European Journal of Wood and Wood Products最新文献

{"title":"In-situ hydroxyapatite mineralization in beech and pine wood: effects of leaching on fire behavior","authors":"Matic Sitar,&nbsp;Sabina Dolenec,&nbsp;Nataša Knez,&nbsp;Miha Hren,&nbsp;Boštjan Lesar,&nbsp;Andreja Pondelak","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02412-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02412-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study presents the in-situ synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp) within the structure of beech and pine wood. The modification process utilized a two-step vacuum-pressure impregnation coupled with chemical precipitation using calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate solutions, followed by exposure to ammonium hydroxide vapors. While the initial focus was on the overall physicochemical changes, microstructural characteristics and fire behavior of the mineralized wood, the main aim is to specifically investigate the effects of leaching. Because HAp synthesis produces water-soluble ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) as a by-product, this research systematically addresses how the removal of this component affects the final properties of wood. HAp formation was confirmed by FTIR and X-ray diffraction, while scanning electron microscopy and microcomputed tomography revealed HAp deposits primarily in the cell lumen of both wood species. Fire behavior was evaluated using thermal analysis and the cone calorimeter. The incorporation of non-flammable HAp synthesized within the wood structure may act as a barrier and mass transfer during pyrolysis. This results to comparable or slightly enhanced key fire performance parameters when comparing leached HAp synthesized samples with leached reference samples. In contrast, the unleached HAp synthesized samples, which still contained residual NH₄NO₃, showed deterioration in fire growth rate (FIGRA) and heat release rate (HRR) parameters, confirming that NH₄NO₃ acts as an oxidant. However, this oxidative property also leads to improvements in total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) parameters compared to unleached references, representing a complex interaction when studying the fire properties of mineralized wood.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-026-02412-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced fire retardancy and mechanical performance of wood via modification with a bio-based furfuryl alcohol–tannic acid–phosphoric acid system","authors":"Igor Wachter,&nbsp;Veronika Kvorková,&nbsp;Tomáš Štefko,&nbsp;Peter Rantuch,&nbsp;Oisik Das,&nbsp;Lenka Blinová,&nbsp;Jozef Martinka","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02410-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02410-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A bio-based wood modification approach combining furfuryl alcohol (FA) and tannic acid (TA) was developed to improve both mechanical performance and fire behaviour of poplar wood. The impregnation formulations were catalysed by phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) to enable in-situ polymerisation and fixation within the wood structure. Optical microscopy confirmed progressive lumen filling and cell-wall impregnation after treatment, with tannin–furfurylated wood (TFA-W) showing a more homogeneous polymer distribution than furfurylated wood (FA-W). The structural densification was reflected in hardness performance: Shore D increased by 7% for FA-W and 16.5% for TFA-W, while Janka hardness increased by 17% and 56%, respectively, compared with untreated wood (RW). To address strength-related performance, three-point bending tests were performed. TFA-W exhibited increased flexural properties (MOR 89.22 MPa; MOE 9.98 GPa) relative to RW (MOR 74.76 MPa; MOE 8.49 GPa). Fire performance was evaluated by limiting oxygen index and cone calorimetry. Both modified systems promoted char formation and reduced flammability, resulting in an upgrade of the predicted reaction-to-fire classification from Euroclass D-s1 for RW to C-s1 for FA-W and TFA-W. Furthermore, the TFA-W demonstrated excellent leach resistance, retaining over 97% of the polymer mass after accelerated leaching tests, indicating high chemical stability. Overall, the results demonstrate that incorporating tannic acid into furfurylation systems is an effective strategy to enhance indentation resistance, maintain or improve flexural performance, and improve fire behaviour of fast-growing poplar wood.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-026-02410-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocomposite of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), wood fibres and additives: physicochemical properties and processability through different techniques","authors":"Fátima Santos,&nbsp;Patrício Vargas,&nbsp;Anabela Massano,&nbsp;Beatriz Carvalho,&nbsp;Ana C. Fonseca,&nbsp;Geoffrey Mitchell,&nbsp;Bruna Santos,&nbsp;Artur Mateus,&nbsp;Telma Encarnação","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02402-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02402-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bio-based composites are a promising substitute for fossil-based plastics and aim to reduce their negative environmental impact. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) is a bio-based and biodegradable thermoplastic whose properties are comparable to those of commonly used plastics, such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). In this study, we propose different blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with bio-based fillers and additives, including wood fibres, poly(butylene-co-adipate terephthalate) grafted with either maleic anhydride or glycidyl methacrylate and calcium carbonate as an alternative to fossil-based plastics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that no significant new bonds were formed. The X-ray scattering data revealed that the presence of additives did not significantly influence the crystallinity of the composites. In terms of thermal stability, the formulation containing the poly(butylene-co- adipate terephthalate) grafted with glycidyl methacrylate demonstrated increased degradation temperature which was reduced by the presence of wood in the blends. Additionally, this formulation presented the highest melting temperature of 175.1 °C. Mechanical properties were decreased with the addition of wood fibres, in terms of tensile strength and elongation at break but increased in terms of Young modulus for all composites containing wood. The functionalisation of the wood with tannic acid and iron resulted in improved elongation at break (3.78 ± 0.14%), ultimate strength (29.28 ± 1.12 MPa) and, especially, Young modulus (1060 ± 19.59 MPa). The PHBV/wood TA.Fe/CaCO₃ formulation presents comparable results to those of neat PHBV, with higher values for Young modulus. The overall aim of this study is to develop and characterise different fully bio-based composites that could be used in injection moulding and additive manufacturing techniques, such as fused granular fabrication.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-026-02402-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green flame retardancy: biomass-based treatment for poplar wood","authors":"Igor Wachter,&nbsp;Veronika Kvorková,&nbsp;Tomáš Štefko,&nbsp;Peter Rantuch,&nbsp;Jozef Martinka,&nbsp;Chia-Feng Lin,&nbsp;Lenka Blinová","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02406-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02406-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Poplar wood (<i>Populus alba</i> L.) was modified using a fully bio-based flame-retardant system based on furfuryl alcohol (FA) and ammonium phytate (AMP), catalysed by phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄). The treatment enables in-situ polymerization of FA to form a cross-linked poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) network that immobilizes the nitrogen-phosphorus flame retardant within the wood structure. The modified wood exhibited a weight% gain of ≈ 22% and a density increase from 0.39 to 0.50 g cm^− 3. FTIR and SEM–EDX confirmed incorporation of phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing species throughout the wood matrix. Fire testing showed a substantial improvement in flame retardancy, including an increase in limiting oxygen index from 18% to 28%, a strong reduction in heat release and smoke production, and a more than six-fold increase in residual char. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated earlier dehydration and enhanced char formation, consistent with a synergistic condensed-phase mechanism of the P–N system. Importantly, the treatment exhibited high leach resistance (&gt; 90%), and the enhanced fire performance was largely retained after a 14-day leaching procedure, confirming durable fixation of the flame-retardant components. The combined FA + AMP+H₃PO₄ system also reduced water uptake and improved surface hardness, while maintaining acceptable mechanical performance. The results demonstrate that phosphoric acid can act as a dual-function catalyst and supplementary phosphorus source, enabling a low-concentration, renewable, and durable flame-retardant modification of fast-growing poplar wood. This approach provides a sustainable pathway for producing multifunctional, high-performance lignocellulosic materials.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-026-02406-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the durability of pine species: studying the efficacy of copper- and silicone-based liquids as a function of chemical loadings and wood species","authors":"Tarcila Rosa da Silva Lins,&nbsp;Lukas Emmerich,&nbsp;Pedro Henrique Gonzalez de Cademartori,&nbsp;Ricardo Lima de Souza,&nbsp;Ricardo Jorge Klitzke,&nbsp;Márcio Pereira da Rocha,&nbsp;Holger Militz","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02393-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02393-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fungal decay significantly affects the performance of wood used for outdoor applications. Both biocidal and non-biocidal treatments have been explored to enhance the resistance of wooden materials against decay fungi. This study evaluated the effects of different concentrations of copper-based and silicone-based products on the durability of different pine species (<i>Pinus sp.