European Journal of Wood and Wood Products最新文献

{"title":"Elastic stiffness of a novel steel-grout hybrid dowel-type connector for cross-laminated timber panels: analytical model development, experimental validation and genetic algorithm optimization","authors":"Blériot Vincent Feujofack Kemda,&nbsp;Cristiano Loss","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02227-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02227-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work presents the development of an analytical model for the elastic stiffness of innovative hybrid steel-grout dowel-type connectors for CLT panels. This analytical model is based on the Beam on Elastic Foundation theory using the Wrinkler assumption. Within the model, the connector’s elastic stiffness is discretized into two components: (i) the rod-grout interaction stiffness and (ii) the grout-CLT interaction stiffness. The final stiffness is derived by combining these two components. This model accommodates the complex modulus of elasticity function for CLT through a square wave function approximated using a Fourier series. 420 monotonic static full-scale tests were conducted on hybrid connectors, varying the loading angle, the CLT grade, the rod diameter and strength class, and the grout-to-rod diameter ratio. A comparison between experimental and analytical results demonstrates the accuracy of the developed analytical model, with average errors for the elastic stiffness of 13% for connectors loaded in a direction parallel to the face layers of the CLT panel and 11% for connectors loaded in a direction perpendicular to the face layers of the CLT panels. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the modulus of elasticity of the grout has the most significant effect on the variability of elastic stiffness of connectors. Finally, a genetic algorithm optimization confirmed that an optimal grout-to-rod diameter ratio falls between 2 and 4 for 3-ply CLT panels, with a selected ideal connector having a rod diameter of 27.99 mm and a grout-to-rod diameter ratio of 2.68, yielding an elastic stiffness of 156.01 kN/mm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bending performance of adhesive-free cross-laminated timber panels fabricated with fast-growing Chinese fir","authors":"Yi Zhang,&nbsp;Weiguo Long,&nbsp;Jiajia Ou,&nbsp;Di Chen,&nbsp;Zhao Chen","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02230-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02230-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To effectively utilize China’s abundant fast-growing forest resources for the manufacturing of engineered wood products (EWPs) and reduce the environmental impact induced by adhesives in EWPs, this study developed nailed cross-laminated timber (NCLT) using machine-graded fast-growing Chinese fir laminations, with wooden nails as the fasteners. Four-point bending tests were conducted on 28 NCLT panels. The failure modes, bending strength, and stiffness of the specimens were investigated. The parametric analysis was carried out based on the validated finite element analysis of NCLT panels. The results show that the failure mode of NCLT panels differs from the brittle failure of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels, demonstrating a better plastic deformation capacity. The bending strength and stiffness of NCLT panels ranged from 8.67 to 12.33 MPa and 5.90 to 13.95 kN·m², respectively. Moreover, both the bending strength and stiffness of the NCLT panels showed a positive correlation with the diameter and quantity of wooden nails. The mechanically jointed beam model can accurately predict the bending stiffness of NCLT. Through the rational arrangement of the laminations and wooden nails, NCLT has the potential to serve as a substitute for CLT.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of surface roughness on the wettability of MDF processed by robotic sanding","authors":"F. Iglesias,&nbsp;A. Aguilera,&nbsp;A. Rolleri,&nbsp;M. Wentzel,&nbsp;E. Diez","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02231-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02231-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sanding and polishing operations are essential to conditioning and improving the quality of surfaces before applying coatings on wooden parts and wood-based materials. One of the characteristics to evaluate the surface response to coatings is wettability, which is described by the contact angle. This study investigated the effect of surface roughness on the contact angle behaviour of medium-density fibreboards. For this, workpieces were sanded with different grit sizes (P80, P120, and P240), and all other operating conditions were held constant. