European Journal of Wood and Wood Products最新文献_第8页

Designing fire-resistant oriented strand board via B-N-Al synergy: multicomponent interfacial regulation and the formation of a unified ceramic-char barrier 利用B-N-Al协同作用设计耐火定向刨花板：多组分界面调节和统一陶瓷-炭屏障的形成

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Pub Date : 2026-05-26 DOI: 10.1007/s00107-026-02435-z

Jian Gao, Yuzhen Ma, Yahui Wang, Wanru Dong, Hongyi Li, Changgui Li, Jun Wang, Mingming He

{"title":"Designing fire-resistant oriented strand board via B-N-Al synergy: multicomponent interfacial regulation and the formation of a unified ceramic-char barrier","authors":"Jian Gao, Yuzhen Ma, Yahui Wang, Wanru Dong, Hongyi Li, Changgui Li, Jun Wang, Mingming He","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02435-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02435-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Facing the global shortage of forest resources, oriented strand board (OSB) has attracted increasing attention for its efficient use of small-diameter timber and wood-processing residues. However, its inherent flammability and the deterioration of mechanical properties induced by conventional flame retardants remain critical challenges. In this study, a low-dosage borax (BX)-melamine cyanurate (MCA)-nano-alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) synergistic compatibilization strategy was proposed to simultaneously enhance the fire safety and mechanical performance of OSB. The designed system forms a robust “ceramic–carbon composite expanded protective layer” during combustion, effectively suppressing heat transfer and thermal decomposition. Compared with neat OSB, the residual char yield increased by 78%, while the peak heat release rate, total heat release, total smoke production, and peak smoke production were reduced by 15%, 32%, 69%, and 89%, respectively. Meanwhile, BX-mediated interfacial bonding enabled strong chemical interactions among flame retardants, Wood shavings (WS), and 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), improving interfacial compatibility. As a result, both longitudinal and transverse bending strength and modulus of OSB were well maintained at high levels. This work provides a novel and practical route for developing high-performance flame-retardant OSB, which not only enables the high-value utilization of wood but also significantly advances the engineering applications of OSB in advanced technology fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148009753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of density and vessel configuration on embedment strength and compressive strength in hardwood timber 密度和容器结构对硬木木材嵌入强度和抗压强度的影响

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Pub Date : 2026-05-26 DOI: 10.1007/s00107-026-02434-0

Rei Kajitani, Takuro Mori, Riho Tagawa, Mohammed Mestar

{"title":"Effect of density and vessel configuration on embedment strength and compressive strength in hardwood timber","authors":"Rei Kajitani, Takuro Mori, Riho Tagawa, Mohammed Mestar","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02434-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02434-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines the influence of density and vessel configuration on the embedment and compressive strength of hardwoods through systematic mechanical testing. The results demonstrate a strong positive correlation between embedment strength and wood density, with high-density species (e.g., Ulin) achieving the highest performance. Comparative analysis revealed that ring-porous hardwoods exhibit superior embedment strength to diffuse-porous species at equivalent densities, highlighting the significance of vessel arrangement. Specimens with extended length in the fiber direction was found to enhance embedment performance across all tested hardwoods except Ulin, whose anomalous behavior suggests the involvement of additional micro structural factors, such as vessel diameter or tissue composition. The compressive-to-embedment strength ratio consistently exceeded unity, confirming the beneficial role of side margins. While grain-parallel loading showed minimal density-dependent variation, grain-perpendicular loading exhibited distinct trends: diffuse-porous species displayed uniform strength ratios, whereas ring-porous species varied significantly by specimen. These findings underscore the interplay between anatomical structure and mechanical properties in hardwood embedment applications, providing insights for material selection in engineering contexts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-026-02434-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148009752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of shear properties of cross-laminated timber with plywood as core layer considering different wood species and pressing methods 以胶合板为芯层的交叉层合木材在不同木材种类和压制方式下的抗剪性能评价

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Pub Date : 2026-05-26 DOI: 10.1007/s00107-026-02436-y

Duy Vuong Nguyen, Taek-yong Jeong, Seon-mee Yoon, Su-Hwan Yeo, Ha-Lim Park, Seog-goo Kang

