Journal of Sports Science and Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Weekly Fluctuations in Subjective and Objective Measures of Internal Training Load and Their Relationships in Male Elite Rowers.","authors":"Xinyu Dai, Jihong Yan, Xuecui Bi","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.269","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subjective and objective methods are commonly used to evaluate the load and physiological adaptations of athletes in training. However, there is a lack of data and their relationship concerning these tools in professional rowing training. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the subjective and objective training loads of male rowers during a mesocycle. Field data were collected from 26 professional rowers over 6 consecutive weeks. Subjective training load variables (perceived exertion, acute: chronic workload ratio, training monotony and strain), and objective variables (white blood cell, red blood cell, blood urea, creatine kinase, testosterone, and cortisol) was collected, and correlations between various TL's were analyzed. All participants completed 6 weeks of training, which consisted of resistance (315 ± 88.5min/week), on-water (817.5 ± 9min/week), ergometer (341.9 ± 194.1min/week) and functional training (60min/week). Week 5 had the highest average weekly subjective training load (10849.23 ± 1361.14 AU), whereas Week 2 showed the highest training monotony (TM) with statistically significant differences compared to Week 1, week 3, week 5 and week 6 (p < 0.05), with small to moderate effect sizes (ES: 0.275-0.619). There were correlations among all the subjective training load variables. A positive correlation was found between sRPE_TL and TS (r = 0.80). Blood urea (BU) was positively correlated with weekly sRPE_TL (r = 0.44, p < 0.05), TM (r = 0.40, p < 0.05), TS (r = 0.43, p < 0.05) and ACWR (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). Similarly, creatine kinase (CK) was also associated with these indicators (r = 0.50-0.60). Testosterone and cortisol showed a consistently negative correlation (r = -0.64), but no relationship were found between these hormones and subjective training load. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a significant correlation between subjective and objective training loads in elite rowers. Our findings provide empirical evidence that ACWR, TM and TS serve as sensitive indicators of biochemical markers (CK and BU) fluctuations in professional rowing athletes. Given the correlation between the above objective and subjective indicators, coaches can adjust the training schedules based on the subjective data during training week, and combine with hematological tests to further promote positive adaptations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"269-276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12131146/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of 12-Week Dynamic Stretching of Ankle Plantar Flexors on Joint Flexibility and Musculoskeletal Properties in The Contralateral Muscle.","authors":"Naoki Ikeda, Kazuya Hiratsuka, Tadao Isaka","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.326","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dynamic stretching (DS) is a conditioning technique commonly used in sports. However, its effects on contralateral joint flexibility and elastic properties of the targeted muscle over several weeks remain unclear. Similarly, its impact on muscle functions, such as force or power exertion, is poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the effects of a 12-week DS program targeting the ankle plantar flexors on the joint flexibility, muscle strength, and elastic properties of the plantar flexors in stretched and contralateral legs. Eighteen healthy young adults (12 males and six females, aged 18-24 years) participated in this study. DS was performed on one leg of the ankle plantar flexors for 12 weeks (3 days weekly), while the other leg served as a non-intervention. Dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM), muscle stiffness, and ankle plantar flexion strength (rate of torque development and isokinetic muscle strength) were assessed before and after the intervention. The muscle stiffness was measured using shear wave elastography on the gastrocnemius. DFROM significantly increased in both conditions (<i>p</i> < 0.05), whereas gastrocnemius stiffness significantly decreased only in the DS condition (<i>p</i> < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the non-intervention condition. The ankle plantar flexion rates of torque development and isokinetic strength did not change in either condition. These findings suggest that 12 weeks of DS can reduce muscle stiffness and improve joint flexibility without affecting muscle strength while enhancing contralateral joint flexibility without altering muscle stiffness or strength.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"326-331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12131150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Is the Best Step Technique for Swimming Relay Starts?","authors":"Santiago Veiga, Sebastian Fischer, Xiao Qiu, Jelena Stosic, Stefan Fuhrmann, Armin Kibele, Claudia Braun","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.227","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a great heterogeneity in the starting techniques used by international-level swimmers in relay events. The aim of the present study was to analyse and compare the two most commonly used relay start techniques by male and female competitive swimmers. Thirteen males and seven females national and international-level swimmers performed several 25-m trials with their preferred relay start (n = 91, short-step; n = 54, long-step technique). Linear mixed models examined the effects of gender and start technique, with 5-m start times as a covariate. Swimmers performing long-step showed faster 5-m (0.09 s, <i>d</i> = 1.10) and 10-m (0.09 s, <i>d</i> = 0.39) times than those performing short-step starts, regardless of gender (all <i>p</i> < 0.001). This was the result of i) longer block times, ii) faster horizontal velocities with lower peak forces during the leg step and iii) faster velocities with higher peak forces when driving-off the block in the long-step technique. In both relay techniques, females showed 0.11 s (<i>d</i> = 1.38) longer 5-m and 0.69 s (<i>d</i> = 2.99) longer 10-m (both <i>p</i> < 0.001) times compared to males with longer block times and slower velocities in all key events. Swimmers should take advantage of the new starting platforms to apply long-step start techniques that increase horizontal displacement but also forward velocity before leaving the block.