European Journal of Wood and Wood Products最新文献

{"title":"Carbon-relative molar mass is a new parameter for experimentation with different biomasses. Prediction of higher heating value case study","authors":"Andrzej Białowiec,&nbsp;Ewa Syguła","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02269-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02269-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The higher heating value (HHV) prediction is an important aspect of biomass management. Numerous empirical models based on the elemental composition of biomass have been proposed; however, their predictive accuracy often remains limited, with coefficients of determination typically around 80%. This paper presents a new parameter, the carbon-relative molar mass (CRMM) of biomass, for predicting HHV. Randomly generated data on the elemental composition and ash content of biomass were used for model parameters determination. Experimental data of lignocellulosic biomass components and biochar samples were used for model validation. The CRMM predominantly depends on the carbon and oxygen content when randomly chosen data are used. However, for real biomass and biochar samples, the influence of hydrogen and sulfur increases. A polynomial model for determining CRMM with an R (Awasthi et al. Fuel 342:127790, 2023) value of 0.9886 is proposed. Mathematical models describing the influence of CRMM on HHVdaf were developed. A very strong dependence of the analytically determined HHVdaf on CRMM was found, with an explanation rate close to 86%. This value is higher than those of typical empirical models based on the elemental composition of biomass. This promising discovery warrants further study with a wider range of biomass types and other solid fuels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-025-02269-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of NIR spectroscopy and colour measurements for the classification of radiata pine timber thermally modified over a narrow temperature range","authors":"Armin Thumm,&nbsp;Rosie Sargent,&nbsp;Steven Dovey,&nbsp;Tripti Singh,&nbsp;Catherine Nicholson,&nbsp;Christina Howat,&nbsp;Joel Kidgell,&nbsp;Simon Hinkley","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02268-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02268-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The New Zealand Building Code is unique in the world in having prescribed durability requirements for all building elements, including interior timber such as flooring. Heavy metal preservatives are still used extensively for this purpose, despite being banned in many other countries. Thermal modification of wood increases timber durability without relying on chemical additives. This involves heating the wood in a carefully controlled environment with the modification settings being specific to the process and the species. Thermal modification induces chemical changes in the wood structure that can be identified using spectroscopy. Correlation of chemical changes to specific processing conditions for a particular wood species may then enable independent verification of the modification temperature. This is a crucial aspect of product compliance with the New Zealand Building Code. Without being able to verify the modification temperature, evidence of compliance with these stringent durability requirements is extremely difficult. In this study, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was investigated as a tool for developing a quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) methodology, to ascertain the claimed heat treatment levels have been applied to thermally modified timber products. NIR spectroscopy is also compared to techniques based on colour changes of heat-treated timber. It was found that a predictive classification model, based on NIR spectra from solid wood surfaces, was able to predict 100% correctly the 3 treatment levels of thermally modified timber used in this study (210 °C, 220 °C, 230 °C). It was superior to a L*, a*, and b* colour model (87% correct) and a visible colourimetry spectrum model (95% correct). </p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-025-02268-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an anisotropic damage model for orthotropic quasi-brittle materials: application to wood","authors":"Amal Rebhi,&nbsp;Myriam Chaplain,&nbsp;Jean-Luc Coureau","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02267-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02267-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of this study is to develop a numerical model for the analysis of damage mechanisms in wood and the characterization of its fracture behavior. The initial phase of the process entails a comprehensive examination of extant damage models for quasi-brittle isotropic materials, with a view to adapting them to the distinctive characteristics of wood. The proposed model incorporates the orthotropic of wood, its anisotropic characteristics, and its asymmetric behavior under different loading modes in relation to the longitudinal fiber axis (grain direction). Furthermore, the model incorporates a range of fracture criteria, based on the specific properties of this material. Validation of the model is achieved through a series of experimental tests on defect-free wood, including compression and direct tension tests, as well as fracture tests in modes I and II. These tests allow for the determination of the requisite parameters for model calibration and, moreover, for the comparison of the model’s predictions with experimental data, thereby evaluating its capacity to replicate wood behavior under various loading conditions. The results demonstrate that the model accurately reflects wood behavior across the various loading cases tested.