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysed the chemical composition of the surfaces to rule out the influence of surface polarity on the contact angle. Then, surface roughness was measured by confocal microscopy, and wettability was measured by distilled water droplet contact angle. The results revealed a non-linear relationship between surface roughness and contact angle, where smoother surface roughness, generated by finer grit sandpaper, correlated with lower contact angles, suggesting better wettability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143527661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of using eucalyptus wood and castor oil adhesive to produce OSB panels","authors":"Estefani S. Sugahara,&nbsp;Andre M. A. Dias,&nbsp;Edson C. Botelho,&nbsp;Cristiane I. Campos,&nbsp;Alfredo M. P. G. Dias","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02232-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02232-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wood panels play a key role in the industrialization of construction, combining technological and sustainable characteristics being associated with a possible lower environmental impact related to carbon fixation and the replacement of non-renewable materials. The growing global consumption of OSB (Oriented Strand Board) panels highlights their relevance and consolidation in the market. Therefore, to ensure the safe application of these composites as construction components, viable alternatives to traditional raw materials must be explored to meet regulatory and technological requirements. In this context, OSB panels were produced using eucalyptus wood which is a fast-growing reforestation hardwood, and castor oil polyurethane adhesive, which is derived from renewable sources. This preliminary study evaluated the physical and mechanical properties of the panels produced, including density (D), moisture content (MC), swelling in thickness − 24 h (TS), water absorption (WA), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of strength in bending (MOR) in both parallel (p.a.) and perpendicular directions (pe), internal bond (IB), and Resistance to axial withdrawal of screws in face and edge (PS-s and PS-t). The average results were compared with the use classes of Standard EN 300:2006, demonstrating that the panels meet OSB/4 classification (heavy-duty load-bearing boards for humid conditions) and also with literature. Notably, the mechanical properties exceeded standard requirements by 57% for MOE-pa, 79% for MOR-pa, 39% for MOE-pe, 80% for MOR-pe, 189% for IB, 38% for PS-s, and 172% for PS-t, confirming their production viability and excellent structural performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143496981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective cross-section of a timber beam exposed to natural fires","authors":"Sabina Huč,&nbsp;Tomaž Hozjan,&nbsp;Robert Pečenko","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02202-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02202-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>According to the Eurocode standards, advanced numerical models or the reduced cross-section method can be used to determine the mechanical resistance of timber structures under fire conditions. The method assumes a rectangular effective cross-section with full strength and stiffness and the cross-section of effective thickness without strength and stiffness after fire exposure. The effective thickness is the sum of the charring thickness and the zero-strength layer thickness, which are specified in the standards only for standard fire exposure. In the present paper, the analyses are combined with the reduced cross-section method and numerical fire, hygro-thermal and mechanical models to determine the charring thickness, zero-strength layer thickness and effective thickness of a simply supported timber beam under bending exposed to different natural fires. The results show that the three thicknesses increase with fire duration until the end values are reached at which the timber beam can withstand a prescribed natural fire. The end values for the charring thickness are between 18.2 mm and 72.1 mm, for the zero-strength layer thickness between 14.9 mm and 27.4 mm and for the effective thickness between 39.9 mm and 89.9 mm. The results also show that the end values of the charring thickness and the effective thickness depend on the maximum gas temperature. The end values of the zero-strength layer thickness depend on the linear cooling rate. Simple linear equations are proposed to account for these dependencies. Piecewise linear equations are also proposed to describe the temporal development of the three thicknesses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-025-02202-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the mechanical property of fiber reinforced recycled composite wood and its constitutive model","authors":"Rusheng Qian,&nbsp;Tao Wang,&nbsp;Deyu Kong,&nbsp;Xiachao Chen,&nbsp;Yunsheng Zhang,&nbsp;Yang Yang","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02219-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02219-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To improve wood utilization in the field of construction engineering, a fiber reinforced recycled composite wood was successfully prepared using waste wood, polypropylene and polyester fiber in this work. The polypropylene was utilized as a hot melt adhesive and the fiber was employed as a lashing bundle, which both enhance the mechanical