⁻³) has significantly denser heartwood compared to <i>Dalbergia</i> (0.961 ± 0.142 g∙cm⁻³)<i>.</i> Heartwood density also showed greater between-species variation, allowing the identification of eleven groups of <i>Dalbergia</i> and seven groups of <i>Diospyros</i>, each with significantly different heartwood density ranges. For radial density profile assessment, each of the 52 cores having the pith-to-bark part of the wood, was divided into ten equal length segments. Anova between mean WD of the core segments, combined with correlation tests between the average density of each segment and its distance from the pith, showed that radial wood density profile varied among species. Most species exhibited a decreasing radial WD profile. Correlation tests between tree diameter, climatic factors, and wood density demonstrated that, for both genera, wood density increases with rising temperature and decreasing precipitation at the growth site, while tree diameter has no significant effect on density. These findings significantly enrich the wood density database for Malagasy precious wood species, which previously existed for only a very few species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the water diffusivity dependence with the flow rate using a DVS equipment","authors":"Antoni Sánchez-Ferrer,&nbsp;Max Engelhardt","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02182-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02182-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effects on the measurement of water sorption and apparent diffusivity when using different flow rate values and different experimental setups, i.e., closed pan, open pan and hanging setup, have been studied in a series of Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) experiments on a spruce sample. The results confirm a concave exponential growth dependency between apparent diffusivity and flow rate and an effect from the setup used, with the hanging setup being optimal for conducting such experiments due to the exposure of both areas of the disk to the airflow.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-024-02182-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenol formaldehyde resin impregnation of spruce wood to improve the dimensional stability and acoustic performance of harp soundboards","authors":"Taiki Okada,&nbsp;Eiichi Obataya,&nbsp;Shin-ichiro Yokota,&nbsp;Hiroshi Okumura","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02180-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02180-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To prevent cracks in the wooden soundboards of harps while maintaining its acoustic performance, Sitka spruce wood was impregnated with phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin. PF treatment significantly improved the dimensional stability of wood through the bulking effect of the PF resin introduced into the wood cell wall. Highly moistened wood was fixed at its ends and dried. The unmodified wood failed owing to drying stress, whereas the PF-treated wood did not fail because of its excellent dimensional stability. In addition, PF treatment was found to significantly reduce the internal friction of the wood, resulting in an improvement in the acoustic conversion efficiency. These results suggest that PF resin impregnation is a promising method for preventing the cracking of soundboards without degrading their acoustic quality. By contrast, the PF resin migrated around the surface, from which the solvent evaporated. If we need to modify the wood uniformly along the longitudinal (L) direction, its ends or cross-sections should be closed to prevent the migration of the PF resin along the L direction during solvent removal. It is practically difficult to prevent the condensation of the PF resin around the straight-grained surface when a large-dimensional soundboard is impregnated with PF resin. However, the results of a simulation using a multilayered model predicted that such condensation did not adversely affect the acoustic quality of the soundboard.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A method of using a combination of multiple chemical additives to improve the performance of wood (round tenon) rotary friction welding","authors":"Jiawei Wu,&nbsp;Jiarong He,&nbsp;Yang Yang,&nbsp;Lei Zhang,&nbsp;Jijuan Zhang,&nbsp;Zhongfeng Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02174-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02174-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The existing research mainly improves the performance of wood (round tenon) rotating welded specimens by using a single type of additive. Due to the single type of chemical additive used, the performance of welded specimens is limited. Therefore, we have found a joint pretreatment modification method that can simultaneously improve the waterproof, mechanical, and environmental adaptability of welded specimens. It mainly includes: the CA group (calcium carbonate and oleic acid treatment) and, the CN group (Na₂SO₃ and CuSO₄ oxidation sulfonation treatment). Techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, mechanical testing (Wood Nail Grip Strength testing and Water Resistance Test