European Journal of Wood and Wood Products最新文献

{"title":"Anti-slip properties of thermally modified hardwoods","authors":"Jerzy Majka,&nbsp;Maciej Sydor,&nbsp;Łukasz Warguła,&nbsp;Bartosz Wieczorek","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02152-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02152-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The impact of thermally modified wood on slip resistance remains uncertain, despite its popularity as a flooring material. This research investigates the influence of modification temperature, wood species, and wood grain orientation (tangential vs. radial) on the slip resistance of thermally modified wood used for flooring. The study also explored the potential influence of wood grain orientation (tangential vs. radial) on slip resistance. Three commonly used flooring hardwoods (oak, ash, and beech) were tested. For each investigated wood, clear samples were prepared with tangential and radial grain orientations and subjected to three treatments: unmodified (control), thermally modified at 190 °C, and thermally modified at 212 °C. A slip risk was measured using a British Skid Resistance Tester. The results showed that ash and beech exhibited significantly better slip resistance than oak. Wetting the surface significantly increased slip risk for all wood species. Thermal modification has a complex effect: In dry conditions, it slightly improves slip resistance, while in wet conditions (more relevant for flooring safety), it worsens slip resistance, particularly at higher modification temperatures. The results suggests that thermal modification improves slip resistance but is not a guaranteed method for improving slip resistance in wood flooring. It might even be detrimental in areas with potential water exposure. Other factors, such as wood species and surface treatments, should be considered for optimal slip resistance in flooring applications in areas with potential water exposure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation method of compression parallel to grain stiffness in wood and relationship between stiffness and shape of contact surface","authors":"Marina Totsuka","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02169-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02169-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The compressive behavior parallel to the grain is an essential parameter for the designing of multistoried and large timber buildings. However, the application of a compressive force parallel to the grain results in significant deformations near the end grain, which is referred to as the damage zone. Therefore, this study elucidates the mechanism of the damage zone and proposed a methodology to evaluate the properties of the damage zone. The cause of the damage zone was attributed to an uneven contact surface. As the contact surface shape remained non-flat even after reaching 28% of the predicted maximum load, the initial stiffness of compression parallel to the grain necessitated an assessment based on the influence of the damage zone. The Young’s modulus of the damage zone was approximately 2% of that of the middle zone and an evaluation method for the damage zone length was proposed using the strongest link model. The Young’s modulus and damage zone length evaluation methods were used to evaluate the stiffness of the specimens when compressed parallel to the grain. The proposed method could adequately evaluate the experimental values.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-024-02169-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of pinewood samples incorporating multiple flame-retardant additives under varied heat fluxes in a cone calorimeter","authors":"Xuelin Zhang,&nbsp;Paul Joseph,&nbsp;Maurice Guerrieri,&nbsp;Khalid Moinuddin,&nbsp;Malavika Arun","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02168-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02168-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, pristine pinewood samples and those treated with flame-retardant additives were examined to evaluate their fire risk. The combustion process was delineated into four stages: release of flammable volatile gases, reduction of thermal penetration depth, sample deformation to optimize heat absorption, and the onset of smoldering combustion involving char formation. It was discovered that the synergistic effects of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), triphenylphosphine (TPP), and (NH₄)₂HPO₄ not only facilitated the decomposition of the samples but also lowered the surface temperature and reduced the amount of oxygen in the pyrolysis zone, thereby prolonging the ignition time, particularly at heat fluxes of 25 or 30 kWm^− 2. The incorporation of Na₂CO₃ alongside other additives predominantly impacted the second stage of the combustion process, significantly contributing to the reduction of thermal penetration in combustion. The ignition time of the treated samples was at least 1.5 times longer than that of the untreated samples at a lower heat flux. Notably, stable burning was more pronounced at higher heat fluxes for treated samples, and the mass loss rate of these samples was comparatively lower. The thermal penetration depth can be expressed as a function, which is approximately equal to 0.8 <span>({rho over {mathop qlimits^{,,,.,''} }})</span>. The soot yield for both PA1 and PA2 increased with the rising heat flux, approximately 0.006 to 0.007 kg/kg at higher heat flux. The total heat release and total oxygen consumption were observed to be lower for the treated samples. Upon analyzing the fire risk, it was determined that the performance of additive combination PA2 was superior, indicated by lower values in key risk indicators such as heat release rate, mass loss rate, and CO and CO₂ yields. However, flashover propensity of PA2 ranged from 0.25 to 12.07, slightly higher than that of PA3. Further research is being undertaken to further refine the formula to better meet the safety requirements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of primers for wood bonding on beech wood’s Young’s modulus","authors":"Thomas Böger,&nbsp;Max Engelhardt,&nbsp;Klaus