{"title":"Evaluation of shear properties of cross-laminated timber with plywood as core layer considering different wood species and pressing methods","authors":"Duy Vuong Nguyen, Taek-yong Jeong, Seon-mee Yoon, Su-Hwan Yeo, Ha-Lim Park, Seog-goo Kang","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02436-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02436-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The mechanical performance and failure behavior of cross-laminated timber (CLT) with plywood as a core layer, especially across different wood species and pressing methods, remain insufficiently investigated. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the shear performance of CLT panels incorporating plywood core layers manufactured from two wood species (<i>Larix kaempferi</i> and <i>Pinus densiflora</i>) under cold- and hot-pressing conditions. Plywood panels were manufactured using phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF) adhesive for cold pressing and melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) adhesive for hot pressing. Mechanical tests, including bending, planar shear, and block shear tests, were conducted in accordance with Korean Industrial Standards and ASTM International Standards. Solid lumber consistently exhibited higher planar and block shear strength than plywood cores due to its continuous grain. While larch plywood generally showed higher mechanical properties than pine due to its greater density, the optimal pressing method was found to be species-dependent. Cold-pressing effectively optimized the shear performance for pine by preserving fiber integrity, whereas hot-pressing facilitated better bond consolidation and shear strength for larch. Failure mode analysis indicated a shift from cohesive wood failure in solid lumber to adhesive or mixed failure in plywood. In hot-pressed specimens, rapid resin polymerization and lathe checks in veneers were identified as critical factors limiting bond-line toughness. These findings highlight the necessity of tailoring pressing techniques to specific wood species to optimize CLT shear strength. Furthermore, cold-pressing showed potential as a lower-temperature alternative that may reduce thermal degradation risks, thus offering a viable pathway for more sustainable and economically competitive CLT manufacturing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148009754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chitosan as a green additive for reducing VOC emissions in plywood 壳聚糖作为减少胶合板挥发性有机化合物排放的绿色添加剂

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Pub Date : 2026-05-20 DOI: 10.1007/s00107-026-02430-4

Lin Li, Jun Shen, Weidong Wang, Yu Chen, Zhihu Ma, Dezong Zheng

引用次数: 0

Compression moulding of Milicia excelsa inner bark: a way to obtain fully biobased fibre-reinforced composites from a waste material 紫杉树内树皮的压缩成型：一种从废料中获得全生物基纤维增强复合材料的方法

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Pub Date : 2026-05-20 DOI: 10.1007/s00107-026-02413-5

Elie Firmin Kuate Elong Elong, Florian Martoïa, Achille Désiré Betené Omgba, Pierre J. J. Dumont, Salma Laajaj, Elodie Boller, Fabien Léonard, Fabien Betené Ebanda, Dydimus Nkemaja Efeze

{"title":"Compression moulding of Milicia excelsa inner bark: a way to obtain fully biobased fibre-reinforced composites from a waste material","authors":"Elie Firmin Kuate Elong Elong, Florian Martoïa, Achille Désiré Betené Omgba, Pierre J. J. Dumont, Salma Laajaj, Elodie Boller, Fabien Léonard, Fabien Betené Ebanda, Dydimus Nkemaja Efeze","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02413-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02413-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of iroko inner bark as a naturally occurring, pre-impregnated, unidirectional fibrous preform for producing added-value, biobased composite materials. To this end, the secondary phloem was separated from the rest of the bark and then consolidated using a hot compression moulding process similar to that employed for processing sheet moulding compounds (SMCs) in the composites industry. An experimental procedure was also employed to extract the latex from the secondary phloem. Thermal and FTIR analyses suggested that the latex was primarily composed of proteins and polyisoprenes. The microstructure of the resulting composites was characterised using synchrotron-based 3D X-ray computed tomography. 3D images revealed significant consolidation of the secondary phloem induced by the compression moulding process. To evaluate the practical interest of these composites in specific engineering applications, experiments were carried out to analyse their mechanical performance, surface wettability, and hygroscopic behaviour in environments with high relative humidity. Mechanical tests revealed significant anisotropy, with high longitudinal stiffness and strength inherited from their intricate quasi-ordered fibrous architecture. The proposed approach allows biobased composite materials with interesting end-use properties to be produced without the use of any supplementary oil-based resin matrix.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148009442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Natural, treated, and 3D-printed wood for sustainable mobility applications 用于可持续移动应用的天然，处理和3d打印木材

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Pub Date : 2026-05-18 DOI: 10.1007/s00107-026-02425-1

Riccardo Houngbegnon, Rostand Moutou Pitti, Bruno Castanié, Valery Doko, José Xavier