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"227-235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12131143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect and Mechanism of a New Method of Low-Intensity Resistance Training Combined with Blood Flow Restriction on Sports Biomechanics of Young People.","authors":"Yuexin Jia, Meihou Geng, Yiwei Chen, Yiyang Wang, Xinying Ge, Jianhua Zhao, Yu Kong","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.388","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-intensity resistance training is effective in improving muscle strength but poses a higher risk of atherosclerosis. Combining high-intensity resistance training with aerobic exercise can reduce atherosclerosis levels. Low-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction does not require high-load force to stimulate muscles and may improve muscle strength and maintain arterial elasticity. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of low-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction on body composition, muscle strength, and arterial elasticity in young people. The primary aim is to clarify whether the low-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction training is a scientific training method to improve muscle strength and maintain arterial elasticity, and providing theoretical support for the scientific implementation of blood flow restriction training and the development of individualized training programs. Fifty-five college students were randomly divided into three groups: high-intensity resistance training, high-intensity resistance training combined with aerobic exercise, and low-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction. Each group underwent 12 weeks of their respective training programs, and the effects on body composition, muscle strength, and arterial elasticity were examined. After 12 weeks, lean body mass significantly increased in both the high-intensity resistance training and low-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction groups (P < 0.05). 1RM and knee isometric muscle strength significantly increased in all three groups (P < 0.05). Arterial elasticity significantly improved in both the high-intensity resistance training combined with aerobic exercise group and the low-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction group (P < 0.05). Twelve weeks of high-intensity resistance training and low-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction significantly improved body composition. All three training methods increased muscle strength. Low-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction was more effective in improving arterial elasticity than high-intensity resistance training combined with aerobic exercise. Therefore, low-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction is recommended as the preferred method to improve body composition, muscle strength, and arterial elasticity, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"388-396"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12131153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chasse-Step and One-Step Footwork Reported Different Biomechanical Profiles in Elite Table Tennis Athletes.","authors":"Xiaoyi Yang, Yuming Wang, Qichang Mei, Shirui Shao, Yaodong Gu, Justin Fernandez","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.453","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Table tennis athletes are required to execute appropriate footwork moving to the best position to hit the ball, while the chasse-step and one-step are typically employed in table tennis. This study aims to examine the difference in joint angles, joint moments, joint contact forces, and activation of lower limb muscles during the stance of chasse-step and one-step. Eighteen male table tennis athletes volunteered to perform topspin forehand with chasse-step and one-step. An eight-camera motion capture system and instrumented force plate were used to record makers' trajectories and ground reaction force, which was then used to calculate the kinematics and kinetics with Inverse Kinematics and Inverse Dynamics in OpenSim. Surface electromyography signals were measured to validate the musculoskeletal OpenSim modeling. Hip flexion angle and moment increased in the backward swing phase during the stance of one-step. Knee extension of the chasse-step increased more during the forward swing phase. Hip contact force increased in the anterior-posterior direction of one-step and the chasse-step in the medial-lateral direction. Key findings suggest that the chasse-step may increase the quality of footwork performance and prepare the next step but shows higher injury risk in knee joints. While the one-step may have faster performance for scoring and high injury risk in hip joint. The information may provide implications for athletes and coaches to improve athletic performance and develop specific footwork training schemes to prevent potential injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"453-462"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12131136/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveling The Playing Field in Youth Basketball: How Compensatory Training With Small-Sided Games Enhances Physical Fitness and Reduces Relative Age Effect Bias in Match Selection.","authors":"Mingbang Li, Yang Zeng, LiXin Wei, Junlin Li","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.341","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of compensatory training on later-born basketball players, who had less match time compared to their peers, focusing on their physical fitness and skill development. A prospective cohort study compared three groups of male youth basketball players (ages 12-14). One group consisted of later-born players with a high volume of