European Journal of Wood and Wood Products最新文献

{"title":"Rethinking engineered wood product manufacturing: opportunities for using partially seasoned timber feedstocks","authors":"Adam Faircloth,&nbsp;Thomas E. Davies,&nbsp;Robert L. McGavin","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02493-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02493-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The manufacture of engineered wood products (EWPs), such as glue laminated beams (glulam), has traditionally been reliant on using seasoned timber feedstocks. Reducing the timber’s moisture content (MC) before use provides many benefits including pre-shrinking the timber, reducing product weight and improving the stability of the finished product. Seasoned timber feedstocks have also been critical for the effective use of commonly adopted adhesive systems, many of which demand low timber MC levels (&lt; 12%). However, timber seasoning can be an expensive and a time-consuming process. Polyurethane type adhesives are increasingly being adopted potentially offering greater flexibility with feedstock MC, including the potential use of partially seasoned or high MC timber. This study explored the feasibility of producing finger jointed timber (FJs) and glulam from partially seasoned sawn white cypress pine (<i>Callitris glaucophylla</i>) using a single-component polyurethane adhesive. Boards were initially grouped by capacitance MC readings (cap) for manufacture into low-MC (LMC_cap; &lt; 15%), random-MC allocation (RMC_cap; 15–60%), and high-MC (HMC_cap; &gt; 60%) categories, then reclassified based on oven-dry (OD) validation to LMC_OD &lt; 15%, RMC_OD 15–30%, and HMC_OD &gt; 30%. FJ bending strength testing showed HMC_OD samples initially exhibited lower strength values compared to LMC_OD range samples, however, conditioning of the HMC_OD samples to a target MC of 12% resulted in similar performance to LMC_OD samples. Microscopy analysis of the resulting gluelines showed greater adhesive penetration for HMC_OD samples, a feature often linked with improved adhesion. However, despite the improved penetration, delamination results were highest delamination for the HMC_OD grouping. Glulam block shear strength testing yielded lower strength values for the HMC_OD samples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-026-02493-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid age classification of bamboo culms using FT-NIR spectroscopy coupled with PLS-DA: validation through anatomical and density analyses","authors":"Shailendra Kumar,&nbsp;Mohit Kumar Sethi,&nbsp;Bhumika Kaushik,&nbsp;Deepak Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02499-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02499-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Age of bamboo plays a crucial role in determining its anatomical, physical, and chemical properties, which ultimately govern its performance in structural and industrial applications. However, conventional age determination based on external morphological characteristics is subjective and often unreliable. This study developed a rapid, method for discriminating bamboo culm age using Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), supported by anatomical observations and density measurements. Two commercially important bamboo species, <i>Dendrocalamus asper</i> and <i>Bambusa balcooa</i>, representing three age classes (1-, 2-, and 3-year-old culms), were investigated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) captured age-dependent spectral variation, while optimized PLS-DA models successfully discriminated the three age classes. The <i>Dendrocalamus asper</i> model exhibited excellent predictive performance, achieving 100% classification accuracy for the independent test set, whereas the <i>Bambusa balcooa</i> model also demonstrated good calibration, validation, and prediction performance with clear separation of age classes. The strong agreement among anatomical observations, density variation, and spectral discrimination confirms that NIR spectroscopy effectively captures age-related chemical and structural changes in bamboo. Microscopic examination revealed progressive tissue maturation with increasing age, characterized by more developed fibre sheaths, greater staining intensity of lignified tissues, increased vascular bundle compactness, and greater tissue organization. In contrast, fibre length, fibre diameter, lumen diameter, and fibre wall thickness exhibited no significant age-related differences, indicating that the observed anatomical maturation was associated primarily with tissue-level development and consolidation rather than significant changes in the measured fibre dimensions. Basic density increased significantly with age in both species, corroborating the anatomical evidence of progressive structural development. The proposed methodology provides a rapid, and objective approach for bamboo age determination and offers considerable potential for harvest scheduling, raw material grading, quality control, and the efficient utilization of bamboo in structural and engineered products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of outdoor condition on the thermal stability and flammability of wood plastic composites reinforced with expanded vermiculite and perlite","authors":"Mehmet Acar","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02489-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02489-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the