Richter,&nbsp;Antoni Sanchez Ferrer","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02165-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02165-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>When producing load-bearing timber products with one-component polyurethane adhesives and certain wood species, e.g., beech or larch, primers can be used to obtain stronger and more durable bonds. The active chemicals of three existing primer systems, <i>hydroxymethylated resorcinol formaldehyde</i> (HMR), <i>polysorbate 20</i> (PS20), and <i>poly(ethylene glycol)</i> (PEG), were used to impregnate beech wood. Young’s modulus (E) in the radial direction was determined in tensile mode. A modified E can influence the deformation and stress distribution at the wood-glue interface. Compared to the untreated wood, the average E was reduced by 7% for the water-treated reference and the HMR treatment. With the PS20 treatment, the average E was reduced by 16%, compared to the untreated wood, and by 45% with the PEG treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-024-02165-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on mechanical properties and fire resistance of flame-retardant laminated veneer lumber fabricated with fast-growing poplar","authors":"Zhekui Cui,&nbsp;Qing Chun,&nbsp;Zheng Wang,&nbsp;Boxu Lin,&nbsp;Jian Sun","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02158-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02158-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To fully utilize Chinese fast-growing timber resources, fast-growing poplar was selected for manufacturing flame-retardant laminated veneer lumber (FRLVL). Firstly, orthogonal experiments were conducted to assess the impact of four factors (hot-pressing time, hot-pressing temperature, retardant concentration, and retardant types) on the mechanical properties and burning behavior of FRLVL. Subsequently, optimal manufacturing parameters were chosen based on statistical analysis. Finally, the fire performance of LVL manufactured with the optimal parameters was evaluated to investigate changes in physical–mechanical properties under high-temperature conditions. Results indicated that the addition of retardants led to a decrease in mechanical properties. In comparison to the control group, LVL impregnated with two retardants exhibited higher limited oxygen index and longer fireproof time, with the effects of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) surpassing those of borax (BX). The optimal manufacturing parameters were a hot-pressing temperature of 140 °C, a hot-pressing time of 1.3 min/mm, and concentrations of 15%. As the temperature increased, the mechanical properties of LVL manufactured with the optimal parameters decreased noticeably. However, under the conditions of a temperature of 200 °C and a treatment time of 90 min, the mechanical properties of LVL still met the LVL-32P grade proposed in LVL handbook.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crafting pixels in wood: understanding the interplay of technologies and visual perception in wooden photo engraving","authors":"Martin Jurek,&nbsp;Renata Wagnerová,&nbsp;Michal Šafář,&nbsp;Sujit Bidhar","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02172-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02172-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper delves into the realm of laser engraving of photographs on wooden surfaces and explores the differences between mathematical and human perception. A comprehensive quality study was conducted to explore the results achieved by 27 different realizations. The evaluation process involves both objective analyses and subjective assessments from hundreds of ratings of 60 evaluators, with the aim of unravelling the intricate interplay between technology and visual perception. The study also poses the intriguing question of whether the image most accurately transferred onto a wooden surface is also the most favourably perceived by potential customers and what are their preferences for laser engraved products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-024-02172-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delignification treatment of birch veneer for manufacturing of highly curved laminated veneer lumber (LVL)","authors":"Fuqi Feng,&nbsp;Jiangling Bai,&nbsp;Jinda Peng,&nbsp;Lei He,&nbsp;Fangfang Liu,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Ma,&nbsp;Guowei Da,&nbsp;Chenzhuo Wei,&nbsp;Jiuli Lei,&nbsp;Juqing Cui","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02171-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02171-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wood is an eco-friendly and renewable natural material. However, it cannot be easily shaped for curved products with mold-pressing technology while maintaining its intrinsic properties. In this study, different delignification treatments (acid, alkali, and combined acid–alkali) were applied to birch veneer for the manufacturing of highly curved laminated veneer lumber (LVL). The physical properties, including color, shrinkage, density, and mass loss, of treated birch veneers changed significantly after the delignification treatment. Characterization of lignin content and FTIR showed partial removal of lignin and hemicellulose. The crystallinity of treated birch veneer, calculated from XRD data, increased due to the reduction of the non-crystalline regions. SEM demonstrated that birch veneer and acid-treated veneer contain many hollow vessel structures and fibers, while alkali-treated and acid–alkali-treated veneers observed completely closed fibers. The magnified examination of alkali-treated birch veneer reveals a completed and smoothed crease, whereas acid–alkali-treated veneers exhibit rough creases with loose fibers. In contrast, untreated birch veneer and acid-treated veneers tend to fracture upon folding. Finally, highly curved LVL with minimal angles of 30° was prepared with alkali-treated veneers. Compressive performance increases from 8.7 MPa for curved LVL with angles of 120° to 19.8 MPa for curved LVL with angles of 30°. These findings could be used to manufacture