testing), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry were utilized to assess the welded interfaces. Methods including pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mechanical testing, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to evaluate the welded interfaces. Following the treatments, the interfaces displayed a grout-like layered structure with increased amounts of cellulose and lignin, enhancing intramolecular cohesion. Hydrogen bonding of oleic acid-stearic acid and tetrahydrofuran (THF) and high molecular weight aromatic methoxy groups were generated at the welding interface of the CA group. Consequently, this leads to a significant improvement in the mechanical properties and water resistance of the rotating welding interface, which in turn enhances the environmental adaptability of the welded specimen. Excluding the CN group, all samples met the ≥ 0.7 MPa strength criterion set by GB/T 14018–2009 “Test Method for Wood Nail Grip Strength” in China, with the CA group showing superior interface performance, In addition, the calcium carbonate whiskers in the CA group enhanced the mechanical properties of the welded specimens, but weakened the water resistance, which led to a large difference between dry and wet in the CA group. The CN group enhances the activity of lignin due to the oxidative sulfonation reaction, maintains a certain viscosity of the welding interface, and is resistant to water. Therefore, although the overall welding strength is low, there is no dry and wet difference in this group.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wood-fiber insulation boards produced with polylactic acid as a binder by hot press and hot air","authors":"Aldo Joao Cárdenas-Oscanoa,&nbsp;Lawrence Tene Tayo,&nbsp;Caoxing Huang,&nbsp;Chen Huang,&nbsp;Darshan Shivappa Nayaka,&nbsp;Markus Euring","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02153-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02153-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Traditionally, there are two types of wood fiber insulation boards (WFIB), the rigid ones produced in the industry by a continuous steam process, bonded with polymer diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI), with densities between 80 and 200 kg/m³, and the flexible ones with densities under 80 kg/m³ produced by hot air, usually with bicomponent fibers as a binder. In this work, wood fiber insulation boards (WFIB) were produced with polylactic acid (PLA) as a binder by hot press (HP) and hot air (HA). WFIB with densities of 60 kg/m³, 80 kg/m³, 100 kg/m³ and 5%, 10% and 15% of PLA percentage were produced by hot press (HP) and hot air (HA). Wood and PLA fibers were examined by scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and optical microscope. The WFIB were assessed for physical properties as density and short-term water absorption as well as for their resistance to compression as a mechanical property. Thermal properties such as thermal conductivity and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were also tested. In the produced WFIB, the values of density follow the same pattern as water absorption, compression strength, and thermal conductivity. The polylactic acid (PLA) content improves mechanical value like compression and diminishes physical value such as short-term water absorption in WFIB. In conclusion, wood fiber insulation boards (WFIB) were successfully produced with polylactic acid (PLA) as a binder, by hot press (HP) and hot air (HA), reaching remarkably lower thermal conductivity values, comparable with commercial ones.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-024-02153-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of a 2-year environmental exposure on colour, structure and chemistry of cork","authors":"Isabel Miranda,&nbsp;Ana Lourenço,&nbsp;Helena Pereira","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02155-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02155-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A field test with two-year-long exposure of natural cork to aboveground and underground conditions was carried out with analysis of CIELAB colour parameters, cellular features by scanning electron microscopy, and surface chemistry by ATR-FTIR. The impact of weathering and soil burial was different regarding changes in colour and surface chemistry. Under atmospheric exposure to weather, cork was bleached (ΔE* 17.1) mainly due to the photooxidation of lignin by UV-radiation and hemicellulose degradation, with suberin remaining mostly unaffected. With soil burial, cork darkened (ΔE* 19.7) while significant depolymerization and degradation of suberin and hemicelluloses occurred in addition to lignin alteration. Only the external one-cell layer at the surface was affected with some cellular expansion and minute cell wall fractures, while the material maintained its characteristics without damage or deterioration signs. The cork weathering features are indicative that it can be used in outdoor applications such as building façades or external equipment, with only surface colour dynamics to be taken into account.