Journal of Athletic Training最新文献

{"title":"Return on investment of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programs in the United States.","authors":"Collin Peterson, Tao Li, Marc Norcross","doi":"10.4085/1062-6050-0507.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0507.24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears represent a significant health and economic burden in high school athletes. Despite evidence showing lower extremity injury prevention programs (IPPs) are effective at preventing ACL injury, IPPs lack widespread adoption.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Compare the cost-benefit of implementation of an injury prevention program versus standard warm-up in a national high school soccer population using a health system perspective.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cost Benefit Analysis.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Simulation of nationwide implementation of an IPP for United States high school soccer players.</p><p><strong>Patients or other participants: </strong>Data for high school soccer players from the 2018-2019 season.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measure(s): </strong>Return on investment was calculated using the cost of ACL treatment prevented with IPP use and the cost of IPP implementation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IPP implementation was the preferred strategy with a return on investment of $7.51 saved in ACL treatment costs prevented for every dollar spent on IPP implementation in our full model. When separating analysis by insurance type, private payors continued to show profitability while public payors failed to break even. The total net monetary benefit was over $60 million when simulating national-level IPP implementation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IPP implementation has the potential to generate significant medical cost savings in short-term ACL treatment costs, especially for private payors, when implemented in a national high school soccer population. The expected cost-benefit of IPPs should encourage broader implementation efforts and the inclusion of economically relevant stakeholders.</p>","PeriodicalId":54875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Athletic Training","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143442869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiences of Athletic Trainers Following the Death of a Student-Athlete by Suicide, Part 2: Institutional and Personal Response.","authors":"Maegan M Milliet, Elizabeth R Neil, Toni M Torres-McGehee, Ginger Gilmore, Kenya Moore, Zachary K Winkelmann","doi":"10.4085/1062-6050-0283.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0283.24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>The NCAA's 2016 and 2024 Mental Health Best Practice documents outline essential guidelines for athletic programs, including mental health recognition, referral pathways, and critical incident management. Despite these recommendations, there remains a significant gap in literature and practice regarding the response to and management of suicide bereavement among athletic trainers (ATs), highlighting the need for further exploration of their experiences and institutional responses following a student-athlete's death by suicide.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To explore the lived experiences of collegiate ATs following the death of a student-athlete by suicide.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Qualitative.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Individual interview.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>12 ATs (age=37±7 years; credentialed experience=14±7 years) who were providing patient care to a student-athlete who died by suicide.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Each AT completed a semi-structured, audio-only interview. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Analysis followed the consensual qualitative research tradition using a 3-person coding team. Credibility and trustworthiness were established through member checking, triangulation, and internal auditing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants revealed several experiences and reactions following the death of a student-athlete by suicide that focused on their institutional reaction, their emotional reaction and coping mechanisms, and shared advice for other ATs moving forward. Following the student-athlete death by suicide, ATs shared their institutional reaction, which included a collaborative approach with resources and changes to policy, procedures, and their overall system. They also shared their emotional reaction and coping mechanisms following the death, which included a grief response influenced by guilt, concern for other student-athletes, and the use, and lack of use, of support systems and formal therapy. Finally, they provided shared advice concerning death by suicide that included taking care of oneself and taking mental health seriously.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Following the death, most participants expressed grief and concern for others but often did not recognize themselves as needing help. Institutional policy and provider postvention strategies are recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":54875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Athletic Training","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143384142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the Gap: Leveraging Point-Of-Care Data to Improve Mental Health Services for Undergraduate Performing Arts Students.","authors":"Kyle Schneider, David Tomchuk","doi":"10.4085/1062-6050-0609.