Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Microsurgical reconstruction of lingual nerve in 130 patients without nerve grafting","authors":"Federico Biglioli ,&nbsp;Elisabetta De Simone ,&nbsp;Alessandro Lozza ,&nbsp;Filippo Tarabbia ,&nbsp;Federico Bolognesi ,&nbsp;Fabiana Allevi","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.05.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.05.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lingual Nerve<span><span> Injury (LNI) typically results in loss of sensation and pain, which can significantly impact social life and cause personal discomfort. Microsurgical reconstruction of the </span>lingual nerve<span> (LN) has been shown to alleviate these symptoms, leading to satisfactory functional recovery. Between January 2009 and December 2023, 149 patients underwent direct microneurorrhaphy of the LN, with 130 patients meeting our inclusion criteria. All patients were evaluated preoperatively and one year postoperatively using clinical and neurophysiological assessments (Trigeminal Sensitivity Test) to evaluate Residual Tactile Capacity (RTC), Residual Pain Capacity (RPC), and Masseteric Inhibitory Reflex (MIR). Additionally, all patients completed a postoperative questionnaire twelve months after surgery to assess quality of life.</span></span></div><div>The analysis showed an increase in RTC in 115 patients, a decrease in 5 cases, and no change in 10 cases. RPC improved in 115 patients, decreased in 2 cases, and remained unchanged in 13 cases. Complete recovery of MIR was observed in 17 patients. In the remaining cases, increased latencies of Sp1 and Sp2 were recorded, but these changes were consistent with functional recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"53 9","pages":"Pages 1609-1617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144644183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential impact of Crouzon and Apert syndromes on upper airways morphology: implications for Obstructive Sleep Apnoea","authors":"Floriane Remy ,&nbsp;Maxime Taverne ,&nbsp;Roman Hossein Khonsari ,&nbsp;Brigitte Fauroux ,&nbsp;Sonia Khirani ,&nbsp;Neus Martínez Abadías ,&nbsp;Yann Heuzé","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Children with syndromic craniosynostoses face high risk of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated how Crouzon and Apert syndromes affect airway morphology and contribute to OSA, controlling for age and posture. We also examined the covariation between the upper airways and the craniofacial region (skeleton and soft tissues). We analysed 37 patients with syndromic craniosynostoses, and 53 control children aged from 0 to 49 months old. A set of 52 landmarks was placed on the 3D models of the upper airways and collected, when available, the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI). Our geometric morphometric analyses demonstrated that age, mouth openness and craniocervical posture significantly influenced airway shape, emphasizing the need for standardised imaging. After controlling these factors, we highlighted oropharynx changes in patients with Crouzon syndrome, while Apert syndrome altered the nasopharynx. No direct link between airway shape and OSA was found. Upper airways growth and its morphological covariation with the craniofacial region were not impacted by the diagnosis of syndromic craniosynostosis. Finally, these findings highlight syndrome-specific airway differences, <em>FGFR</em> mutations impacting both bone and surrounding soft tissues. This study provides valuable insights for more precise respiratory diagnoses and personalised treatment plans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"53 9","pages":"Pages 1577-1591"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144602281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Head and neck interventions for war injuries in the Syrian civil war","authors":"M. İhsan Gülmez","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span><span>The objective of this study was to analyse the otorhinolaryngology interventions performed in patients admitted to our </span>emergency department<span><span> due to war injuries and to discuss them in the light of the literature. In this study, the files of patients admitted to our emergency department between 2011 and 2023 due to injuries sustained during the Syrian civil war were analysed retrospectively. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the demographic information, injury sites, surgical details, injury types and </span>surgical complications<span><span> of the patients included in the study. Of the patients included in the study, 123 were male and 3 were female. The mandible was the most commonly affected region in patients with </span>head injuries<span>, with a prevalence of 57.9. In the case of neck injuries, soft tissue and </span></span></span></span>musculoskeletal injuries were the most prevalent, accounting for 14.3 % of cases. No mortalities were observed in any patients.