Human Movement Science最新文献

{"title":"Time course of motor learning during human-in-the-loop optimization of a prosthetic foot","authors":"Thijs Tankink ,&nbsp;Juha M. Hijmans ,&nbsp;Raffaella Carloni ,&nbsp;Han Houdijk","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>People with a lower-limb amputation must undergo a process of co-adaptation with a prosthesis to achieve optimal walking performance. Human-in-the-loop optimization could identify optimal prosthetic settings, while also providing insight into the process of motor learning during prosthetic tuning. The aim of the study was to investigate the time course of motor learning of people with transtibial amputation during the human-in-the-loop optimization process of a prosthetic foot, in which the stiffness and alignment were optimized to minimize metabolic cost.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Ten people with a transtibial amputation underwent an optimization protocol while walking on an instrumented treadmill with an experimental prosthetic foot with tuneable stiffness and alignment. We aimed to minimize the metabolic cost of walking by optimizing the stiffness and alignment, using an evolutionary optimization algorithm consisting of 6 generations of 6 trials. To monitor motor learning throughout the optimization process, motor learning trials with initial standard settings were repeated after each generation. Occurrence of motor learning over time was assessed by comparing metabolic cost and walking biomechanics during motor learning trials.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Metabolic cost during the motor learning trials decreased significantly (≥ 6.8 %) over time (<em>p</em> = 0.01). This reduction in metabolic cost was limited to the first four generations of the optimization process (i.e., 56 min).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Motor learning of people with a transtibial amputation plays a significant role during prosthetic tuning. Motor learning extended over at least 56 min in our human-in-the-loop optimization experiment. Co-adaptation of the user should therefore be taken into account during tuning of prosthetic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 103418"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eliminating interlimb transfer asymmetry through exposure","authors":"Cong Yin ,&nbsp;Yaoxu Wang ,&nbsp;Jiasen Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the asymmetry of interlimb transfer in motor skill learning and explored a method to eliminate it. Two experiments were conducted using a laser pistol shooting task. In Experiment 1, we examined whether interlimb transfer asymmetry occurs in pistol shooting. Right-handed participants trained with either their dominant or nondominant hand. Pre- and post-tests were conducted with both hands. Results showed that shooting performance transferred from the dominant to the nondominant hand immediately after training, but not in the reverse direction. Experiment 2 tested whether the training-plus-exposure (TPE) paradigm could eliminate this asymmetry. Three groups trained with their nondominant hand. Following training, two exposure groups engaged the dominant hand in either a mouse-tracking or keyboard-typing task, while a third group rested. Only the tracking exposure group exhibited complete transfer of shooting skill to the dominant hand. A control group that performed only the tracking task without prior training showed no performance gain. These findings suggest that interlimb transfer in shooting is asymmetric not because of unequal learning, but due to execution-level inhibition that prevents expression of acquired skill. Exposure to a task with similar control demands reactivates access to shared motor representations. This challenges existing models of interlimb transfer focused on learning or storage limitations and supports a new framework that dissociates acquisition from expression. The results also parallel findings from perceptual learning and may inform interventions in sports training and motor rehabilitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 103427"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145454130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental relationships between motor skills and executive functioning in children with intellectual disabilities","authors":"Yaping Wang ,&nbsp;Yanchun Liu ,&nbsp;Jingjing Xiang ,&nbsp;Jia Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests a link between motor skills and executive functioning, yet the nature of this relation remains relatively unexplored in children with intellectual disabilities. This study focuses on exploring the developmental relationships between motor skills and executive functioning in this population. We utilized a longitudinal approach to follow 101 children with intellectual disabilities, ranging in age from 7 to 17, across three measurement points with one-year intervals. At each measurement point, participants completed tasks evaluating gross motor skills, fine motor skills, and executive functioning. Random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling revealed distinctive motor–executive function relationship patterns. Specifically, fine motor skills and executive functioning reciprocally predicted each other between Time 1 and Time 2. Additionally, fine motor skills at Time 2 significantly predicted executive functioning at Time 3, whereas the reverse pattern was not observed. In contrast, no significant longitudinal relationship was found between gross motor skills and executive functioning. These findings suggest that interventions integrating fine motor skills and executive functioning could be essential for children with intellectual disabilities, providing an important avenue to support their skills development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 103424"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145350201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One motion, different strategies: Intra-individual spinal movement variability during a repeated flexion task","authors":"Cathrine H. Feier ,&nbsp;Samantha Tsioros ,&nbsp;Victoria M. Lippitt ,&nbsp;Shawn M. Beaudette ,&nbsp;Stephen H.M. Brown","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spinal movement variability is a normal feature of repetitive motions and has been hypothesized to differ between people with and without low back pain. However, normative values for intra-individual variability are currently lacking, making it difficult to judge when the variability becomes abnormal. This study used a combination of principal components analysis, single component reconstruction, and coefficient of variation to assess intra-individual variability of 3 blocks of 10 repeated spinal flexion movements in a group of 15 healthy individuals. Spinal flexion movements were assessed using motion capture cameras and a 19 × 3 matrix of retroreflective stickers on the