Human Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Apparent maternal exclusion explained by a MICA deletion","authors":"Ina Skaljic ,&nbsp;Sylvia Piggott ,&nbsp;Carla Wirtz ,&nbsp;Kasia Szewczyk ,&nbsp;Erin Christian ,&nbsp;Michele Prod ,&nbsp;Maria Oppermann ,&nbsp;Robert A Bray ,&nbsp;Howard M Gebel","doi":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 31-year-old male undergoing evaluation for an allogeneic stem cell transplant exhibited a complete mismatch at the MICA locus compared to his biological mother. The recipient was homozygous MICA*008:04, while the mother was homozygous MICA*002:01. Sample mix-up was ruled out and we sought an alternative explanation. Upon investigation of MICA and HLA-B allele linkage, multiple studies reported an association of a MICA deletion (MICAdel) with HLA-B*48. Interestingly, the patient and his mother both typed as HLA-B*48:02. Furthermore, the patient and his mother each typed as MICB*09:01N. Copy number analysis confirmed a single copy of MICA in both samples, thus providing supporting evidence of a MICAdel in both subjects, and consistent with previously published data on the association of a MICAdel with HLA-B*48. What initially appeared to be a maternal exclusion based on a MICA mismatch was instead attributable to a hemizygous loss of MICA. This case highlights two important considerations: 1) evaluating other loci, not generally considered in most clinical matching algorithms can uncover interesting genetic anomalies usually described only in research settings, 2) The appreciation of such findings can lead to studies that explore the clinical impact of such an evolutionary change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55047,"journal":{"name":"Human Immunology","volume":"86 6","pages":"Article 111603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145318954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the role of genetic variants in susceptibility to autoimmune Diseases: A molecular genetics approach","authors":"Fatemah S. Basingab","doi":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and progressive organ damage. These conditions affect millions worldwide and often result in long-term disability. The underlying reasons for increased vulnerability remain uncertain, particularly regarding the combined influence of genetic variations and lifestyle factors on disease risk. The purpose of this study is to identify key genetic variants associated with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes, and to investigate how these variants interact with environmental exposures to influence risk and age of onset. Publicly available genetic and molecular data were analyzed, including genome-wide association studies (NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog, ImmunoBase, and dbGaP), DNA sequencing datasets (1000 Genomes Project, Genomic Data Commons, and SRA), gene expression profiles (GEO and ArrayExpress), and epigenetic marks (ENCODE and RegulomeDB). This study identifies several significant genetic variants associated with autoimmune diseases, including <em>PTPN22, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, IRF5, IL10</em>, and other immune-regulatory genes. Notably, the <em>PTPN22</em> rs2476601 variant increased the risk by approximately 1.8 times, while the <em>HLA-DRB1</em> rs3135388 variant increased the risk by around 2.1 times. Additional variants, such as <em>HLA-DQ</em>, IRF, and <em>IL10</em>, also play significant roles in immune dysregulation and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, with specific allele associations yet to be fully explored. Pathway analysis revealed that these genes are primarily involved in antigen presentation, cytokine signaling, and T-cell activation—key processes underlying the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Smoking and vitamin D deficiency further elevated risk in genetically susceptible individuals and were linked with earlier disease onset. The findings highlight genetic markers such as <em>IL2RA</em> and <em>TIM-3</em> as potential tools for early screening and therapeutic targeting. Integrating genetic testing with lifestyle assessment can support personalized prevention, guide drug development, and improve clinical practice. Validation in diverse populations and long-term studies is recommended to confirm clinical usefulness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55047,"journal":{"name":"Human Immunology","volume":"86 6","pages":"Article 111614"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does hydroxychloroquine intervention improve pregnancy outcomes in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss who are positive for antinuclear antibodies?","authors":"Li Yang ,&nbsp;Yueqiu Shen ,&nbsp;Minqin Xu ,&nbsp;Ling Zhou ,&nbsp;Hong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Whether hydroxychloroquine intervention can improve pregnancy outcomes in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss patients (RPL) with antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) positive is still unknown.