</div><div>The patients in this study were predominantly exposed to blast injuries, with the mandible being the most commonly injured site. Turkiye has not only provided a great service for humanity with limited facilities in border health centres, but also made a unique contribution to the literature in this field where it is lacking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"53 9","pages":"Pages 1592-1595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144592977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy and clinical evaluation of computer-aided surgery in management of maxillofacial fractures after trauma","authors":"Funda Goker ,&nbsp;Camilla Mazzucato ,&nbsp;Alessandro Baj ,&nbsp;Federica Rattazzi ,&nbsp;Antonio Russillo ,&nbsp;Giada Beltramini ,&nbsp;Massimo Del Fabbro ,&nbsp;Aldo Bruno Giannì ,&nbsp;Camilla Baserga","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Management of maxillofacial fractures is a challenging situation for surgeon. This clinical study aimed to evaluate management of various types, involving complex fractures in the face and head region, in terms of accuracy and clinical outcomes. Included patients were treated using CAD/CAM techniques. A voxel-based analysis was carried out to evaluate the pre-/postoperative accuracy for each patient by superimposing the preoperative planning with the data for the postoperative CT. The distances between the preoperative, virtually planned, and postoperative positions of the screw holes of custom plates were compared. Additionally, various specifics, such as number of reduction guides/plates and surgical accesses, operating times, and perioperative complications were evaluated. Nine patients were included. The median accuracy, measured in millimeters by superimposing the planning with postoperative CT results, was 1.420 (standard deviation 0.425). The surgical times ranged between 100 and 620 min. Complications were seen in three patients; these included preoperative breakage of one reduction guide, and difficulty in intraoperative positioning of the plates in two patients. In conclusion, CAD/CAM techniques in the treatment of a variety of maxillofacial fractures can be beneficial; however, there is a lack of information in the literature, and more studies are needed to confirm these results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"53 9","pages":"Pages 1596-1608"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144602280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A recurrence analysis in patients with congenital choanal atresia","authors":"Miray-Su Yılmaz Topçuoğlu ,&nbsp;Patrick J. Schuler ,&nbsp;Jens H. Westhoff ,&nbsp;Olaf Sommerburg ,&nbsp;Ingo Baumann","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recurrences following congenital choanal atresia (CA) repair are a particular challenge. This study sought to investigate the underlying causes of recurrences. The study compared 33 primary surgeries (controls, median age 32 months) to 34 revision surgeries (revision group, median age 10 months) performed between 2010 and 2024 at the department of otorhinolaryngology of a German university hospital. Demographic data, surgery time [min], length of hospitalization [nights] and the intraoperatively identified causes of recurrences were analysed. To test for differences between the two groups, the Mann-Whitney-U test was applied. The Chi-square test was used to test for correlations. In the revision group, 88 % (30/34) of the recurrences were attributable to insufficient vomer resections. An additional 12 % (4/34) were attributable to granulations. The revision group was more likely to have a bilateral choanal atresia (p &lt; 0.001). Surgery time was equal in both groups (p = 0.115). Dominantly, insufficient posterior vomer resections, but also granulation tissue growth present the primary causes of recurrence. Adequate resection of the posterior vomer is essential for optimal outcomes and can be achieved with small effort. The implementation of this technique as standard procedure has the potential to reduce the risk of recurrence and enhance the care of patients with CA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"53 9","pages":"Pages 1571-1576"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144592976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-stage mandibular symmetry improvement after BSSRO: A CBCT analysis of 60 consecutive patients with asymmetric prognathism","authors":"Shunchao Yan,&nbsp;Chongxu Qiao,&nbsp;Junyan Miao,&nbsp;Zai Shi,&nbsp;Jingyi Xu,&nbsp;Kaili Yan,&nbsp;Yuming Qu,&nbsp;Guoping Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span><span>The remodeling process of asymmetrically prognathic mandibles following bilateral </span>sagittal split ramus osteotomy<span> (BSSRO) remains incompletely understood. This study investigates the sequential changes in mandibular symmetry after BSSRO. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 60 consecutive patients with asymmetric prognathism who underwent BSSRO between January 2018 to December 2023. CBCT scans were obtained at three different time points: preoperatively (T0, within 2 weeks before surgery), immediately postoperatively (T1, within 2 days) and long-term postoperatively (T2, at least 6 months later). Mandibular symmetry was quantified using root mean square error (RMSE), derived from spatial discrepancies between the right-deviated mandibles and its mirrored counterpart. Additionally, positional discrepancies of 12 landmark points and volumetric differences of 6 mandibular segments were assessed using paired </span></span><em>t</em><span>-test. At T0, the mean RMSE was 2.729, which significantly decreased to 2.163 immediately after BSSRO (p &lt; 0.0001), and further to 1.916 at T2 (p &lt; 0.001). During T0-T1, significant corrections were observed in X-directional discrepancies in CoG-C, MF and CoG-B. However, BSSRO increased Y-directional discrepancies in Go and Cd, as well as Z-directional discrepancies in CoG-R, while volumetric asymmetry expanded in three mandibular segments (C: p = 0.002; B: p = 0.003; R: p &lt; 0.001). During T1-T2, significant reductions occurred in X- and Z-directional discrepancies of Go and Z-directional discrepancies of CoG-R, with resolution of volumetric asymmetry in the mandibular body (p = 0.001) and ramus (p &lt; 0.001). Mandibular symmetry improvement after BSSRO occurs in two distinct stages. The first stage is primarily due to surgical repositioning of the deviated distal segment, while the second stage involves orthodontic treatment and bony remodeling of the morphologically asymmetric proximal segments.</span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"53 9","pages":"Pages 1563-1570"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144555876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility analysis of the iliac tubercle in repairing maxillary canine region defects","authors":"Hao Lin ,&nbsp;Boyi Li ,&nbsp;Jialiang Chen ,&nbsp;Weiwei Deng ,&nbsp;Renbin Zhou ,&nbsp;Bang Zeng ,&nbsp;Drissa Diarra ,&nbsp;Qiwen Man ,&nbsp;Jun Jia ,&nbsp;Bing Liu ,&nbsp;Tianfu Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The maxilla<span> is the key structure in the midface. Although literature suggests that the iliac crest<span><span> has natural curvature closely resembles that of the maxilla, the theoretical and anatomical evidence supporting this similarity remains limited. In our study, we evaluated and compared the morphological characteristics of the </span>maxillary canine<span> region and the iliac tubercle. Sixty-seven patients who underwent 3D CT reconstruction of the head and iliac regions were included. The patients were grouped by sex (male and female) and site (left and right). The thickness, length, and curvature of the maxillary canine region and iliac tubercle were measured and compared, and the findings were validated through surgical practice. The iliac tubercle demonstrated a close match with the maxillary canine region in terms of curvature, with no significant differences observed. Although the iliac tubercle was significantly thicker than the maxillary canine region (P &lt; 0.001), it could be adjusted to the required dimensions through bone grinding. For unilateral maxillary canine region defects, reconstruction can be achieved using either the ipsilateral anterior portion or the contralateral posterior portion of the iliac crest. In conclusion, the iliac tubercle provides sufficient bone volume and anatomical compatibility for maxillary reconstruction, which offers a reliable option for restoring both function and aesthetics in patients with maxillary canine region defects.</span></span></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"53 9","pages":"Pages 1556-1562"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144555875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A virtual reality training program to enhance surgical skills in dental education: Prospective comparative analysis of students and residents","authors":"Juliane Kröplin ,&nbsp;Constanze Friedrich ,&nbsp;Lisa Harms ,&nbsp;Jan-Hendrik Lenz ,&nbsp;Bernhard Frerich","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising tool for dental education. In addition to reducing material consumption, VR systems enable objective, data-driven performance evaluations through integrated feedback mechanisms. The study aims to determine whether repeated practice on a VR simulator leads to measurable improvements in specific surgical skills. This prospective cross-sectional study investigated the impact of repeated virtual reality (VR) simulator training on osteotomy performance. Participants included 32 dental students (ST) in the 5th semester and seven oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) residents (RE) from a university hospital in Germany. Each participant completed an initial assessed osteotomy of tooth 38 on a VR simulator after a brief introductory task. They then performed four independent practice rounds before completing a final assessed osteotomy. Performance parameters such as bone removal, procedure duration and adjacent tooth damage, were recorded. A post-training questionnaire assessed subjective perceptions, prior experience, and video game familiarity. Both students and residents showed statistically significant improvements in procedure time (ST: p &lt; 0.001; RE: p = 0.004) and reduction of iatrogenic bone damage (p &lt; 0.001) after training. Students demonstrated a steeper learning curve for time reduction (p &lt; 0.001) and lingual bone preservation (p &lt; 0.001), whereas residents improved more notably in avoiding damage to adjacent teeth (p &lt; 0.001). Participants with prior video game experience completed tasks more quickly (p &lt; 0.001) and with less adjacent bone removal (p &lt; 0.03) during the final exercise. Residents rated the training more favorably overall, especially regarding perceived skill improvement, realism of tooth removal and desire for further VR-based practice. VR-based training significantly enhances