{"title":"Natural, treated, and 3D-printed wood for sustainable mobility applications","authors":"Riccardo Houngbegnon, Rostand Moutou Pitti, Bruno Castanié, Valery Doko, José Xavier","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02425-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02425-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of wood in mobility applications is attracting growing interest due to its environmental benefits, light weight, and good specific strength. This review presents the current state of research on wood and its derivatives—natural wood, treated wood, technical plywood, sandwich composites, and 3D-printed wood-based materials—examining their mechanical behavior, durability, and potential for integration into mobile structures. The work reviewed shows significant advances for plywood and wood-composite sandwiches, but studies on solid wood, dynamics, cracking, and fatigue remain limited and scattered. The main obstacles concern the natural variability of the material, industrial reproducibility, hygro-mechanical modeling, and the lack of test protocols adapted to real-world mobility conditions. The analysis also emphasizes that the favorable mechanical properties of densified or treated wood should not overshadow environmental sustainability requirements. Future research should focus on conducting more tests under variable environments, in vacuum conditions, and at high strain rates, as well as on characterizing interfaces and mixed-mode cracking behavior. Particular attention should be paid to wood-based sandwich structures, which have been identified as particularly promising solutions. Finally, the development of a reference guide listing the mechanical and environmental properties of different wood species and forms would be a key step toward the design and standardization of wood materials for sustainable mobility.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148008815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Carbonized biomass briquette processing with various types of binders: analysis of thermo-physico-mechanical behavior 用各种粘结剂加工碳化生物质型煤：热-物理-力学行为分析

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Pub Date : 2026-05-13 DOI: 10.1007/s00107-026-02423-3

Maryam Ghorbani, Amir Mohammad Khalilian, Foroogh Dastoorian, Azadeh Nikkhah Shahmirzadi

{"title":"Carbonized biomass briquette processing with various types of binders: analysis of thermo-physico-mechanical behavior","authors":"Maryam Ghorbani, Amir Mohammad Khalilian, Foroogh Dastoorian, Azadeh Nikkhah Shahmirzadi","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02423-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02423-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Briquettes, as a class of compacted solid biofuels, can be manufactured from several sources to serve as sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. This research studied the effect of various types of binders -organic (walnut shell [WS] and calcium lignosulphonate [CL]), and inorganic (magnesium oxide [MgO])- on the properties of carbonized briquettes derived from biomass wastes. Cylindrical briquettes of mixing industrial/garden sawdust (50/50) and 10 wt% organic binders, without or with 2 wt% inorganic binder, were compacted at 170 °C under 150 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> for 30 s and carbonized by indirect heating in a furnace for 10 h at 500 °C. Based on the results, briquettes containing CL exhibited significantly higher ash content compared to WS. This parameter showed a further increase when MgO was added, while the fixed carbon content reduced. Briquettes containing WS demonstrated the highest impact resistance index (IRI), without failure. Addition of MgO reduced all the mechanical strength properties of the briquettes, which was not significant for shatter index. The WS-bound briquettes demonstrated superior thermal performance to CL, which were enhanced by MgO. The efficiency of MgO in enhancing the carbonization process was confirmed by a reduction in the FTIR peak intensity, indicative of decreased organic functional groups. However, this enhanced carbonization was accompanied by a more porous microstructure, as observed in the SEM images, which adversely affected the physical and mechanical properties of briquettes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147938845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sample-sectioning artifacts? SEM of filamentous and membranous structures in tracheids of spruce wood Sample-sectioning工件?云杉管胞丝状和膜状结构的扫描电镜

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Pub Date : 2026-05-13 DOI: 10.1007/s00107-026-02422-4

Tim Koddenberg, Holger Militz

{"title":"Sample-sectioning artifacts? SEM of filamentous and membranous structures in tracheids of spruce wood","authors":"Tim Koddenberg, Holger Militz","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02422-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02422-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Like all forms of microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) requires some sort of preparation before wood samples can be observed. Damage to the cell wall integrity during sectioning is a common but undesirable effect. Some artifacts are familiar to wood anatomists, while others are rare and may often be missed or mistaken for materials from external sources. In this study, SEM imaging revealed thin, filamentous and membranous structures that protrude into the lumina of tracheids in spruce wood. These structures were either partially or completely covering the tracheid lumen and showed a thread- or mesh-like morphology. Their presence was largely restricted to earlywood and occasionally associated with trabeculae. The samples did not reveal any distinct indication of fungal or bacterial presence. Therefore, we conclude that these structures are most likely cell wall material frayed from sample sectioning. Alternative explanations, such as extractive residues or biological origins, though could not be fully excluded and require further investigations. Nevertheless, the results emphasize the importance of awareness of artifacts during SEM analysis and careful consideration of unusual morphologies in wood anatomy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-026-02422-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147938841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synthesis of lignin-formaldehyde resin as wood adhesive and usage of trimethyl stearyl amine-montmorillonite as filler to improve plywood performances under dry/wet conditions 合成木质素-甲醛树脂作为木材胶粘剂，并用三甲基硬脂酰胺-蒙脱土作为填料改善胶合板干湿条件下的性能