</i>) against brown-rot fungi. Treated specimens of <i>Pinus radiata</i>, <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> and <i>Pinus palustris</i> were exposed to monocultures of <i>Coniophora puteana</i>, <i>Rhodonia placenta</i> and <i>Antrodia vaillantii</i> after an accelerated ageing procedure. Durability was assessed based on mass loss and durability classes assigned to untreated as well as treated specimens. Both treatments significantly increased the decay resistance, whereas no significant differences could be measured between the wood species or decay fungi. Silicone oil showed a clear concentration–durability relationship: treatments at ≥ 5% provided the maximum protection level and were classified as “very durable” (DC 1) in most cases. For treatments with copper-based preservatives, the highest concentration generally resulted in the highest durability class, although some samples were only moderately durable. This indicated that starting from a concentration of 3%, copper-based treatments contributed to reduce the mass loss. Principal component analysis was applied to verify the relationship between the variables. The results confirmed these patterns and highlighted the potential of intermediate concentrations to optimize the biological durability. Overall, the findings demonstrated that both copper-based and silicone-based treatments effectively enhanced the resistance of sapwood sections of various pine species to different brown-rot fungi, primarily by maintaining low moisture content (MC) and minimizing fungal activity and decay measured on the basis of mass losses (ML) even after fungal exposure.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-026-02393-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A decision-making framework for fire safety in engineered timber buildings: an IVIF-SWARA-based assessment","authors":"Şükrü Özşahin,&nbsp;Hilal Singer","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02401-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02401-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Timber structures have gained increasing popularity due to their environmental benefits and structural efficiency. However, this growing adoption also presents complex challenges, particularly in ensuring adequate fire safety. This study aims to identify and prioritize the most critical fire safety measures in mass timber construction. To achieve this objective, a decision-making framework based on an interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis (IVIF-SWARA) is employed to model experts’ opinions under uncertainty. A three-level hierarchical structure with five main factors and twenty-five subfactors is devised based on the literature and expert consultations. IVIF-SWARA is applied to obtain weight vectors. The results indicate that the most critical factors are “fire compartments and insulation systems”, “safe escape routes and evacuation planning”, “cross-section optimization and load-bearing capacity”, “fire resistance and protection of connection elements”, and “early detection and warning systems”. The proposed framework is designed to function as a reusable and adaptable tool for various timber building projects, supporting evidence-based resource allocation, strategic fire safety planning, and the continuous improvement of fire risk mitigation practices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-026-02401-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combustion and kinetic properties of water absorption and high temperature drying of charcoal from wood residues of Azobé, Tali, Padouk and Iroko: experimental study and mathematical modeling","authors":"Joseph Mfomo Zobo,&nbsp;Maximilien Kouahou Djomou,&nbsp;Armand Zebaze Ndongmo,&nbsp;Godwin Fonyuy Banyuy,&nbsp;Jean Jalin Eyinga Biwôlé,&nbsp;Claude Takoumbe,&nbsp;Jean Freddy Zam,&nbsp;Scharife Brice Mukam,&nbsp;Achille Bernard Biwolé","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02404-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02404-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study focuses on the characterization of the combustion properties and hygroscopic behavior of charcoals from wood residues of tropical woods widely available in Cameroon, notably Azobé, Tali, Padouk and Iroko. The physicochemical and energetic properties were determined using the gravimetric and calorimetric methods, while the kinetics of water absorption by total immersion and drying at high temperatures (70, 80 and 90 °C) were studied experimentally. The results show that charcoal from Azobé presents the best energy performance, characterized by a high basic density, a high fixed carbon content and a high higher heating value. Page model made it possible to effectively describe the kinetics of water absorption, while the logarithmic model proved to be the most suitable for modeling drying. Charcoal from Iroko appeared to be the most hygroscopic, with a high diffusion coefficient, indicating a high sensitivity to humidity. On the other hand, charcoal from Azobé and Tali have better hygrometric stability and rapid diffusion during desorption, thereby facilitating their drying. These results highlight the importance of diffusion and activation parameters for understanding water-charcoal interactions, with direct implications related to their storage and use of charcoal in humid tropical regions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensing knots: Piezoelectric signatures of anatomical variation in wood","authors":"Zeynep Eda Özan,&nbsp;Gökhan Gündüz,&nbsp;Deniz Aydemir","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02403-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02403-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to investigate the influence of knots, as anatomical irregularities in wood, on piezoelectric properties. Smooth-grained and knot-containing specimens obtained from