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wood-steel hybrid beams for electric vehicle battery housings: a comparative study with aluminum profiles in bending load case","authors":"Sebastian Wurm,&nbsp;Markus Wagner,&nbsp;Georg Baumann,&nbsp;Kevin Vitzthum,&nbsp;Harald Sehrschön,&nbsp;Thomas Krenke,&nbsp;Florian Feist","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02261-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02261-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The automotive industry faces mounting pressure to reduce its environmental footprint, particularly in the electric vehicle (EV) era. While EVs mitigate tailpipe emissions, the production of energy-intensive components like aluminum remains a sustainability challenge. Battery housings, critical to structural integrity and crash safety, traditionally rely on extruded aluminum profiles for their outer frames. This study proposes a sustainable alternative: wood-steel hybrid profiles for EV battery housing applications. Quasi-static three-point bending tests were performed on hybrid beams with distinct wood cores (birch, poplar, and paulownia) encased in rectangular profiles made from high-strength complex-phase steel sheets. Performance metrics—including maximum force, bending stiffness, and specific energy absorption—were evaluated and compared to numerical simulations of mass-equivalent three-chambered aluminum beams (ductile EN AW 6061-O and high-strength EN AW 6061-T6), which serve as simplified analogues of real-world extrusion profiles. Results demonstrate that wood-steel hybrid beams outperform ductile aluminum counterparts, with poplar- and birch-core hybrids achieving 88% higher peak forces and 98% greater energy absorption. Paulownia-steel hybrids exhibited moderate improvements, delivering 60% higher peak forces and 34% greater energy absorption. Compared to high-strength EN AW 6061-T6, hybrids matched peak forces and energy absorption at low intrusion levels but provided 76% higher energy absorption under large deformations. This research highlights the potential of wood-steel hybrids to enhance crash safety while significantly reducing the carbon footprint of vehicle structures. By leveraging renewable materials and surpassing the performance of conventional alternatives, these hybrid beams offer a compelling solution for advancing sustainable automotive design, particularly in key components such as EV battery housings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-025-02261-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical and thermogravimetric characterization of chestnut tree biomass waste: towards sustainable resource utilization in the tannin industry","authors":"Jasmina Jusic,&nbsp;Tommaso Giannoni,&nbsp;Florian Zikeli,&nbsp;Swati Tamantini,&nbsp;Valeria Pierpaoli,&nbsp;Marco Barbanera,&nbsp;Miha Grilc,&nbsp;Giorgio Tofani,&nbsp;Manuela Romagnoli","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02262-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02262-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sweet chestnut (<i>Castanea sativa</i> Mill.) is a key European species, with Italy playing a crucial role in its forest cover and timber production. Chestnut wood processing generates significant residues,with approximately 40% waste at the sawmill stage alone. A major portion of this waste, including that from fruit tree plantations, is used in the tannin extraction industry, exemplifying a circular economy model. This study analyzed exhausted chestnut wood from the tannin industry, virgin wood (prior to tannin extraction), detannized wood (after tannin removal), and chestnut bark, which is separated before the tannin extraction process. The study assessed both the chemical composition and extractives content of the samples. FTIR analysis revealed structural modifications, with key spectral shifts (1640, 1420, 1240, and 1120 cm⁻¹) indicating enhanced aromatic conjugation after extractive removal. TGA analysis showed that detannized wood degraded faster at high temperatures, suggesting better combustibility and biofuel potential, while lignin-rich residues demonstrated greater thermal stability, making them suitable for insulation and biocomposite applications. These findings support optimizing waste utilization, reducing environmental impact, and enhancing resource efficiency. By promoting innovative uses for tannin industry byproducts, this research contributes to sustainability and strengthens circular economy strategies within the forest-wood sector.