</div><div>RPL patients who were positive for ANAs without rheumatism were recruited from the Reproductive Medicine Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from January 2016 to December 2023 (N = 104). Normal healthy pregnant women were selected as the Control group (N = 100). ANA-positive pregnant women who had experienced one sporadic abortion were included in the SA group (N = 42). Patients in both RPL and SA groups received 0.2–0.4 g hydroxychloroquine daily. General data and pregnancy outcomes were compared among the three groups. Patients with RPL were divided into three subgroups according to ANA titers: 1:100 (n = 81), 1:320 (n = 18) and 1:1000 (n = 5). The differences in the pregnancy outcomes among the subgroups were compared.</div><div>We found the abortion rates in RPL and SA groups were greater than that in the control group (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The incidence of pregnancy complications was greater in the RPL group than in the control group (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The full-term live birth rates in RPL and SA groups were lower than that in the control group (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). There were significant differences in the abortion rate among patients with RPL with different ANA titers (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05).</div><div>We concluded that adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as abortion and complications during pregnancy, are still more common in ANA-positive RPL patients than in normal pregnant women despite treatment. The ANA titer is closely related to the abortion rate among RPL patients during sequent pregnancy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55047,"journal":{"name":"Human Immunology","volume":"86 6","pages":"Article 111585"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kidney transplant rejection despite zero eplet DR / DQ Mismatch: A case report","authors":"A. Quintiliano ,&nbsp;C.H. Cramer ,&nbsp;A.J. Bentall ,&nbsp;M. Prieto ,&nbsp;S.H. Nasr ,&nbsp;C.A. Schinstock ,&nbsp;M.J. Gandhi","doi":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eplet mismatch (MM) quantification is a valuable tool for refining histocompatibility in kidney transplantation, especially at HLA-DR/DQ loci. However, zero MM at these loci does not ensure complete immunological safety. We report a 17-year-old male who received a living donor kidney transplant via the kidney paired donation (KPD) program. The donor had 0 eplet MMs at HLA-DR/DQ, with negative crossmatch and no pre-transplant donor-specific antibodies (DSAs). Despite this, the patient developed early mixed rejection—T cell-mediated (TCMR) and antibody-mediated (ABMR), and further analysis revealed DSAs targeting an HLA-C 80 K/77 N eplet. Combined treatment for TCMR and ABMR led to histological and functional improvement. This case illustrates the limitation of relying solely on HLA-DR/DQ eplet matching. Despite achieving 0 MM at these loci, the patient developed significant alloimmune injury. Molecular MM scores are useful predictive biomarkers, but they do not fully capture the complexity of immune responses in transplantation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55047,"journal":{"name":"Human Immunology","volume":"86 6","pages":"Article 111606"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145395079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"miR-302d-3p expression and genotype are associated with CMV replication after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation","authors":"Piotr Łacina ,&nbsp;Rachel E Crossland ,&nbsp;Jagoda Siemaszko ,&nbsp;Agnieszka Szeremet ,&nbsp;Maciej Majcherek ,&nbsp;Anna Czyż ,&nbsp;Małgorzata Sobczyk-Kruszelnicka ,&nbsp;Wojciech Fidyk ,&nbsp;Iwona Solarska ,&nbsp;Barbara Nasiłowska-Adamska ,&nbsp;Patrycja Skowrońska ,&nbsp;Maria Bieniaszewska ,&nbsp;Agnieszka Tomaszewska ,&nbsp;Grzegorz W Basak ,&nbsp;Sebastian Giebel ,&nbsp;Tomasz Wróbel ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik","doi":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is a common complication after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). It occurs in over a third of alloHSCT recipients, and is a major source of post-transplant mortality. miRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that are important regulators of gene expression. They are often dysregulated during disease, including transplant-related complications. Due to their presence in all body fluids, they can be used as potential biomarkers. In this study, we performed miRNA profiling to find differentially expressed host miRNAs in serum that could be linked to CMV reactivation after HSCT. CMV reactivation was confirmed by detection of CMV DNA in serum. We identified two miRNAs, miR-302d-3p (p &lt; 0.001) and miR-6721-5p (p = 0.018), as differentially