effects of outdoor weathering and marine environments on the thermal behavior, flammability, and surface morphology of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) based wood plastic composites (WPCs) reinforced with expanded vermiculite and expanded perlite. Composite panels with mineral loadings up to 48 wt% were exposed to a six-month natural weathering test and a 600 h salt spray test. Thermal stability was evaluated using TGA and DSC, relative flammability thresholds were evaluated using limiting oxygen index (LOI) testing, and surface degradation was tracked through SEM. The results showed that replacing wood flour with expanded vermiculite or perlite increased the initial thermal degradation temperature (<i>T</i>_<i>onset</i>) of the WPCs from 205 °C up to 348 °C and 351 °C, respectively. Following environmental exposures, the mineral-reinforced WPCs maintained higher thermal baseline values compared to the control WPC, with vermiculite configurations up to 12 wt% showing the least reduction in <i>T</i>_<i>onset</i>. DSC analyses indicated that environmental exposure increased the crystallinity degree of neat HDPE, while decreasing the matrix crystallinity in the mineral-reinforced composites. Furthermore, mineral reinforcement increased the LOI thresholds of the WPCs up to 25.7% and eliminated the polymer matrix’s dripping behavior. SEM evaluations showed that the expanded perlite and vermiculite configurations restricted the depth and width of weathering-induced surface micro-cracks compared to the unfilled control WPC. In conclusion, the experimental data indicate that expanded vermiculite and perlite alter the thermal degradation, flame behavior, and surface crack propagation of WPCs under outdoor and marine aging conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive modeling of thermogravimetric analysis data of medium-density fibreboard waste: a machine learning approach","authors":"N. Al Mansoori,&nbsp;M. A. Shaik,&nbsp;K. Sivaramakrishnan","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02482-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02482-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the application of machine learning (ML) techniques to predict thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) mass-loss data of medium-density fibreboard (MDF) waste under oxidative and pyrolytic conditions. Thermal decomposition provides a potential alternative to landfilling by reducing harmful additives and redistributing nitrogen-containing species among char, condensable products, and gases. Experimental data were obtained at four heating rates (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min) from room temperature to 600–800 °C. Five regression models were evaluated, with Linear Regression (LinReg) and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) serving as baseline linear models, and <i>k</i>-Nearest Neighbors (<i>k</i>-NN), Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR) applied as the main nonlinear models. The key contribution of this work is the comparison of five regression models for MDF-waste TGA prediction under oxidative and pyrolytic environments across 3 different scenario-based data splits. Three modeling scenarios were evaluated using graphical tuning and Bayesian optimization. Scenario 1, based on a randomized 80/20 split of the complete dataset, is interpreted as an interpolation baseline. Scenario 2, which involved training on 5 and 10 °C/min and testing on 15 and 20 °C/min, provided the most credible heating-rate-transfer configuration, with the selected GBR models achieving test R² values of 0.989 for oxidation and 0.997 for pyrolysis. Scenario 3 which involved training on 5 °C/min and testing on 10, 15 and 20 °C/min, showed weaker curve-level alignment, particularly in the char-oxidation and terminal residual-mass regions. These results indicate that tree-based models, supported by Bayesian optimization, can provide an effective computational approach for MDF thermal-degradation prediction under the studied conditions, although model applicability remains material and condition-specific and is limited to the investigated MDF waste, atmospheres, heating rates, and experimental conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-026-02482-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the internal air temperature on properties of wood-plastic composites processed by rotational molding","authors":"Ademir Vilcayauri-Rios,&nbsp;Adan Arribasplata-Seguin,&nbsp;Roger Quispe-Dominguez,&nbsp;Julio Acosta-Sullcahuamán","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02488-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02488-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the processing of wood-plastic composites (<i>WPC</i>) by rotational molding, thermal decomposition of wood can occur due to the high temperatures of the process. However, it can be avoided by controlling the peak internal air temperature (<i>PIAT</i>). In this perspective, the main purpose of this work is to determine how the <i>PIAT</i> and the properties of the rotomolded <i>WPC</i> are related to each other. To achieve this, several materials were processed using different oven temperatures and heating times. As a consequence, the <i>PIAT</i> reached a specific value during the process in each case. Then, characterization tests were carried out to determine mechanical and physical properties of the obtained materials. Finally, using the test results, a relationship between the <i>PIAT</i> and those properties was defined. The rotomolded <i>WPC</i> were made of 85% of recycled high-density polyethylene (<i>HDPER</i>) and 15% of capirona wood particles (<i>CWP</i>), but materials made of 100% of <i>HDPER</i> were also processed. Results show that a <i>PIAT</i> of 208 °C is required for a rotomolded <i>WPC</i> to be fully densified. Under this condition, it has optimal properties and it does not undergo thermal degradation. As for the material made of 100% of <i>HDPER</i>, a <i>PIAT</i> of 233 °C is necessary to reach such state. In addition, using the second derivative of the internal air temperature profiles, the beginning and end of the six phases of the rotational molding process were identified, too.