match play in competitive scenarios (lbHPT), while the other two groups had match play below the median of the teams. Among these two groups, one received compensatory training (lbLPTcomp), and the other did not (lbLPTreg). Players were evaluated at three time points: baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The assessments measured aerobic capacity (using the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test), 10-meter sprint performance, 5-0-5 change of direction (COD deficit), and performance on the basketball technical test (LSPT). The compensatory training consisted of two weekly sessions in which, after regular training, the later-born players participated in 2v2 or 3v3 small-sided games lasting 15 minutes per session. The results revealed that lbLPTcomp was significantly effective in reducing the differences with lbHPT, as no significant differences were observed between the two cohorts over the 6 months for any of the outcomes (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Additionally, lbLPTcomp performed significantly better than lbLPTreg post-6 months in the LSPT (<i>p</i> = 0.033) and COD deficit (<i>p</i> = 0.003). The lbLPTreg group was also significantly worse than lbHPT in the YYIRT (<i>p</i> = 0.022), LSPT (<i>p</i> = 0.036), and COD deficit (<i>p</i> = 0.005). No significant between-group differences were found in 10-m sprint after 6 months (p = 0.241), though lbHPT and lbLPTcomp improved significantly (both p < 0.001). In conclusion, while compensatory training like twice-weekly small-sided games may help later-born youth athletes with limited playtime, further research is needed before broad implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"341-350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12131149/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Strength and Plyometric Training on Vertical Jump, Linear Sprint, and Change-of-Direction Speed in Female Adolescent Team Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Hua Luo, Xiaolin Zhu, Nurul Amelina Nasharuddin, Tengku Fadilah Tengku Kamalden, Changqing Xiang","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.406","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.406","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the effects of strength training (ST) and plyometric training (PT) on vertical jump (VJ), linear sprint (LS), and change-of-direction speed (CODS) in female adolescent team sport athletes. Additionally, it explores potential moderator variables, such as programming variables and participant characteristics, that may influence these training effects. Eligibility criteria: Randomized controlled trials examining the effects of ST or PT interventions lasting ≥4 weeks on VJ, LS, or CODS in female adolescent team sport athletes (aged 10-19 years) were included. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, and SPORTDiscus from inception to August 28, 2024. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the latest version of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (ROB-2). Meta-analyses were performed in Stata15.0 using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the participant characteristics (age, height, weight, and type of sports) and programming variables (duration, frequency, and total sessions). Twenty-six studies involving 705 female adolescent team sport athletes were included. Meta-analyses revealed that ST and PT exhibited significant (<i>p <</i> 0.05) and moderate to large effects on VJ (ST, ES: 0.74, moderate; PT, ES: 0.87, moderate), LS (ST, ES: -1.26, large; PT, ES: -1.23, large), and CODS (ST, ES: -1.16, moderate; PT, ES: -1.20, moderate). Subgroup analysis indicated that for ST, training protocols of ≥ 10 weeks, ≤ 2 sessions/week, or ≤ 20 sessions were more effective. ST also showed greater benefits for athletes > 15 years old (LS), ≥ 163 cm (LS, CODS), ≥ 63 kg, and handball players. For PT, protocols of > 9 weeks, > 14 sessions (VJ), or ≥ 18 sessions (CODS) were more effective, with handball players responding best to PT. The overall risk of bias of the included studies was judged as moderate. The certainty of evidence was rated as moderate to high based on the GRADE approach. Both ST and PT are effective in improving VJ, LS, and CODS in female adolescent team sport athletes. Longer duration, lower frequency, or fewer sessions of ST produce better effects. Older and more mature athletes are better adapted to ST, likely due to increased muscle mass, hormonal factors, and neuromuscular adaptations. Longer duration or more sessions of PT produce better effects. Handball players showed a greater response to both ST and PT than athletes of other sports, according to observed trends.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"406-452"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12131141/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Physical Training Programs on Healthy Athletes' Vertical Jump Height: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Shuzhen Ma, Yanqi Xu, Simao Xu","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.236","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Various physical training programs are widely used to enhance vertical jump height, but their relative effectiveness remains debated. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate effectiveness of four training methods -weight resistance, plyometric, complex, and routine training- on vertical jump height. A comprehensive search of six databases (PubMed, ERIC, Google Scholar, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and Scopus) identified relevant studies coded based on training type, modality, and outcome measures. Methodological quality and statistical analysis were assessed using PEDro scale and R (version 4.1.3) with the 'meta' package. Eight studies revealed that plyometric training and weight resistance exercise increased vertical jump by 5.2 cm (95% CI: 2.6, 7.7 cm; I² = 4.7%) and 9.9 cm (95% CI: 6.7, 13.5 cm; I² = 0.0%), while improved squat jump by 1.5 cm (95% CI: 0.2, 2.6 cm; I² = 0.0%) and 3.1 cm (95% CI: 0.2, 2.6 cm; I² = 16.9%) compared to routine training. Fifteen studies indicated that plyometric training, weight resistance exercise, and complex training increased countermovement jump by 2.0 cm (95% CI: 1.4, 3.7 cm; I² = 0.0%), 2.2 cm (95% CI: 1.4, 3.7 cm; I² = 0.0%), and 5.0 cm (95% CI: 2.5, 7.6 cm; I² = 0.0%) compared to routine training. Complex training was more effective than weight resistance (2.6 cm; 95% CI: 0.2, 5.5 cm) and plyometric training (2.9 cm; 95% CI: 0.2, 5.8 cm), with no significant difference between weight resistance and plyometric training (0.2 cm; 95% CI: -1.0, 2.0 cm). Heterogeneity was low for most comparisons (I² = 0.0% to 16.9%), indicating consistent results across different interventions. This meta-analysis demonstrates that plyometric, weight resistance, and complex training significantly improve vertical, squat, and countermovement jump performance. Weight resistance is effective for vertical and stationary vertical jumps, while complex training is most effective for countermovement jumps.