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the strength and toughness performance of urea-formaldehyde adhesive using a biomimetic strategy","authors":"Furong Chen,&nbsp;Qing Dong,&nbsp;Jinpeng Wang,&nbsp;Jian Wang,&nbsp;Chaoyi Fan,&nbsp;Hangtian Hu,&nbsp;Xin Zheng,&nbsp;Yajun Pang,&nbsp;Hao Chen,&nbsp;Sai Wu,&nbsp;Zhehong Shen","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02178-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02178-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Developing a urea-formaldehyde adhesive (UF) with excellent mechanical strength and toughness, particularly with regard to water resistance, for plywood production remains a challenging task. Inspired by the biomineralization process of the shell, a facile yet effective biomimetic strategy was proposed. Clay, serving as an inorganic reinforcer, and dopamine, as an organic crosslinker, were utilized to fabricate a robust and resilient UF wood adhesive. The wet shear strength and toughness of poplar plywood prepared using the biomimetic adhesive increased by 126% and 57%, respectively. This enhancement in strength and toughness can be attributed to the formation of an organic-inorganic hybrid structure, featuring multiple interactions throughout the UF resins, due to the phenolic amine chemistry and mineral reinforcement. This environmentally friendly strategy offers a straightforward yet efficient approach for the rapid preparation of high-performance UF adhesives, with promising implications for the advancement of wood-based panel production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transforming inferior short-rotation teak: unleashing superior durability and stability with lactic acid-based bio-treatments","authors":"Efrida Basri,&nbsp;Gabriel Tobing,&nbsp; Saefudin,&nbsp;Titik Kartika,&nbsp;Yelin Adalina,&nbsp;Istie Sekartining Rahayu,&nbsp;Mahdi Mubarok,&nbsp;Wayan Darmawan,&nbsp;Philippe Gérardin","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02190-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02190-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study focused on enhancing the properties of inferior short-rotation teak (SRT) wood through impregnation with lactic acid (LA)-based treatments, aiming to improve its dimensional stability, biological durability, and thermal stability. Applying a vacuum-pressure of 12.2 bar for two hours, followed by curing at 150 °C and 180 °C, the research found that wood treated at 180 °C with a 10% LA and 10% citric acid (CA) composition demonstrated superior performance. Specifically, the treated woods exhibited higher anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), lower water uptake (WU), lower swelling value (Sv), and lower leaching (Wlc), as well as better resistance to white-rot fungi, subterranean termites, and thermal stability. The best results retained by the treated wood were 69% ASE, 27% WU, 3% Sv, and 1% Wlc, with durability classified as class I. Microscopic analysis reveals that the impregnants effectively filled the wood pores. Chemical analysis on the modified wood demonstrated a decrease in hemicellulose content and an increase in α-cellulose and lignin. FTIR analysis further confirmed strong chemical bonds formed between the LA + CA impregnants and wood cellulose and lignin. These findings highlighted the potential of LA + CA treatment combined with 180 °C curing on the SRT wood for high-quality interior and exterior wood applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studies on improving the decay resistance and surface hardness of poplar wood impregnated with nano zinc oxide fortified poly(vinyl) acetate resin","authors":"P. Nagraik,&nbsp;S. R. Shukla","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02167-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02167-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wood protection against bio-deteriorating agencies is of paramount importance in increasing the service life of wood products used in various applications ranging from construction to furniture manufacturing. In this study, the efficacy of nano zinc oxide (ZnO) fortified poly(vinyl) acetate (PVAc) against brown rot and white rot fungal decay was explored in fast-growing hardwood. Different concentrations of nano ZnO (1–5%) were blended with water-based PVAc resin (10–20%). The poplar (<i>Populus deltoides</i>) wood samples were pressure-impregnated with different concentrations of nanoparticle-fortified resin formulations to evaluate the effects on physico-mechanical properties and decay resistance. The impregnation of higher concentrations of nano ZnO fortified PVAc (3% ZnO fortified 20% PVAc) showed improvement in the end and side hardness of poplar wood by 42.93 and 76.88% respectively. The laboratory decay test results revealed significant protection conferred by nano ZnO-PVAc against brown and white rot fungal decay. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental mapping revealed uniform distribution of the nanoparticles in the wood structure and morphological changes brought with fungal decay and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed chemical changes induced by fungal decay. The findings of the present study suggest the potential utility of wood impregnation with nano ZnO-PVAc resin in the area of wood protection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}