Hno最新文献

{"title":"[Prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics-An introduction].","authors":"Maria do Carmo Greier, Benedikt Gabriel Hofauer","doi":"10.1007/s00106-025-01657-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00106-025-01657-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human microbiome consists of a diverse array of microorganisms that perform essential functions for health. In particular, the oral microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining oral health by preventing the colonization of pathogenic bacteria and regulating pH balance. Dysbiosis of the oral microbiome has been linked to the development of caries, periodontal diseases and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, a bidirectional interaction between the oral and intestinal microbiomes is mediated through the so-called oral-gut axis. In recent years, prebiotics, probiotics and especially postbiotics have been extensively studied for their potential in microbiome modulation. Postbiotics represent a promising alternative as they do not contain viable microorganisms but bioactive metabolites, cell wall fragments or enzymes that exert immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Particularly in the context of oral health, postbiotics show potential benefits by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microbes, regulating immune responses and reducing inflammatory processes. Recent research results suggest that postbiotics can sustainably improve oral health. Furthermore, preliminary studies indicate their potential application as an adjunct therapy for oral cancer due to their antitumor properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":55052,"journal":{"name":"Hno","volume":" ","pages":"622-627"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12370546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144785985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Principles of microbiome research].","authors":"Julia Eckl-Dorna, Petra Pjevac","doi":"10.1007/s00106-025-01656-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00106-025-01656-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microbiome research in the ear nose and throat (ENT) field has substantially gained in importance in recent decades. Modern sequencing methods have largely replaced traditional cultivation. Standardized protocols are essential to ensure reliable and comparable data. The article explains key terms, such as microbiome (the entire microbial community and its environment) and microbiota (only living microorganisms), along with the microbial taxonomy. Important measures for microbiome assessment include the alpha-diversity (species richness and distribution within a sample) and beta-diversity (differences between samples). A differentiation is made between two main approaches to microbiome sequencing: 1) 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (identifies microbial community composition by sequencing the PCR product of a specific gene), 2) metagenomic sequencing (sequences the entire genomic material of a sample, allowing deeper insights). As nasal microbiome biomass is low, careful study design and controls are crucial. Microbiome research is a rapidly growing field with great potential but it requires meticulous planning and bioinformatics expertise for meaningful results.</p>","PeriodicalId":55052,"journal":{"name":"Hno","volume":" ","pages":"605-609"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12370865/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144838638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The microbiome in diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses].","authors":"Tina Bartosik","doi":"10.1007/s00106-025-01661-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00106-025-01661-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The nasal microbiome refers to the composition and diversity of bacterial communities residing in the nasal cavity. While the gut microbiome has been the primary focus of microbiome research in recent years, driven by advances in diagnostic technologies, increasing attention is now being directed toward microbial ecosystems in other regions of the body, including the respiratory tract. In general, a high and stable microbial diversity (α-diversity) is considered indicative of a \"healthy\" microbial community. Conversely, reduced bacterial diversity has been associated with clinical conditions, such as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS); however, it remains unclear whether such microbial alterations are a cause or consequence of the disease, as current evidence does not yet allow for definitive conclusions. Interpreting existing studies on the nasal microbiome is challenging due to several factors: the low microbial biomass in the nasal cavity, the technical difficulty of accurately analyzing such samples, and the lack of standardized methodologies for sampling and data interpretation. These limitations contribute to the heterogeneity of current findings and highlight the need for consistent, guideline-based research protocols in this emerging field.</p>","PeriodicalId":55052,"journal":{"name":"Hno","volume":" ","pages":"610-614"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12370828/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144857063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Otorhinolaryngologic diseases during lactation-which medications are compatible with breastfeeding?]","authors":"Wolfgang E Paulus, Carolin Schwamborn, Ulrike Friebe-Hoffmann","doi":"10.1007/s00106-025-01648-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00106-025-01648-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breastmilk is well established as the best source of nutrition for infants. Any interruption to breastfeeding comes with risks such as mastitis, decreased breastmilk supply, infant bottle refusal, and infant allergic reaction if formula is used. The majority of common medications used in general otolaryngology are safe for breastfeeding patients. Insufficient knowledge can lead to clinicians and patients alike being concerned about continued breastfeeding, resulting in interruption or cessation of breastfeeding. On the other hand, much-needed treatment is often withheld for fear of putting the infant at risk from contaminated breastmilk, which can disrupt the mother's wellbeing and, in turn, disturb a successful breastfeeding relationship. The aim of the present work is to present a structured \"guideline for practice\" pertaining to medication that can be used during lactation for treating medical conditions of the ear, nose, and throat.</p>","PeriodicalId":55052,"journal":{"name":"Hno","volume":" ","pages":"661-672"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144785984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Otorhinolaryngologic diagnostics and treatment of vertigo syndromes].","authors":"Leif Erik Walther","doi":"10.1007/s00106-025-01592-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00106-025-01592-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vertigo and dizziness are common key symptoms in clinical practice and can significantly impair quality of life. Potential consequences include inability to work, reduced social contacts, falls, and secondary illnesses. Otorhinolaryngologists encounter both acute and chronic dizziness syndromes in emergency settings, during interdisciplinary diagnostic testing, and in ENT expert assessments. A structured medical history, targeted communication techniques, and an orienteering initial examination facilitate differential diagnostic classification. In addition, instrumental, objective diagnostics (\"mapping\" all five vestibular sensors on both sides) provide quantitative insights into the function of vestibular sensors and reflexes. Although diagnostic criteria and evidence-based treatments exist for certain conditions, the overall data situation remains inadequate for many diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":55052,"journal":{"name":"Hno","volume":" ","pages":"628-649"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12370841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Factors influencing the outcome of cochlear implantation: what role is played by secondary and post-secondary education? German version].","authors":"Christoph Broeder, Uwe Baumann","doi":"10.1007/s00106-025-01646-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00106-025-01646-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Individual cognitive abilities are increasingly discussed as a potential factor influencing the outcomes of cochlear implant (CI) treatment. In this context, the present study investigated a possible correlation between the secondary and post-secondary education of a large cohort of CI recipients and their speech comprehension. Other variables with a potential influence on the treatment outcome included age at implantation, the duration of hearing loss, and the treatment mode.