property of the composite wood. The flexure performance of the composite wood was tested and its constitutive model was established for analyzing its stress–strain characteristics. The results show that the waste wood combined with polypropylene and fiber can be recycled as a serviceable composite, and its flexural strength and flexural stiffness were elevated by approximately 54% and 20%, respectively. The strength defect in the tension zone of the recycled wood was improved and its compression zone can enter the plastic stage thus improving its force coordination. The constitutive model of the composite wood was established based on the Hill Criterion and 3D-Hashin Criterion. The simulation method proposed can accurately predict the mechanical behavior and failure process of composite wood during bending, and its yield trend and damage process are close to actual experiments, which was used to reveal the strengthening mechanism of polypropylene and fiber on the wood.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143481235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of waste tire and rubber from automobiles in the manufacturing of particleboards and evaluation of its properties","authors":"Iveta Čabalová,&nbsp;Jozef Krilek,&nbsp;Tatiana Bubeníková,&nbsp;Ivan Ružiak,&nbsp;Miroslav Nemec,&nbsp;Seng Hua Lee,&nbsp;Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis,&nbsp;Anna Darabošová,&nbsp;Vladimír Mancel,&nbsp;Lubos Kristak,&nbsp;Luigi Todaro,&nbsp;Valentina Lo Giudice","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02215-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02215-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of this work was to investigate the selected properties of particleboard (PB) containing waste rubber – a mixture of carpets and isolators (GWR) and tires (GWT) from discarded automobiles. Mechanical (tensile strength (IB), bending strength (BS), physical (water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS) after 2 and 24 h of immersion), chemical (volatile compounds - VOC using GC-MS method), thermo-physical (thermal conductivity and diffusivity, specific heat capacity) and sound absorption coefficient were analyzed. In addition, a density profile and microscopic analysis of the particleboards were performed. The addition of 10% rubber to the PB either maintains the IB or improves the BS of the composite. The best results for WA after 24 h (97.94%) and TS after 24 h (30.74%) were achieved for composites containing tire granulates. For this reason, these PBs are the most suitable for utilization in areas with higher humidity. Adding 20% of GWR to PB decreased the total content of VOC emissions by 85% so it can be stated that the rubber probably acts as a VOC sorbent. Control PBs had significantly lower thermal conductivity and diffusivity, and comparable specific heat capacity values than PBs containing GWR and GWT. The best sound insulation properties were obtained for PBs containing 20% of GWR. Microscopic analysis pointed to greater GWT and GWR contents resulting in higher C content in the PB. All PBs containing GWR have a higher mean density compared to that of control, ranging from 597 kg·m⁻³ to 615 kg·m⁻³. On the other hand, PB containing GWT had comparable or lower density values.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-025-02215-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective method integrated with back propagation neural network analysis for surface quality in wood–plastic composite milling","authors":"Feng Zhang,&nbsp;Dietrich Buck,&nbsp;Xiaolei Guo,&nbsp;Tianlan Zhang,&nbsp;Liyun Qian","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02225-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02225-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In wood–plastic composites (WPCs) milling, achieving optimal material removal rates and surface roughness levels are critical objectives. In this study, WPCs milling experiments were conducted, and a back propagation (BP) neural network was applied to develop a predictive model for surface roughness. A geometric method was used to derive the calculation formula for the material removal rate. Subsequently, a multi-objective approach was adopted to determine the optimal combination of control factors, including spindle speed <i>n</i>, feed rate <i>U</i>, milling depth <i>h</i>, for WPCs milling. The findings indicate that an increase in spindle speed reduced surface roughness, whereas higher feed speed and milling depth resulted in increased surface roughness. Variance analysis revealed that milling depth had the greatest impact on surface roughness, contributing 34.66%, followed by feed speed at 30.77% contribution and spindle speed at 30.55% contribution. A BP prediction model for surface roughness was established with high accuracy, exhibiting a maximum error of 4.89%. Furthermore, a multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm was applied to optimize the objectives of minimizing surface roughness and maximizing material removal rate. Based on the obtained Pareto front, the milling parameter combination of <i>n</i> = 12,000 r/min, <i>U</i> = 3.23 m/min, and <i>h</i> = 0.4 mm is recommended for roughing. For semi-finishing, the optimal parameters are <i>n</i> = 12,000 r/min, <i>U</i> = 4.76 m/min, and <i>h</i> = 0.4 mm. For finishing, the suitable combination is <i>n</i> = 12,000 r/min, <i>U</i> = 6 m/min, and <i>h</i> = 0.72 mm. Experimental verification demonstrated a maximum predictive error of 16.87%, confirming the feasibility of the multi-objective optimization approach.