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0609.24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The performing arts industry places unique pressures on individuals, often leading to higher rates of mental health issues. Minimal information exists about how to create on-site intervention strategies for undergraduate performing art students. Athletic trainers at a dedicated university performing arts campus searched their electronic medical record (EMR) for reports of mental health-related issues in the dance, musical theater, and theater undergraduate students. The data analysis revealed anxiety and overstress conditions were primarily reported among dance and musical theater students. After communicating with stakeholders, the athletic trainers implemented a multi-faceted mental health intervention strategy for academic majors across the performing arts campus. The athletic trainers worked with the stakeholders and university counseling offices to destigmatize mental health conditions, reduce barriers, and implement mental health referrals and counseling across the campus. Reviewing internal data and listening to patient concerns enhanced mental health services in this undergraduate performing arts student population.</p>","PeriodicalId":54875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Athletic Training","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143384141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hip Abductors Strength and Endurance in Individuals with Recent and Long-Standing Patellofemoral Pain.","authors":"J Van Cant, W Serres, M Farraj, A P Nguyen, J Tittley, R V Briani, J S Roy","doi":"10.4085/1062-6050-0424.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0424.24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Numerous studies report deficits in hip muscle performance in individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP). However, the exact stage at which these deficits emerge and the impact of symptom duration remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare hip abductor strength and endurance based on the presence or absence of PFP and its duration.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Patients or other participants: </strong>68 with PFP and 29 pain-free controls.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measure(s): </strong>We evaluated isometric maximal strength, isometric endurance, and dynamic endurance of hip abductors. Comparisons were made between participants with PFP and pain-free controls and among different PFP duration subgroups (< 12 months, ≥ 12 months, ≤ 6 months, > 24 months) and pain-free controls.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hip abductor isometric strength (% body mass [BM]) was significantly lower in the PFP group (203.8 ± 46.8) and all PFP subgroups (< 12 months: 203.9 ± 57.0; > 12 months: 203.7 ± 42.2) (≤ 6 months: 205.1 ± 59.6; > 24 months: 207.7 ± 41.9), compared to pain-free controls (254.6 ± 60.3). However, no significant differences were found between PFP subgroups. There were also no significant differences in hip abductor isometric or dynamic endurance between PFP group and pain-free controls, or between PFP subgroups and pain free controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hip abductors strength deficits emerge early in the course of PFP. However, further studies are needed to understand the observed lack of difference in endurance.</p>","PeriodicalId":54875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Athletic Training","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143384143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence Gathering and Recommendation Building Procedures for Position Statements: New Methodology.","authors":"Susan W Yeargin, Samantha E Scarneo-Miller, Kara N Radzak, Yuri Hosokawa, David M Bazett-Jones, Cailee E Welch Bacon, Portia B Resnick, Ashley N Marshall, Stephen J Thomas","doi":"10.4085/1062-6050-0589.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0589.24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Position statements are utilized by healthcare organizations to summarize evidence and clearly articulate consensus on best practices. The procedures for developing position statements by the National Athletic Trainers' Association and the NATA Research and Education Foundation have been updated to enhance transparency, reduce bias, and better incorporate the available research to support clinical care recommendations. The paper details the processes of topic selection, author group formation, evidence gathering, and recommendation building, emphasizing the systematic approach and the inclusion of diverse expertise. These changes ensure that future position statements, starting from June 2024, will be more rigorously developed and serve as a reliable resource for athletic trainers, other healthcare providers, and important stakeholders in various settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":54875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Athletic Training","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ankle supports enhance only psychological aspects of the Ankle-GO score in patients with chronic ankle instability.","authors":"Brice Picot, François Fourchet, William Laydevant, Camille Louis, Gauthier Rauline, Alain Meyer, Leslie Podlog, Ronny Lopes, Alexandre Hardy","doi":"10.4085/1062-6050-0584.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0584.24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CONTEXT: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is the most serious long-term complication following an ankle sprain. Taping and bracing are frequently employed in the return to sport (RTS) continuum to avoid injury recurrence and to maximize post-injury performance. The Ankle-GO score is a valid and reliable objective RTS criteria, but the influence of ankle supports on this score in CAI patients remains unknown.OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the induce effects of taping or bracing on the Ankle-GO score among patients suffering from CAI.DESIGN: Crossover StudySETTING: Sports medicine research laboratoryPATIENTS: Thirty CAI patients (13 males and 17 females, 33.4 ±11.7 years) performed the Ankle-GO score in three conditions (taping, bracing and no ankle support).