shaped furniture, irregular building formwork, reconstituted decorative lumber and automobile interiors in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-024-02171-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on effects of preheating enhancement process on the strength of ultra-thin fiberboard slabs by orthogonal analysis","authors":"Lei Zhang,&nbsp;Jie Zhang,&nbsp;Liang Chang,&nbsp;Lulu An,&nbsp;Wenjing Guo,&nbsp;Qiheng Tang","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02157-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02157-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ultra-thin fiberboard (UTF) is a wood-based panel produced through a hot-pressing process. UTF can be directly applied as a decorative veneer on curved walls or panels, significantly expanding the range of applications for fiberboard and increasing its added value. Due to its thickness, UTF is flexible and malleable, making it a suitable alternative to wood veneer as the outer layer of plywood. Additionally, UTF effectively mitigates the cracking commonly caused by the anisotropy of wood veneer. In the UTF production line, there is a gap between the preheating enhancement machine and the continuous-flat press machine. If the ultra-thin fiberboard slab (UTFS) lacks sufficient strength, it is prone to collapsing and fracturing in this gap, leading to production breakdowns. To address this issue, UTFS is preheated prior to continuous hot-pressing to enhance its strength. This study evaluated the effects of preheating temperature, adhesive dosage, and fiber moisture content (MC) on UTFS strength using orthogonal analysis. The results indicated that the optimal UTFS strength was achieved when the preheating temperature was set at 85 °C, the adhesive was 5%, and the fiber moisture content was 12%. This work provides an evaluation basis for adjusting the parameters of the preheating enhancement process and offers theoretical guidance for the industrial production of ultra-thin fiberboard.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition and densification by inorganic particles in organic–inorganic hybrid fiberboards to enhance mechanical and flame retardancy performance","authors":"Ying Wu,&nbsp;Li Lu,&nbsp;Hong Cheng,&nbsp;Lei Li,&nbsp;Zhihan Li,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang,&nbsp;Sha Luo,&nbsp;Ming Liu,&nbsp;Yiqiang Wu,&nbsp;Yan Qing","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02183-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02183-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The demand for fire-resistant wood-based materials has grown in response to the increasing urban population density and the widespread construction of high-rise buildings. Inorganic hybridization is a promising strategy to impart hybrid properties to lignocellulosic composites. However, this approach usually leads to a deterioration of the mechanical properties of the resulting composites due to agglomeration of the inorganic particles and insufficient adhesion. In this work, microscopic inorganic particles (ground calcium carbonate, kaolin, fly ash) were pre-mixed with melamine-urea–formaldehyde resin adhesive to solve the agglomeration problem of inorganic particles in organic–inorganic hybrid fiberboards. Additionally, the inclusion of inorganic particles inhibited excessive resin penetration and densified the resulting board, ultimately improving the mechanical properties and flame retardancy of the fiberboards. This work provides a straightforward and scalable approach that enables the well-dispersion of inorganic particles and fosters a strong bonding between wood fibers and inorganic particles to produce high-performance organic–inorganic hybrid fiberboards with higher flame retardancy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing physical and mechanical properties of single-layer particleboards bonded with canola protein adhesives: impact of production parameters","authors":"Lawrence Tene Tayo,&nbsp;Darshan Shivappa Nayaka,&nbsp;Aldo Joao Cárdenas-Oscanoa,&nbsp;Markus Euring","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02163-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02163-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the effects of various production parameters on the physical and mechanical properties of one-layer particleboards bonded with canola protein-based adhesives. Two protein-based adhesive formulations, CPI-B-0 with sodium bisulfate and CPI-N-60 with sodium nitrite crosslinkers, were examined under different conditions: binder content, press temperature, and press time factor. Results indicate that the CPI-N-60 outperformed the CPI-B-0 in terms of internal bonding strength (IB), modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) due to the stronger covalent bonds formed with primary amines present in the protein adhesive. Increasing binder content led to significant improvements in mechanical properties, with the internal bonding and the MOR increasing by 21% and 9% when using 9% binder content over 7% respectively. The press temperature, as well as the press time were found to yield the highest influence on mechanical properties, with higher values resulting in better performance. Increasing the press temperature from 170 °C to 190 °C led to 33% increment in the internal bonding and 20% in the MOR, while 67% and 28% increment was obtained with 210 °C press temperature, respectively. Increasing the press time also led to an increase in the mechanical properties of the particleboards, by almost the same proportions as the effect of press temperature. The interaction effects between production parameters highlighted the importance of optimized conditions for achieving the desired properties. Indeed, under certain press conditions, the CPI-N-60 outperformed the conventional UF K345, achieving an IB value of 0.8 N/mm² over 0.65 N/mm². Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of canola protein-based bio adhesive, with implications for the optimization of the production parameters for better boards’ properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-024-02163-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}