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-026-02488-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface modification of veneers with O2 and N2 plasma: a comparative study on formaldehyde scavenging mechanisms in plywood","authors":"Ismail Aydin,&nbsp;Semra Çolak","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02494-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02494-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the effect of plasma treatment on the formaldehyde emission of plywood panels produced from Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i>), beech (<i>Fagus orientalis</i>), and poplar (<i>Populus deltoides</i> I-77/51) veneers. O₂ and N₂ gases were utilized to pre-treat veneer sheets using a low-pressure plasma system. To evaluate the effect of process parameters, plasma powers of 150 and 300 W were applied to the veneers for 1, 5, and 15 min. Additionally, two different veneer drying temperatures were tested. Following the treatment, the veneers were bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) powder resin to manufacture plywood panels, and formaldehyde emission values were determined according to TS EN 717-3. The results indicated that Scots pine plywood exhibited the highest formaldehyde emission values, whereas beech plywood panels demonstrated the lowest. Notably, N₂ plasma treatment significantly reduced formaldehyde emission by up to 64% in beech panels and 46% in poplar panels compared to the control groups, while showing varied effects on Scots pine depending on parameters. The effect of veneer drying temperature on formaldehyde emission was found to vary depending on the wood species. Furthermore, the results revealed that the optimum plasma parameters for reducing formaldehyde release differed among wood species, with N₂ plasma treatment proving more effective than O₂ plasma.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutting forces in handheld wood sawing: a factorial study of tooth geometry and cutting direction","authors":"Daniel Mellqvist,&nbsp;Dietrich Buck ,&nbsp;Jimmy Johansson","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02491-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02491-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Controllable cutting performance is essential for handheld saws in both craft and professional wood processing. Despite the widespread use of side-bevelled handsaw teeth in manual and electrically powered tools, the combined influence of tooth geometry, set pattern, as well as cutting direction on cutting forces is not well understood. A Design of Experiments (DoE) approach was applied to evaluate the effects of tooth type (universal, UT; compound, GT), side-bevel, set, set pattern, and cutting direction on main (<i>F</i>_m) and normal (<i>F</i>_n) cutting forces. Experiments were conducted on Norway spruce blocks sourced from a single log, which was conditioned to achieve uniform moisture content and characterised using X-ray computed tomography. A custom-built cutting rig measured <i>F</i>_m and <i>F</i>_n under controlled cutting speed and depth conditions. A 2⁵⁻¹ fractional factorial design was applied as an exploratory DoE screening approach to capture main and two-factor interaction effects. <i>F</i>_m was dominated by cutting direction and kerf-related factors, with GT teeth exhibiting lower <i>F</i>_m than UT teeth in rip cutting. <i>F</i>_n was primarily governed by tooth type, bevel, and set pattern. Interaction effects between geometry and cutting direction were statistically significant, highlighting the multivariate nature of the cutting process. Overall, cutting forces are governed by interactions between tooth geometry, set configuration, and cutting direction. The results provide a quantitative basis for further development of handsaw tooth design and cutting efficiency.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-026-02491-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A continuous-flow processing system for wood-based thermoset composites with applications in 3D construction printing","authors":"Robert H. R. Carne,&nbsp;Daniel Revard,&nbsp;Armando G. McDonald,&nbsp;Michael R. Maughan","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02495-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02495-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, a continuous-flow processing system for high-fraction wood-thermoset composites specialized for additive manufacturing in construction applications was developed. A wood-sodium silicate composite (WSSC) was produced at a 50:50 fiber-to-resin mass ratio, utilizing a novel inline mixing method designed to effectively integrate dry wood flour with aqueous sodium silicate binder under controlled