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"236-257"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12131147/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinematics of Topspin Stroke Combinations in Table Tennis and its Inter-Individual Variability.","authors":"Ziemowit Bańkosz, Sławomir Winiarski","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.311","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.311","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to (1) determine the kinematics of the different body parts during the execution of one of the basic combinations of plays - a few selected strokes and the footwork used to combine them, and (2) evaluate the variation of these kinematics. The study included eight male advanced-level (polish national team) table tennis players (aged 22.7 ± 2.7 years). All of them were right-handed and presented an offensive style of play. Participants performed one task: performing a series of topspin strokes. Kinematic parameters were measured using the MR3 myoMuscle Master Edition system. The movement of the playing hand was used to assess specific cycle events. Angular values and velocities of the body segments and maximal linear velocities of the playing hand were calculated. The basic statistics were applied. Quartile coefficients of variation were used to assess the interindividual variability. The research made it possible to determine the kinematics of the strokes used in the combination of plays in table tennis. The essential elements of coordination of movements during the combination of three topspin strokes were indicated. Players make strokes during a series of plays at high frequency and velocity (up to several hundred degrees/s at some joints), reducing the ranges of motion in specific body segments, which were observed to be smaller (even up to several dozen degrees) than the analogous ranges reported in the literature for single strokes. This seems to be a significant note to players and coaches in table tennis. In addition, the players execute the stroke slightly differently than in single strokes, which is caused by the need to combine the striking movement with footwork and quickly position themselves for subsequent hits. The players also used different, variable execution patterns (different angles - settings in the joints), although the effect - in the form of the maximum velocity of the playing hand - was very similar. This can be considered a manifestation of a phenomenon called \"functional movement variability,\" which means that athletes adjust their movements using different movement patterns but achieve similar results regarding maximum linear hand speed. This highlights the importance of the individualisation process in table tennis.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"311-325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12131138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Effects of Dynamic and Ballistic Stretching on Flexibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Shingo Matsuo, Kosuke Takeuchi, Masatoshi Nakamura, Taizan Fukaya, Kensuke Oba, Gakuto Nakao, Takamasa Mizuno","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.463","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.463","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dynamic stretching (DS) uses a controlled movement through the range of motion (ROM) of the active joint(s) by contracting the agonist muscles without being held in an end position. In contrast, ballistic stretching (BS) typically uses uncontrolled movements of a higher velocity with bouncing actions. However, BS is often considered to be a form of DS. When considered together, DS and BS reportedly increase flexibility, evidenced by single- and multiple-joint ROM improvements and other measurements. However, a meta-analysis with subgroup analyses revealing the acute effects of DS and BS on flexibility in detail, independently of other stretching methods, has yet to be conducted. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the acute effects of DS and BS on flexibility in healthy participants. The PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for eligible papers published before September 9, 2024; 17 papers were included in the meta-analysis. The main meta-analysis was performed with a random-effect model, and subgroup analyses were performed to examine the effects of age (young vs. middle-aged and older), sex (male vs. mixed sex), stretching methods (DS vs. BS), stretched muscles (hamstrings vs. plantar flexors vs. multiple muscles), and flexibility outcomes (single-joint ROM vs. straight-leg raise test vs. sit-and-reach test). A small increase in flexibility was found following DS and BS (considered together) (effect size = 0.372, Z = 3.936, 95% confidence interval = 0.187-0.557, p < 0.001, I² = 27%). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences between age (p = 0.24), sex (p = 0.76), stretching method (p = 0.83), stretched muscle (p = 0.20), or flexibility outcome (p = 0.34) groups. Our results suggest that DS and BS effectively provide acute, small-magnitude improvements in flexibility that are not significantly affected by individual characteristics, stretching methods, stretched muscles, or flexibility outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"463-474"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12131144/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}