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included data of n = 326 patients from the audiology database of the Frankfurt University ENT Clinic. Secondary and post-secondary education histories were collected as part of the anamnesis using a questionnaire. Speech comprehension was assessed using the Freiburg monosyllabic test (FBE) and the Oldenburg sentence test in noise (OLSA) at 6 and 12 months after implantation and correlated with various biographical and audiological factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with higher educational qualifications showed better outcomes in the FBE at 6 months (ANOVA_Welch; F (2, 104) = 5.60; p = 0.05) and at 12 months (F (2, 223) = 3.07; p = 0.05; η² = 0.03) compared to those with vocational qualifications. In the speech comprehension in noise (OLSA), a significant group difference was observed 12 months postoperatively. Patients without qualifications or with other qualifications scored lower than those with vocational or higher qualifications (F (2, 74) = 4.41; p = 0.02; η² = 0.11). Other significant factors influencing speech comprehension included the age at implantation and mode of care.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The correlation between secondary and post-secondary education and speech comprehension after CI treatment was not unequivocal. Only the choice of post-secondary education showed a significant correlation with speech comprehension. Further research is required to confirm a potential relationship.</p>","PeriodicalId":55052,"journal":{"name":"Hno","volume":" ","pages":"650-660"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12370789/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144762357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Role of the microbiome in otolaryngology].","authors":"Dietmar Thurnher","doi":"10.1007/s00106-025-01665-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00106-025-01665-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55052,"journal":{"name":"Hno","volume":"73 9","pages":"603-604"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144979402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The microbiome from ear to nasopharynx].","authors":"Achim G Beule","doi":"10.1007/s00106-025-01660-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00106-025-01660-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The results of a scoping review on the current state of scientific knowledge in relation to the various anatomical areas from the nasopharynx to the ear are presented. In brief, foreign bodies in the area of the outer ear (hearing aids, piercings) change the microbiome and favor a moist environment. Middle ear infections also lead to changes in the fecal microbiome. Chronic middle ear effusions with otitis media are characterized by Corynebacteria in the nasopharynx. Diseases of the lower respiratory tract are associated with a reduction in diversity in the microbiome of tympanic effusions. Biofilms in the middle ear are associated with severe conductive hearing loss. In patients with a cholesteatoma, an altered middle ear microbiome could also be detected on the opposite side. Both protective and risk-increasing factors of the gut microbiome have been reported for sensorineural hearing loss. The relationship between the microbiome of the nasopharynx and the ear is heterogeneous depending on the underlying disease. In particular, the ability to influence hearing function through diet and the association with the gut microbiome also shed new light on diet as a preventive option for ENT specialists.</p>","PeriodicalId":55052,"journal":{"name":"Hno","volume":" ","pages":"615-621"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144818352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Evidence-based phytotherapy in otorhinolaryngology-the update].","authors":"F Locquet, S Sertel","doi":"10.1007/s00106-025-01636-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00106-025-01636-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>For centuries, phytopharmaceuticals were the primary form of medicine used worldwide to treat, alleviate, or prevent disease. Phytotherapy harnesses the therapeutic effects of plants and their components (phytopharmaceuticals). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), phytotherapy remains a crucial pillar of healthcare today and is expected to become even more important in the future. Referring to our initial review article from 2011, we now present an update to cover the period from 2011 to the present.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Which phytopharmaceuticals are relevant in otorhinolaryngology, and is there evidence-based data supporting their use?</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A literature search was conducted for the period from 2011 to 2024 using PubMed (MEDLINE). The search results were further refined by focusing on randomized, clinical, and controlled trials written in English and adhering to Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search term \"phytotherapy\" yielded 44,202 results. After limiting to 2011-2024 and applying the aforementioned criteria, 1685 results remained. With respect to otorhinolaryngology, only six studies remained. This procedure was applied to all search terms and otorhinolaryngology-specific search terms. Exclusion criteria included homeopathy, shamanistic medicine, case reports, studies not conducted according to GCP guidelines, and studies not written in English. The search term \"traditional medicine\" returned 275,079 results. After limiting to 2011-2024 and applying the aforementioned criteria, 6448 results remained. With respect to otorhinolaryngology, only two studies remained. The search term \"Chinese medicine\" returned 378,231 results. After limiting to 2011-2024 and applying the criteria, 7815 results remained. With respect to otorhinolaryngology, only one study remained. In total, 14 studies were selected and presented.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Since 2011, a substantial number of new studies on phytotherapy have been published. However, few studies utilize standardized measurement methods and materials, thus precluding objective statements. Such standardization is essential for practical therapeutic application. Due to the frequently inadequate adherence to GCP guidelines, there has been no significant gain in knowledge regarding the effects and efficacy of phytopharmaceuticals. Intensive clinical research is still required to adequately utilize phytotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":55052,"journal":{"name":"Hno","volume":" ","pages":"558-567"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144082156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Inner ear schwannomas and hearing rehabilitation with cochlear implants-an update].","authors":"Stefan K Plontke, Torsten Rahne","doi":"10.1007/s00106-025-01639-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00106-025-01639-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55052,"journal":{"name":"Hno","volume":" ","pages":"547-549"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144121511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}