common ash, Scots pine, and white poplar were subjected to mechanical testing under varying loading conditions. The experimental parameters included a constant load level of 5000 N and loading up to maximum stress. Specimen dimensions were prepared as 20 × 20 × 60 mm³ and 30 × 30 × 90 mm³. In addition, tests were conducted considering both radial and tangential surface orientations to evaluate the influence of anatomical direction on piezoelectric performance. The measurements were conducted with Keithley 2002 8½-digit high-performance multimeter under the specific loadings. The results demonstrated that knot presence had a statistically significant effect on the piezoelectric response, accounting for 78.29% of the total variance in V_rms values and resulting in a pronounced reduction in piezoelectric performance. Smooth-grained specimens exhibited higher piezoelectric voltage values, particularly under higher applied loading levels. Among the species tested, common ash consistently showed the highest V_rms values, highlighting the importance of anatomical integrity and mechanical resistance for efficient piezoelectric behavior, whereas Scots pine and poplar displayed markedly lower responses. Overall, the findings indicated that anatomical defects, particularly knots, governed the piezoelectric performance of wood, while variations in applied force, specimen size, and surface orientation were found to play a comparatively limited role.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swelling and shrinking of earlywood and latewood in white and red oak: a case study evaluating the effects of density and tyloses by digital image correlation","authors":"Tao Shi,&nbsp;Kai Liu,&nbsp;Wendi Wang,&nbsp;Hui Peng,&nbsp;Jianxiong Lyu,&nbsp;Tianyi Zhan","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02407-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02407-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>White oak (<i>Quercus alba</i> L.) and red oak (<i>Quercus rubra</i> L.) are widely used in high-value wood products, yet their tissue-level differences in dimensional stability remain inadequately quantified. In this specific case, digital image correlation was employed to quantitatively characterized the swelling and shrinking behavior of earlywood and latewood in both species. Full-field strain distributions were computed within successive growth rings, revealing that latewood exhibited greater radial strain than earlywood. Wood rays showed distinctive tangential swelling reaching up to 9.2%. Density was generally the dominant factor governing hygro-deformation; however, in earlywood of white oak, the presence of tyloses increased the apparent density, leading to an overestimation of the density effect on swelling and shrinking. The deformation exhibited pronounced transverse anisotropy in earlywood, whereas latewood exhibited nearly isotropic behavior. A linear relationship between hygro-deformation and moisture content was observed, with no evident swelling hysteresis. The tissue-specific swelling and shrinking coefficients were derived, with radial values of 0.13% in white oak earlywood and 0.09% in red oak earlywood. These findings provide tissue-level insights into how tyloses influence hygro-deformation and have practical implications for applications such as cooperage and furniture production, where precise dimensional stability is critical.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and characteristics of phosphorylated lignin and lignosulfonate derived from eucalyptus wood black liquor","authors":"Dewi Shafa Kayla,&nbsp;Deded Sarip Nawawi,&nbsp;Mahdi Mubarok,&nbsp;Apri Heri Iswanto,&nbsp;Lee Seng Hua,&nbsp;M. Hazwan Hussin,&nbsp;Widya Fatriasari","doi":"10.1007/s00107-026-02396-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-026-02396-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lignin phosphorylation is recognized as a chemical modification technique to enhance fire performance as a fire-retardant agent. The isolated lignin from <i>Eucalyptus sp.</i> was synthesized with P₂O₅ to produce phosphorylated lignin. This study aimed to examine the effect of phosphorus supplementation on the properties of phosphorylated Eucalyptus lignin and lignosulfonate. The results indicated that the addition to the mixture enhanced both the yield and purity of phosphorylated lignin compared to phosphorylated lignosulfonate. The phosphorylated lignin contained lignin functional groups, while the phosphorylated lignosulfonate comprised S = O functional groups. Phosphorylated lignin and lignosulfonate exhibit analogous morphologies and retain mineral constituents. Phosphorylated lignin left more ash after burning and had a higher glass transition temperature than phosphorylated lignosulfonate. The equivalent weight and S/G ratio of phosphorylated lignosulfonate are greater than those of phosphorylated lignin. The ¹³C NMR results from the phosphorylation process showed major changes in the structure of lignin and lignosulfonate. Phosphorylated lignin showed modifications to the side chain and aromatic system. On the other hand, phosphorylated lignosulfonates showed a major reduction in all functional groups, particularly methoxy and phenolic-OH groups, indicating that their structure was more extensively broken down.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"84 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147561833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}