expressed between day + 30 and + 90 after HSCT in patients with CMV reactivation. Of these, miR-302d-3p was confirmed as overexpressed on day + 30 in a verification analysis performed on an independent cohort of patients (p = 0.027). Furthermore, we analysed two genetic variants in the gene coding for miR-302d-3p. We found one of them, rs13136737, to be significantly associated with CMV reactivation (p = 0.015). In conclusion, our study showed that miR-302d-3p is dysregulated and that its genetic variant rs13136737 may be important in development of CMV reactivation after HSCT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55047,"journal":{"name":"Human Immunology","volume":"86 6","pages":"Article 111599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145260208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, update July, August and September 2025","authors":"Steven GE. Marsh (Professor)","doi":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111601","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55047,"journal":{"name":"Human Immunology","volume":"86 6","pages":"Article 111601"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive comparative assessment of mean Fluorescence Intensity of Luminex single Antigen bead tests between laboratories and commercial platforms: A report from the Italian Histocompatibility Network","authors":"Antonina Piazza ,&nbsp;Giovanni Rombolà ,&nbsp;Umberto Maggiore ,&nbsp;Dario Ciappi ,&nbsp;Emanuele Cozzi ,&nbsp;Maria Chiara de Stefano ,&nbsp;Roberto Crocchiolo ,&nbsp;Andrea Ricci ,&nbsp;Massimo Cardillo ,&nbsp;Valeria Miotti ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Feltrin ,&nbsp;Franco Papola ,&nbsp;on behalf of AIBT Working Group","doi":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable and reproducible testing of Donor Specific HLA-Antibodies (DSA) is essential for clinical decisions in organ transplantation. In this prospective multicentre study from the Italian Transplant Network, we assessed reproducibility and possible bias of Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) values of Luminex-Single Antigen Bead (SAB) assays across 20 laboratories using the 2 commercially available platforms (Vendor 1 and Vendor 2). Both Vendors showed inter-laboratory median MFI coefficient of variation below 20 %. We evaluated the possible MFI bias between Vendors. In the clinically significant 1000–10000 MFI range, a strong MFI bias was observed for class I SAB, with Vendor 1 MFI being approximately one third of Vendor 2 (Vendor 1 MFI = 0.36 Vendor 2 MFI). For class II, the MFI bias was lower, approximately three quarters of Vendor 2 (Vendor 1 MFI = 0.74 Vendor 2 MFI), with several discrepant results for DQ alleles. Ultimately, we defined the best fitting cutoff values for positive and permissive DSA (1000 and 3000, respectively) in use in the current Italian National Kidney Allocation System. These were 500/1000 and 500/2000 for class I and class II for Vendor 1 compared to 1000/3000 for both classes in Vendor 2.</div><div>Overall, we developed a tool to compare MFI values between different platforms for consistent DSA assignment across laboratories and enable the most appropriate clinical decisions in organ transplantation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55047,"journal":{"name":"Human Immunology","volume":"86 6","pages":"Article 111611"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One Action and Multiple Results: Influenza A Virus and SARS-CoV-2 Poly-Epitope-Based Hybrid Vaccine Exploration by Reverse Vaccinology and Immunoinformatic Methods","authors":"Fatemeh Razmjooei ,&nbsp;Mohammad Izadi ,&nbsp;Abbas Dehghanian ,&nbsp;Sina Hassani ,&nbsp;Hamed Mir ,&nbsp;Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Aref Bagherzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Influenza A virus (IAV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coinfection have been shown to intensify symptoms and, therefore, could be considered a significant threat to susceptible populations. Although vaccination is an effective and safe strategy to be used against viruses, large amounts of mutations in these two viruses remain an issue for vaccine design, as some strains of the IAV and SARS-CoV-2 are still present worldwide, regardless of the introduction of various vaccines to protect against the viruses.