spinous processes and bilateral paraspinal muscle bellies of S1-C7 spinal levels. All participants showed lower range of motion coefficients of variation in the lumbar spine (1.9–25.3 %) compared to the thoracic spine (7.9–30.1 %). To explain ≥80 % of the total variance within movements, 2–5 principal components were needed for each participant. Single component reconstruction revealed magnitude changes, waveform differences, and phase shifts as common sources of variability. These changes were usually observed when the coefficient of variation exceeded 10 % for that region of the spine. In conclusion, healthy individuals display varying levels of intra-individual spinal movement variability. The sources of variability can be interpreted using a combination of principal components analysis and single component reconstruction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 103419"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of perturbation-based balance training distribution on stability and fall risk in faller older adults: A randomized single-blind clinical trial","authors":"Júlia O. Faria ,&nbsp;Maria E.C. Favretto ,&nbsp;Isadora S. Bezerra ,&nbsp;Thiago F. Santos ,&nbsp;Tenysson W. Lemos ,&nbsp;Marina M. Villalba ,&nbsp;Eduardo B. Junqueira ,&nbsp;Paulo R.P. Santiago ,&nbsp;Renato Moraes","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Falls are the leading cause of injury among older adults, often occurring during walking. Effective training programs are essential for reducing falls, and the distribution of practice may influence motor skill learning. This randomized clinical trial investigated the effects of different perturbation-based balance training (PBT) session distributions on postural stability and fall risk in older adults with a history of falls. Thirty participants were randomly allocated to either a massed practice group (2 sessions/day; <em>n</em> = 15) or a distributed practice group (1 session/day; n = 15). Both groups underwent four PBT sessions involving acceleration and deceleration perturbations, followed by a retention test one week later. We assessed the margin of stability (MoS), the number of falls during sessions, and dynamic balance using the Mini-BESTest before and after training. Assessments were performed by evaluators blinded to group allocation. Groups did not differ in any of the variables investigated. Significant improvements were observed in MoS during the deceleration perturbation sessions (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), with an increase between sessions 1 and 4, and between session 1 and the retention test (p &lt; 0.05). The number of falls was reduced over the sessions (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), and there was an improvement in dynamic balance in the Mini-BESTest after PBT, particularly in reactive control and gait dynamics (p &lt; 0.001). The distribution of PBT sessions, whether massed or distributed, did not affect fall-related outcomes in fall-prone older adults. These findings support the use of flexible PBT schedules for fall prevention. This trial was registered in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (RBR-9dhx6kj; UTN: U1111–1276-4396).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 103415"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145223131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bimanual force coordination using the vector coding approach: Quantifying coordination quantity and quality","authors":"Do-Kyung Ko ,&nbsp;Beom Jin Choi ,&nbsp;Nyeonju Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate bimanual force coordination in 36 healthy young adults employing a vector coding method. The participants performed bimanual force control at two targeted force levels (i.e., 10 % and 40 % of maximum voluntary contraction [MVC]) and the Purdue Pegboard Test. Force accuracy was used to assess bimanual force control performance. Vector coding analysis was conducted to estimate the quantity and quality of bimanual force coordination. Further, the correlation between bimanual force coordination and bimanual dexterity was investigated. Lower force accuracy was observed at 40 % of MVC. The coordination quantity analysis revealed that left- and right-hand phases were more frequently observed at 10 % of MVC, whereas the greatest quantity of in-phase coordination was observed at 40 % of MVC. Notably, anti-phase coordination demonstrated higher quality in error correction despite its lower quantity. Moreover, a greater quantity of anti-phase coordination at 40 % of MVC was associated with superior bimanual dexterity. These results indicated that quantifying the quantity and quality of coordination using the vector coding method provides a novel framework for identifying specific motor control strategies during bimanual tasks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 103422"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145309989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bases for the selection of alternate foot placement during straight- and turning-gait","authors":"Nicholas Kreter ,&nbsp;Peter C. Fino","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Humans typically plan foot placement strategy multiple steps in advance when walking across complex terrain. Planning steps in advance is beneficial for both upright stability and forward progress, but one drawback is that new obstacles can make planned foot placement location unsafe between planning and execution, necessitating a rapid shift to foot placement that impacts both stability and progress. This study investigates the selection of alternate foot placement during both straight- and turning-gait. Thirteen healthy young adults walked along a virtually projected walkway with precision footholds oriented in either a straight line or with a single 60°, 90°, or 120° step or spin turn to the right. Step turns are turns where the rotation of the body occurs while the outside limb is in contact with the ground, whereas spin turns pivot over the inside limb. On a subset of trials, participants were required to rapidly avoid stepping on select footholds. Hierarchical bootstrapping analyses revealed stereotyped alternate foot placement strategies across turn angles that differed between step turns and spin turns. Specifically, alternate foot placement for step turns aligned with the person's approach trajectory when they identified a new obstacle, regardless of turn angle; whereas alternate foot placement for disrupted spin turns aligned with the person's future turn trajectory. We conclude that when humans are forced to rapidly alter previously developed motor plans for foot placement, they utilize a rapid stereotyped behavior that changes based on the demand of the turn.