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of fire-retardant treatments and their impact on the fire performance and bonding properties of aspen and silver birch veneers","authors":"Percy Alao,&nbsp;Adekunle Olusoji,&nbsp;Heikko Kallakas,&nbsp;Alar Just,&nbsp;Jaan Kers","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02223-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02223-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Plywood is a valuable material that offers superior properties compared to solid wood. However, like solid wood, its poor flammability limits its suitability for various applications. This study investigates the impact of distinct types of fire retardants (FRs), designated as B, P, and U, as well as various application techniques—roller coating, spraying, and impregnation—on the bond strength and fire performance of aspen and birch veneers. A lap shear test (LST) was conducted to compare the bond strength of veneers bonded with a newly developed lignin-substituted phenolic formaldehyde (LPF) resin against a conventional formaldehyde resin (PF) to evaluate the effects of FR treatments. The results indicated that FR retention was significantly higher with impregnation and, overall, with aspen veneers than birch, except for aspen veneers treated using the spraying method with P-FR. The P-FR exhibited strong and consistent performance with birch veneers, irrespective of the treatment method. Notably, P-FR roller-coated aspen, with an FR retention of 9.5% and an ignition time of 11 s, demonstrated the best overall reaction to fire performance. With a basic protection duration of 52 s and a thermal decay time of 157 s, this combination demonstrated improved thermal resistance. The LST further revealed that FR treatments significantly impacted birch veneers, which experienced a 30–48% decrease in shear strength with PF resin relative to untreated veneers. The LPF resin was incompatible with birch veneers when treated with P-FR formulated from a protic ionic liquid. For aspen, the overall decrease in shear strength was 40%, but with B- and U-FR treatments, the reductions reached 38% and 50%, respectively—much higher than the decreases observed in birch (25% and 37%) relative to control samples. These findings provide valuable insights into the effects of fire retardants on new resins, though further research is necessary for comprehensive validation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-025-02223-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A decade review on hardwood composites and their research developments","authors":"Pierre Blanchet,&nbsp;Matheus Roberto Cabral,&nbsp;João Vítor Felippe Silva,&nbsp;Javier García-Jaca,&nbsp;Daniel Ridley-Ellis,&nbsp;Patrick John McGetrick,&nbsp;Michela Nocetti,&nbsp;Regis Pommier","doi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02216-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-025-02216-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Composite materials, such as engineered wood products (EWPs), are favored for their stability, durability, and uniform mechanical properties, making them a potential way to valorize hardwood species. Therefore, this article aims to present a decade review of hardwood composites and their developments. The methodology of this review was divided into three main parts. First, a search for peer-reviewed articles on EWPs published between 2012 and 2023 was conducted using the Web of Science (WOS) database. Second, the data extracted from the WOS database were analyzed using the Virtual Operating System (VOS) viewer and a bibliometric approach. Third, selected peer-reviewed articles were systematically reviewed and included in this study, and their main findings were presented. The reviewed documents showed that hardwood composites are favored for their stability, durability, and uniform mechanical properties, which make them attractive for various engineering applications. Some key findings from the review include the potential of Yellow Birch to enhance wood-plastic composites by improving flexural strength and reducing flammability. Eucalyptus nanofibers have shown promise in enhancing the mechanical performance of composite mixtures. Hybrid poplar has been identified for its suitability in cross-laminated timber (CLT) products as they meet and exceed the shears and bending strength required by ANSI/APA PRG-320. Moreover, I-joists made from hardwood residues exhibit comparable mechanical performance to commercial counterparts. The review underscores the need for continued research and development to foster wider adoption of these valuable materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}