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical properties of sweet chestnut sawn wood and glulam performance","authors":"Carlos Martins,&nbsp;Cláudio Ferreira,&nbsp;Sandra R. S. Monteiro,&nbsp;Alfredo M. P. G. Dias","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02266-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02266-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sweet chestnut sawn wood is commonly found on ancient buildings across Europe. This is also evident in Portugal mainly in roof and floor structures. Knowledge about the mechanical properties of this species at that time was scarce, and it was primarily used due to its durability. If large section trees were available back then, this becomes a limitation nowadays. Engineered wood products (EWPs), such as glued laminated timber (glulam) help resolve this problem as thicker elements are used. Nevertheless, EWPs are usually made of softwoods, with standardization focused on these species. Current climate change poses challenges for industries that depend on nature, such as the timber industry. With the availability of softwood species affected, interest in hardwoods arose, and so has research. This paper focuses on experimentally characterizing chestnut sawn wood mechanical properties, such as modulus of elasticity (MOE) and strength of boards subjected to bending and tensile tests. Also, non-destructive characterization through the longitudinal vibration method (LVM) was performed. The average MOE from tension tests was about 13800 MPa, and 11100 MPa from the bending tests (24% lower than the former). The characteristic tensile strength value was 20.5 MPa, and the bending strength was 32.4 MPa. Although chestnut is a hardwood, concerning strength classes it is included in the softwood category, thus T20 and C30 strength classes for tension and bending, respectively, can be assigned. Strong correlations were found for the MOE based on the LVM. A preliminary campaign to evaluate the bending properties of glulam made from chestnut was conducted on ten specimens. A characteristic bending strength of 45.5 MPa was achieved. Good mechanical performance was observed, but enhancements are needed to ensure adequate bonding performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-025-02266-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compressive behavior of wood contact with mortar and epoxy resin adhesives","authors":"Shun Kosugi,&nbsp;Marina Totsuka,&nbsp;Hiroki Nakashima,&nbsp;Masakazu Ikeda,&nbsp;Kenji Aoki","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02221-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02221-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, researchers and engineers have developed a wide range of connection systems between wood and other materials, such as concrete and steel. However, the mechanical behavior of the surfaces where wood meets these materials is yet to be understood. In wood, low-stiffness areas called damage zones form near end grains, when compressed parallel to the grain. These low-stiffness areas may come in contact with various materials; therefore, understanding the behavior of the damage zones with various materials is important. This paper describes the results and analysis of experimental tests conducted on 130 specimens compressed parallel to the grain, to examine the compression behavior when the low-stiffness areas of glulam (Japanese cedar and Japanese larch) come in contact with mortar, epoxy adhesives, and steel. Compared with specimens joined with steels, the specimens joined with mortar had lower strength and stiffness, whereas those with epoxy structural adhesives had higher or almost equivalent strength and stiffness. Additionally, the specimens joined with mortar had the most significant strain in the damage zone, followed by those with steel loading plates and those with epoxy structural adhesives. These results suggest that using mortar as a contact material has a detrimental effect on the strength and stiffness of glulam. In contrast, the use of epoxy structural adhesives can improve the stiffness of glulam by mitigating the effects of the damage zone.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-025-02221-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bayesian modeling of finger joints’ tensile and bending properties considering censored data","authors":"Farid Vafadar,&nbsp;Steven Collins,&nbsp;Gerhard Fink","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02265-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02265-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Finger joints (FJs) are longitudinal interlocking connections between timber boards commonly used in engineered wood products such as glued laminated timber beams. The mechanical properties of FJs, particularly tensile strength, are vital for the performance of such products; however, practical constraints often lead to testing FJs primarily in bending rather than tension. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the relationship between tensile and bending strengths. The present study investigates this relationship using paired FJs. It further evaluates the predictability of FJ tensile and bending properties based on the dynamic modulus of elasticity of the connected timber boards. Tensile and bending tests were conducted, and censored data resulting from failures outside the FJs were handled using a hierarchical Bayesian linear regression method. The study proposes models to estimate FJ tensile strength from bending strength and to predict tensile and bending properties based on the dynamic modulus of elasticity of the connected timber boards. Model predictions are compared with experimental outcomes, indicating the effective integration of censored data. Results further show that excluding censored data underestimates FJ tensile and bending strength. The proposed Bayesian modeling procedure offers a means to connect failure modes with data types and appropriately address censored data. Such models can help to enhance quality control/production efficiency and the structural reliability of engineered wood products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-025-02265-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influences of extractives on absorption and desorption of many sorbents in two tropical woods","authors":"Godwin Fonyuy Banyuy,&nbsp;Joseph Zobo Mfomo,&nbsp;Achille Bernard Biwolé,&nbsp;Jean Jalin Eyinga Biwôlé,&nbsp;Evariste Fongnzossie Fedoung,&nbsp;Flavian Emmanuel Sapnken,&nbsp;Jean Gaston Tamba","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02206-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02206-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the influence of extractives on water diffusion properties is crucial for optimizing drying processes and enhancing the performance of tropical wood species in various applications. This study investigates the hygroscopic behavior of two commercially valuable African tropical timbers, Tali (<i>Erythrophleum suaveolens</i> Brenan) and Bilinga (<i>Nauclea diderrichii</i> Merr.), focusing on the role of their extractive contents on water transport during absorption and desorption. Wood samples treated with six solvents and native wood were subjected to diffusion experiments at 30 °C and 82% relative humidity for five days. Applying the Fick diffusion law, an A polynomial type model best fitted the experimental data with significant variations observed in the average values of absorption, surface emission, diffusion, and diffusion resistance coefficients depending on the wood type and extractive content. Notably, the longitudinal direction exhibited greater moisture exchange compared to the tangential and radial directions. Moreover, water absorption, emission, and diffusion coefficients decreased with increase in wood density, while native and treated Bilinga woods displayed higher average values in all directions compared to Tali. Interestingly, the removal of extractives via acetone treatment enhanced water diffusion, highlighting the key role of specific extractive components. These findings provide valuable insights into the hygroscopic behavior of Tali and Bilinga, contributing to the development of efficient storage and improved utilization of these versatile tropical wood species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of location and forest habitat type on values of selected parameters and structural indices of wood fibres of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) in Poland","authors":"Hubert Lachowicz,&nbsp;Rafał Wojtan,&nbsp;Patrycja Kulak","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02248-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02248-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aim of this study was to examine the variation of selected parameters and structural indicators of the <i>Betula pendula</i> Roth. fibres depending on the geographical location of the forest stand and forest habitat type. It is the most extensive study to date in Poland concerning the variability of silver birch fibre structure. The research was carried out in 16 forest districts on three habitat types, where silver birch stands predominate in respect of coverage area and merchantable volume. Analysis was performed on 69 samples from 414 trees aged 30, 50, and 70. The following parameters and structural indicators characterise silver birch fibres: length 1316 μm, width 24.20 μm, lumen 11.91 μm, wall thickness 6.14 μm, slenderness ratio 55.49, Runkel ratio 1.14, rigidity index 25.63, Mühlsteph’s index 0.754, flexibility coefficient 0.487, solids index 0.35. The results showed that location had a significant effect on all the parameters studied. For two locations in the south–western and north–eastern regions of Poland where fibres from three habitat types were studied, it was found that fibre width and rigidity index were influenced only by location; fibre length, lumen width, Runkel ratio, Mühlsteph’s index, and flexibility coefficient were influenced only by habitat; both location and habitat influenced wall thickness, slenderness ratio, and solids index. The parameters and structural indicators of birch fibres do not exhibit regular dependences on habitat richness. Birch fibres are suitable for a wide range of applications, especially in the implementation of innovative ways of using wood.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-025-02248-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}