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 103402"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transfer of motor learning in a motion-controlled video game is better facilitated using rotations of the torso rather than movements of the center of pressure as a controller","authors":"Vasileios Mylonas ,&nbsp;Paris Mavromoustakos Blom ,&nbsp;Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos ,&nbsp;Nick Stergiou ,&nbsp;Thomas Nikodelis","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite growing interest in motion-controlled video games for rehabilitation, the mechanisms that facilitate transfer of motor learning in such situations remain poorly understood. This study examined the transfer of motor learning in a video game task controlled either via center of pressure (CoP) displacement or through torso rotations. For this purpose, during the game, participants controlled an aircraft in vertical and horizontal axes and had to fly through 100 ring-shaped targets. Twenty-one participants were randomly divided into two experimental groups. The first group (CoP-Tor) played first the game controlling the aircraft with CoP displacements and then the one with torso rotations. The second group (Tor-CoP) played the games in reverse order. Spatial errors were calculated between the player's position and the targets to quantify game performance. Sample entropy of the CoP displacement was calculated to quantify repeatability in postural sway variability. Our results showed that spatial errors were significantly lower in the CoP-controlled game for the Tor-CoP group compared to the CoP-Tor group. The Tor-CoP group also exhibited lower repeatability values in the CoP-controlled game compared to the CoP-Tor group. Our results suggested a directional transfer of motor learning from the Tor-controlled game to the CoP-controlled game, because performance improved in the CoP-controlled game when it was played after a Tor-controlled game. The entropy results suggested that the improved CoP-controlled game performance was also followed by a more repeatable pattern of movement variability. Overall, our findings suggest that torso-related training can improve CoP control possibly by increasing the repeatability of movement variability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 103400"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cortical rhythms associated with early postural stabilization during the transition from the double-leg to the single-leg stance","authors":"Yuji Nishioka ,&nbsp;Yoshiki Tanaka ,&nbsp;Nobuhiro Kito ,&nbsp;Akihiro Matsuura","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Previous studies have demonstrated that the cerebral cortex is involved in the postural responses to static standing and disturbances. However, the role of the cortex in postural stabilization remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify cortical activity during postural stabilization.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirteen healthy adult subjects performed a transition from the double-leg stance to the single-leg stance. The tasks were classified as −1–0 s (T1) to 3–4 s (T5), and the relationship between the power spectrum of the alpha and beta bands of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and the center of pressure (COP) or time to stabilization (TTS) was examined. The subjects were also divided into the low-TTS and high-TTS groups based on TTS, and EEG findings were compared between groups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>While COP parameters showed no significant correlation with EEG findings, TTS shortening was associated with a decrease in the alpha power at T2 (0–1 s) and an increase in the beta power at T5. Low-TTS group also showed a decrease in the alpha power compared with high-TTS group. Furthermore, low-TTS group showed an increase in beta power at T5 compared with T1, and high-TTS group showed a decrease in beta power at T5 compared with T3 (1–2 s).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings indicate that the cerebral cortex contributes to faster postural stabilization. Furthermore, the results suggest that the decrease in alpha power is the cortical activity that stabilizes the posture, and the increase in beta power is the cortical activity that maintains a stable posture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 103401"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144919726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning the front crawl by observation: Comparing self- and other-models","authors":"Carola Minkels ,&nbsp;John van der Kamp ,&nbsp;Peter J. Beek","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humov.2025.103398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Observational learning is widely used in skill learning, with self-modeling (i.e., viewing oneself perform at a higher level than currently possessed) emerging as a promising method with potential direct effects through attention/information processes, as well as indirect motivational benefits. However, prior research has yielded mixed results regarding its effectiveness in children learning motor skills and whether its effects are direct, indirect, or both.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study compared the effects of self-modeling, self-observation (i.e., viewing oneself perform at the current level), peer-modeling (i.e., viewing a peer perform at a higher level than the learner), and a control group on front crawl learning and motivation in children aged 5–9 years. The aim of this comparison was to disentangle the direct attentional/informational effects from the indirect motivational effects of self-modeling and observational learning on learning outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sixty-seven children participated in an eight-week intervention, randomly assigned to one of the four groups. Before practicing the front crawl, participants watched instruction videos featuring either themselves at the same skill level (i.e., self-observation), themselves at a higher skill level (i.e., self-modeling), a peer (i.e., peer-modeling), or a control video of Shrek (control).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All three observational learning interventions led to significantly greater improvements in swimming time than the control group, in the absence of significant differences between the observational interventions. No significant differences were found in motivational beliefs between the four groups. Mediation analyses revealed significant direct effects of all three observational interventions on improvements in swimming time, with no evidence of indirect effects through motivational beliefs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>It appears that, regardless of the model used, observational learning improves children's front crawl learning, but not their motivational beliefs. The effects of observational learning seem to be predominantly direct, enhancing attention and information processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 103398"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}