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We employed a bioinformatic approach to design a hybrid vaccine based on the epitopes of IAV and SARS-CoV-2, which are potentially conserved against mutations and are safe in terms of toxicity and allergenicity, yet promise to induce long-lasting innate and adaptive immune responses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The selected peptides demonstrated a potentially effective immune response and showed promise as safe and suitable for hybrid vaccine design. We selected epitopes focusing on their binding quality to cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), helper T lymphocyte (HTL), and B cell. For instance, CTL′s epitopes were checked using sequence-based prediction methods, and their entropy and antigenicity were confirmed. Similarly, all epitopes were selected based on their ability to induce robust humoral and cell-mediated immunity, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Hybrid vaccine design, utilizing our approach, can lead to next-generation hybrid vaccines that help the healthcare system establish a more consistent defense against both viruses for the susceptible population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55047,"journal":{"name":"Human Immunology","volume":"86 6","pages":"Article 111588"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145223186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Possible significance of anti-HLA DQ antibodies after lung transplantation – Single centre study","authors":"Anna Dukat-Mazurek ,&nbsp;Wojtek Karolak ,&nbsp;Hanna Zielińska ,&nbsp;Patrycja Specjał ,&nbsp;Grażyna Moszkowska ,&nbsp;Jacek Wojarski ,&nbsp;Karolina Lipka ,&nbsp;Justyna Fercho ,&nbsp;Marta Gallas ,&nbsp;Dariusz Rystwiej ,&nbsp;Fanny Sunesson ,&nbsp;Lin Akily ,&nbsp;William Karlsen ,&nbsp;Marcin Sawczuk ,&nbsp;Piotr Trzonkowski ,&nbsp;Sławomir Żegleń","doi":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The role of anti-HLA antibodies in solid organ transplantation has long been recognized, particularly with respect to graft rejection and patient survival. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of <em>de novo</em> donor-specific antibodies (DSA) on graft failure and mortality in Polish lung transplant recipients. The study included 112 patients who had a well-defined immune status prior to transplantation. The presence and specificity of anti-HLA antibodies were assessed using the Luminex platform. We identified 26 patients (23%) as having increased immunological risk. Pre-transplant DSAs were detected in 13 recipients. Post-transplantation, the development of <em>de novo</em> DSAs was evaluated, with a cumulative incidence of 11%. Our findings confirmed that lung transplant recipients with donor-specific immunization frequently develop antibodies targeting antigens at the HLA-DQ locus. Notably, 90% (9 out of 10) of immunized patients exhibited high mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) levels of anti-DQ antibodies. These antibodies were shown to be harmful, with mortality significantly higher in immunized patients: 50% of patients with anti-DQ antibodies died, compared to only 15% in those without DSAs. This is the first study of its kind in the Polish population, confirming that strategies to prevent and treat DQ DSAs may improve outcomes for lung transplant recipients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55047,"journal":{"name":"Human Immunology","volume":"86 6","pages":"Article 111597"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring eNOS–Caveolin-1 interaction in placentas of SARS-Cov-2 positive pregnancies","authors":"Canan Hurdag ,&nbsp;T. Önel ,&nbsp;K. Sandal ,&nbsp;S. Demircan","doi":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The placenta serves as a vital interface between mother and fetus, facilitating nutrient exchange and immune regulation. Although generally effective in preventing pathogen transmission, some viruses such as CMV and Zika can cross this barrier. The mechanism of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To investigate the expression and interaction of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in placental tissues from SARS-CoV-2-positive pregnancies and their potential role in limiting vertical transmission.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Placental samples were obtained from RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19-positive and healthy pregnancies. Histological, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence techniques were used to evaluate tissue morphology and Cav-1/eNOS expression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Control placentas exhibited intact villous structures, normal erythrocyte morphology, and strong Cav-1 and eNOS expression in endothelial cells. SARS-CoV-2-positive placentas showed villous damage, swollen erythrocytes, decreased collagen, and reduced endothelial expression of Cav-1 and eNOS. Cav-1 was absent in syncytiotrophoblasts in all samples.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Reduced expression of Cav-1 and eNOS in endothelial cells, combined with the absence of Cav-1 in syncytiotrophoblasts, may contribute to the placental resistance against SARS-CoV-2. These findings support the hypothesis that molecular features of the placenta, particularly involving Cav-1/eNOS pathways, play a protective role in preventing vertical transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55047,"journal":{"name":"Human Immunology","volume":"86 6","pages":"Article 111615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}