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Pub Date : 2026-05-13 DOI: 10.1007/s00107-026-02411-7

Cansu Kozbekci Sabah, Candan Erbil

{"title":"Synthesis of lignin-formaldehyde resin as wood adhesive and usage of trimethyl stearyl amine-montmorillonite as filler to improve plywood performances under dry/wet conditions","authors":"Cansu Kozbekci Sabah, Candan Erbil","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02411-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02411-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lignin (L) is a biopolymer obtained from non-toxic renewable sources and composed of phenylpropane units bearing phenolic hydroxyl groups on benzene rings. In this study, a new method was developed for the production of lignin formaldehyde (LF) resin, which can also be defined as green wood adhesive, by complete replacement of phenol (P), which is used in PF synthesis and produced from petroleum fossil fuels, with L. Reactive lignin molecules (Lr) were prepared by Elbs persulfate oxidation using constant potassium persulfate (KPS) content (0.1 mol/L) in three different concentrations of NaOH (1.24, 2.80, and 5.50 mol/L). The samples of Lr were synthesized with two different concentrations of L (1.60 and 6.80 mol/L) in two different reaction times (2 h and 5 h). As to the results of acid-base titration/¹H NMR and gravimetry, the reactive lignin molecules prepared using 6.80 mol/L of L in 5.50 mol/L of aqueous NaOH solution for 2 h were chosen for the preparation of LF resin due to their higher phenolic hydroxyl (3.25/3.45 mmol/g) and solids (38.9%) contents. The molecular weights/molecular weight distributions and hydrogen bonds between phenolic/alcoholic hydroxyl groups were analyzed using GPC and FTIR/¹³C and ¹H NMR, respectively. The results for dry/wet bonding strengths (6.15/2.2 MPa) of plywood panels prepared by adding 10 wt% of trimethyl stearylamine-montmorillonite (TMSA-MMT) into LF resin were comparable with PF/Wheat Flour (WF) as conventional wood adhesive (8.10/3.2 MPa). Also, the free formaldehyde contents of LF and LF/TMSA-MMT (0.25 and 0.06%, respectively) were lower than those of PF and PF/WF (0.70 and 0.12%) and comparable to the values of the Chinese National Standard (GB/T 14732 − 2006) limitation (≤ 0.3%).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-026-02411-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147938846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of plate connection on nail plate moisture-induced backout within a dry-wet cycle 干湿循环中板连接对钉板受潮后退的影响

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Pub Date : 2026-05-12 DOI: 10.1007/s00107-026-02427-z

Bruno Monteiro Balboni, Iara Nobre Carmona, Juliane da Silva Sampaio, Allana Katiussya Silva Pereira, Michela Nocetti, C. Brand Wessels, José Nivaldo Garcia

{"title":"Influence of plate connection on nail plate moisture-induced backout within a dry-wet cycle","authors":"Bruno Monteiro Balboni, Iara Nobre Carmona, Juliane da Silva Sampaio, Allana Katiussya Silva Pereira, Michela Nocetti, C. Brand Wessels, José Nivaldo Garcia","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02427-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02427-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using nail plates to connect timber structural elements is a way to reduce costs and time during assembly, but moisture-induced backout can compromise these connections in the medium and long term. Most nail plate backout models proposed are based on a single tooth backout, and therefore, do not consider the influence of the metal plates at their bases. This study aimed to verify the effect of the plate connection on the backout. The dimensional changes, including a holistic approach to nail plate behaviour were evaluated in two treatments: <i>S-D</i> cycle, where wood started saturated and then dried to 0% moisture content; and <i>D-S</i> cycle, where wood started at 0% moisture content and was then saturated with moisture. The hole made on saturated wood got tighter when wood dried, and enlarged when dry wood gained moisture, so that teeth squeeze may happen when wood shrinks. These results were confirmed in holes made with nails hammered into the wood using the same moisture regimens. The nail plates were bent in opposite directions with the wood dimensional changes: with the <i>S-D</i> cycle the concave side faced the wood while with the <i>D-S</i> cycle the convex side faced the wood. Although the moisture gradients assessed here were high, realistic moisture changes have the potential to generate high stresses (450–650 MPa) on the nail plates and the dry-wet cycles might promote nail plate bending in opposite directions resulting in nail plate backout. To minimize this effect, wide nail plates can be substituted by multiple narrower ones. The amount of stress transferred from the wood to the nail plate should be investigated prior to adding it to the backout models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-026-02427-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147937945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0