shear conditions. The homogeneity of the resulting WSSC was evaluated through bulk density analysis, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, and micro-CT scanning to ensure consistent material composition throughout the continuous extrusion process. To assess structural performance, dimensional stability and compressive strength were determined to ensure geometric accuracy during deposition and curing and load-bearing capacity, respectively. Compression testing evaluated the influence of the printing process on mechanical integrity by comparing samples of one, two, and five layers to quantify the impact of stacking staking on the ultimate compressive strength of the printed composites. The feasibility of this continuous-flow framework was demonstrated through the successful printing of a large-scale, two-step structural staircase prototype, highlighting the potential for sustainable, bio-based materials to replace traditional concrete in complex structural geometries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-026-02495-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Odor-active VOCs in overlaid engineered wood panels: sources, characteristics, and mitigation strategies for low-odor products","authors":"Yifan Liu,&nbsp;Jiangang Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02484-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02484-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Overlaid engineered wood-based panels are widely used in indoor environments, but the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odors they emit pose potential health risks to humans. While VOC emissions from these panels have been extensively studied, odor-related issues remain systematically unexplored. This systematic review comprehensively analyzes the formation mechanisms, emission characteristics, and mitigation strategies of odor-active VOCs in representative overlaid engineered wood-based panels (ROEWPs). Primary odor sources are identified as lacquers, adhesives, and wood-adhesive reactions, imparting fruity, aromatic, sweet, pungent, and alcoholic-like odors, with emission profiles significantly modulated by raw material, manufacturing processes and environmental conditions. This review offers three novel contributions: (1) systematic classification of ten categories of odor-active VOCs, clarifying key odor contributors across different panel types; (2) comprehensive evaluation of advanced oxidation processes such as microwave-persulfate (MW-PS) for substrate pretreatment, with quantitative comparison of odor removal efficiency; and (3) establishment of a hierarchical mitigation framework integrating green raw materials, advanced oxidation processes, and adsorption-degradation technologies, detailing the advantages, limitations, and application scenarios of each strategy. The review highlights the significant potential of green raw materials, advanced oxidation processes, and adsorption-degradation technologies for reducing VOC emissions and improving indoor air quality. To advance odor control, future research should prioritize elucidating odor formation mechanisms, understanding human olfactory responses, developing low-odor green adhesives/lacquers, and optimizing advanced oxidation for hydrophobic VOCs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid water uptake and swelling of heat-treated Chinese fir under unidirectional imbibition","authors":"Fengze Sun,&nbsp;Wendi Wang,&nbsp;Luyao Chen,&nbsp;Hui Peng,&nbsp;Jianxiong Lyu,&nbsp;Tianyi Zhan","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02483-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02483-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Heat treatment improves the dimensional stability and biological durability of wood, and is widely applied to wood products used in buildings and outdoor environments. In service, liquid water often enters wood through a single exposed surface. Owing to wood anisotropic, water entry direction may influence moisture transport and local swelling. Nevertheless, how heat treatment modifies direction dependent liquid water uptake and subsequent swelling remains insufficiently understood. This study related water uptake to swelling during longitudinal, radial, and tangential unidirectional imbibition. Chinese fir heartwood specimens were heat-treated at 180, 200, or 220 °C and compared with untreated controls. Specimen moisture content (MC) and its distribution, and full-field swelling were measured during 48 h of unidirectional imbibition using gravimetry, X-ray densitometry, and digital image correlation, respectively. Heat treatment reduced both water uptake and swelling during imbibition from all three directions, with generally stronger effects at higher treatment temperatures. The largest reduction in MC occurred during longitudinal imbibition; after 48 h, the MC of specimens treated at 180 °C was 68% lower than that of the control. Heat treatment also reduced radial and tangential swelling and narrowed the swelling contrast between earlywood and latewood. During longitudinal imbibition, latewood radial swelling near the wetted surface decreased by 14%, 21%, and 43% after treatment at 180, 200, and 220 °C, respectively. Moreover, earlywood tended to exhibit higher swelling sensitivity than latewood, attributing to more structural damage. Overall, the findings provide guidance for designing and applying heat-treated wood under one-sided water exposure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}