technical performance in simulated oral surgery tasks, regardless of prior clinical experience. Its integration into dental education can support individualized learning, objective evaluation, and efficient skill improvement. Future studies should investigate the long-term retention of skills and real-world clinical transferability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"53 9","pages":"Pages 1548-1555"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144555872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of temporomandibular joint effusion on MRI with Wilkes staging, arthroscopic findings, and synovial fluid biomarkers in temporomandibular disorders","authors":"Maitê Bertotti ,&nbsp;Óscar de la Sen ,&nbsp;Alejandro Encinas Bascones ,&nbsp;Carlota Mazó Amorós ,&nbsp;Jose Ramón Mérida-Velasco ,&nbsp;Rafael Martín-Granizo ,&nbsp;Luis Otávio Carvalho de Moraes","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span><span><span>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has advanced the understanding of temporomandibular joint<span><span> (TMJ) disorders, particularly in detecting structural changes and effusion. This study aims to explore the relationship between TMJ effusion, Wilkes staging, arthroscopic findings, and </span>synovial fluid<span> biomarkers. Clinical data from 93 patients (109 TMJs) with TMJ effusion<span> on MRI who underwent arthroscopy from 2008 to 2022 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients included were refractory to conservative treatments, had a diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder confirmed by MRI, and were classified according to Wilkes stages. Data were collected on arthroscopic findings, including </span></span></span></span>synovitis, </span>chondromalacia, adhesions, and disc perforations, and </span>biochemical analysis<span><span><span> was performed on synovial fluid samples. Results showed that effusion positively correlated with higher Wilkes stages, indicating advanced joint involvement and significant relationships between age, </span>chondromalacia, and </span>synovitis<span>. Age correlated significantly with chondromalacia and disease severity, while synovitis showed a strong correlation with both chondromalacia and Wilkes stage, indicating progression with inflammation. Synovial protein concentrations were elevated in cases with chondromalacia, suggesting a link with joint degeneration<span>, while glucose levels tended to decrease in inflammatory cases. Sodium, potassium, and chloride levels were stable across stages. Arthroscopy allowed precise visualization of TMJ pathologies, supporting its diagnostic and therapeutic value in severe temporomandibular disorders. This study highlights effusion as a potential marker of advanced TMJ degeneration, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and targeted treatment in patients with joint inflammation.</span></span></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"53 9","pages":"Pages 1543-1547"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144555874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volumetric stability of biphasic hap/β-tcp/collagen implants in malar augmentation: A CBCT-Based case series after orthognathic surgery","authors":"Martins Lauskis ,&nbsp;Oskars Radzins ,&nbsp;Sergio E. Uribe ,&nbsp;Simonas Grybauskas ,&nbsp;Girts Salms","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2025.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Evaluate volumetric stability and symmetry of Biphasic Hydroxyapatite (HAp)/β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)/collagen (BCP-collagen) implants in malar augmentation post-orthognathic surgery over one year using Cone-Beam-CT (CBCT) and explore influencing factors.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Retrospective case-series analysis of 45 patients (38 females) who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery with malar augmentation using BCP-collagen implants. CBCT scans were taken at 1 week, 4 months, and 12 months post-surgery. Regression analysis explored potential factors influencing volume loss, including age and sex (p &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Median patient-age was 26 years (IQR: 22–32). One week postoperatively, median implant-volume was 1356.70 mm³ (SD = 5888.53). By four-months, it decreased to 985.46 mm³ (SD = 4352.47), a 25.4 % reduction (p &lt; 0.001). Afterwards, a 1.3 % volume decrease (p = 0.42). Volume loss varied between 35.1 and 14.7 %. Asymmetry &gt;7 % was observed in 17.7 % of patients. No significant differences in volume loss were found between sexes (p = 0.6) or age groups (p &gt; 0.9). Regression showed no significant associations with age (β = 0.02, 95 %CI: −0.48, 0.53, p &gt; 0.9) or sex (β = 11, 95 %CI: −30, 52, p = 0.6).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>BCP-collagen implants exhibit early volume loss but stabilise long-term. High variability and asymmetry in volumetric changes challenge standard overcorrection strategies, emphasising the need for early monitoring. CBCT enables precise volumetric assessment and may improve surgical decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"53 9","pages":"Pages 1530-1537"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144546240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}