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Ankle-GO is a 25-point score clustering 2 self-reported questionnaires (Foot and Ankle Ability Measure and Ankle Ligament Reconstruction-Return to Sport after Injury) and 4 functional tests (Single Leg Stance, Star Excursion Balance Test, Side Hop Test and Figure-of-eight test). Performances on each component as well as the total score were compared between conditions using repeated measures of ANOVA.RESULTS: Taping and bracing significantly and equally improved the Ankle-GO score compared with no support (12.8 ±5.3 and 11.2 ±4.2 vs. 8 ±4.5 points respectively, P<.001). However, significant improvements were found solely in self-reported questionnaires with ankle support (P<.001). No differences were found in functional tests, although both taping and bracing significantly lowered instability perception during the tests (+1.9 and +1.8 points, respectively).CONCLUSION: Ankle-GO scores were significantly enhanced with taping or bracing. However, only self-reported function and psychological readiness were improved. Functional performance was not altered, although external supports enhanced perceived stability. Both taping and bracing supports appear equally important in improving self-confidence and perceived ankle stability among individuals with CAI returning to sport.</p>","PeriodicalId":54875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Athletic Training","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre- and Post-Surgical Cutaneous Reflexes and Perceived Instability During Gait in an Individual with Chronic Ankle Instability.","authors":"Annalee M H Friedman, Leif P Madsen","doi":"10.4085/1062-6050-0260.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0260.24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Context: Recent studies exploring chronic ankle instability (CAI) have found alterations in cutaneous reflexes of musculature surrounding the ankle which may contribute to perceived instability and recurrent LAS seen in this population. CAI is considered a multifaceted condition, making it difficult to determine the underlying cause of these altered reflexes. Objective: To observe how mechanical laxity of the ankle affects lower limb cutaneous reflexes and perceived instability during gait and how surgical intervention to correct laxity affects these measures. Design: Clinical Case Report Setting: Research Laboratory Patient: A physically active 25-year-old female (64in;130lbs) with 7 previous lateral ankle sprains (LAS) and met CAI diagnostic criteria based on CAI questionnaire scores. The patient underwent a Broström reconstruction of the CFL via allograft and partial synovectomy. Main Outcome Measures: CAI questionnaire scores, middle latency lower limb cutaneous reflexes, and perceived instability following sural nerve stimulation during gait. Results: Post-surgery, the patient's CAIT and FAAM questionnaire scores aligned with those of a healthy individual. PL reflexes were diminished or inhibitory during the stance phases of gait. Pronounced variability of PL reflexes may have contributed to this lack of facilitation. BF facilitation at midstance was absent during both testing sessions while BF and RF facilitation was generally reduced post-surgical intervention. The patient's average perceived instability following sural stimulation was markedly reduced from the pre-surgical (6.5±0.48) to post-surgical (1.9±0.24) session. Conclusions: Mechanical instability likely contributed to the reflex variations seen in this patient pre- surgically, while the enhanced static stability provided by the surgical procedure may have reduced the need for dynamic stability via lower limb cutaneous reflexes observed in the follow-up session. Identifying the specific limitations experienced by an individual with CAI will allow for a more effective monitoring and treatment and provide improved long-term health-related quality of life outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Athletic Training","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adolescent female athletes with menstrual dysfunction report worse sleep and stress than those without menstrual dysfunction.","authors":"Rachel Meyers, Madison L Brna, Catherine Donahue, Emily Sweeney, David Howell, Aubrey Armento","doi":"10.4085/1062-6050-0583.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0583.24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Context: Menstrual dysfunction among adolescent female athletes is associated with both an increased musculoskeletal injury risk and poor psychological health. Objective: To examine if adolescent flag football athletes with menstrual dysfunction report different levels of energy, mood, sleep, and stress during the season compared to those without menstrual dysfunction. Design: Prospective cohort study Setting: A series of questionnaires pre-season, in-season weekly, and post-season to athletes in Denver Metro Area Patients or Other Participants: Female athletes with and without self-reported menstrual dysfunction who participated in a high school flag football season. Main Outcome Measure(s): Quality of life measures (energy, mood, sleep, and stress) rated weekly from 0 (low energy, poor mood, poor sleep, low stress) to 10 (high energy, best mood, great sleep, and high stress). Results: Of the 60 adolescent female flag football athletes enrolled, 15 (25%) reported menstrual dysfunction. The groups were not significantly different in mean ratings for energy (5.3±1.1 vs.5.1±1.4; p=0.70) or mood (5.6±1.1 vs. 6.0±1.5; p=0.32). However, the menstrual dysfunction group reported significantly worse sleep (4.2±1.3 vs. 5.2±1.4; p=0.02) and more stress (7.0±1.0 vs. 5.9±1.3; p=0.005) than those without menstrual dysfunction. When adjusting for school year, BMI, and injuries sustained during the season, menstrual dysfunction was significantly associated with worse sleep (β= -0.98; 95% CI= -1.82, -0.13; p=0.03) and more stress (β=1.11; 95% CI=0.35, 1.87; p=0.005). Conclusion: Flag football athletes with menstrual dysfunction reported worse sleep and more stress compared to those without menstrual dysfunction. These findings contribute to the importance of monitoring and addressing menstrual dysfunction and its association with quality of life factors in female adolescent athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Athletic Training","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delays in Immediate Athletic Training Evaluation Following Concussion Among High School Football Players: A Report from the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network.","authors":"Madison N Renner, Kenneth C Lam, Julie M Stamm, Emily C Srygler, Stephanie N Adler, David R Bell","doi":"10.4085/1062-6050-0566.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0566.24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Context: Football is the most popular sport among high school boys in the United States. Concussion risk is elevated in the sport due to the high degree of physical contact. Healthcare providers are more likely to be present at the time of concussion during games and for varsity-level athletes, but how time to an immediate athletic trainer (AT) evaluation varies between sport levels and injury settings has yet to be investigated.Objective: Investigate associations between athlete sport level, injury setting, and same day AT evaluation among high school football players following a concussion. Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: Retrospective analysis of de-identified patient records created within the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network.Patients: Patients evaluated and diagnosed with a concussion during in-season high school football participation from 2010-2023. Main outcome measure: Sport level (freshman, junior varsity [JV], varsity), injury setting (game, practice), and same-day evaluation following concussion (yes, no). Results: 1,260 patient cases were included in analysis. A significant association was found between sport level and same-day evaluation (p=0.02), and between injury setting and same-day evaluation (p<.001). A higher percentage of patients playing at the varsity level were evaluated the same day as their injury compared to those playing at the JV and freshman levels. Additionally, a higher percentage of football athletes were evaluated the same day if they sustained an injury during an in-season practice compared to a game. These associations remained significant after stratifying by sport level for freshman (p=0.01) and JV (p<.001) athletes, but not for varsity athletes (p=0.61).Conclusions: Freshman and JV football athletes, as well as those injured during games, are less likely to receive a same-day evaluation by an AT after concussion. Timely care improves recovery following concussion, emphasizing the need for equitable access to immediate care across sport levels and settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":54875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Athletic Training","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Running Readiness Scale and Injury in Collegiate Track & Field and Cross Country Athletes.","authors":"Lace E Luedke, Elizabeth Reddeman, Rauh Mitchell J","doi":"10.4085/1062-6050-0309.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0309.24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Track & field and cross country athletes experience high rates of lower extremity injuries. The Running Readiness Scale (RRS) may help determine which athletes have a higher likelihood of lower extremity injury.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine if RRS performance at the start of the season was related to likelihood of experiencing a lower extremity injury during the subsequent track & field or cross country season.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Prospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>University.</p><p><strong>Patients or other participants: </strong>113 NCAA Division III track & field athletes in running, jumping and vaulting events and cross country runners (50 female, 63 male, mean±SD age 19.9±1.3 years).</p><p><strong>Main outcome measure(s): </strong>Athletes were assessed on RRS tasks: double-leg hops, plank, step ups, single-leg squats, and wall sit at the start of their season and then were observed by team athletic trainers during the season for occurrence of lower extremity injuries that resulted in missing one or more practices or meets. Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the likelihood of lower extremity injury.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-seven athletes (32.7%) experienced a lower extremity injury. Athletes scoring ≤3 on the RRS were almost five times more likely to experience lower extremity injury (AOR=4.8; 95%CI: 2.1-11.3) than athletes scoring ≥ 4. Athletes failing double-leg hops or wall sit tasks were more likely to experience lower extremity injury (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Track & field and cross country athletes with RRS scores of ≤3 had a higher likelihood of lower extremity injury than those with scores of ≥4.</p>","PeriodicalId":54875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Athletic Training","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143016706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}