Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of nanocapsules containing anti-inflammatory drugs: <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in silico</i> biological activity.","authors":"Altevir Rossato Viana, Luiza Madalozzo Diniz, Vitoria Hagemann Cauduro, Nickolas Pippi, Erdi Can Aytar, Ana Carolina Penna Dos Santos, Joseana Antunes Porciuncula, Cristiano Rodrigo Bohn Rhoden, André Passaglia Schuch, Erico Marlon Moraes Flores, Camila Franco","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2553202","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2553202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer constitutes a major cause of death globally. Many current treatments are not very selective and often harm healthy cells. Inflammation is known to be associated with tumor growth, yet anti-inflammatory drugs alone are rarely used in a targeted manner. The aim of this study was to examine the synergic activity of two frequently used anti-inflammatory drugs, dexamethasone acetate (DA), and nimesulide (NIME) in nanoencapsulated form to diminish toxicity but enhance therapeutic effectiveness. The stability of the nanocapsules was established by applying light scattering, zeta potential, electron microscopy, and HPLC-DAD. The nanocapsules remained intact over time and exhibited a porosity and regular even shape, ideal for slow drug release. The encapsulated drugs initiated less harm to healthy HaCaT and L929 cells maintaining activity against cancer cells (HeLa, A375). Docking tests indicated that DA was bound effectively to the MMP-13/TIMP-2 complex, indicative of potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Molecular docking analysis noted that DA exhibited a stronger binding affinity to the target protein compared to NIME (binding energy: -8.7 kcal/mol, Ki: 0.423 µM vs. NIME: -6.8 kcal/mol, Ki: 10.4 µM), indicating a higher propensity for interaction. Further, DFT analysis demonstrated that NIME possessed a smaller HOMO - LUMO gap (0.132 eV), suggesting greater chemical reactivity, whereas DA exhibited a larger gap (2.806 eV), indicative of enhanced molecular stability. Computational results suggested that NIME was more reactive, while DA was more stable. Data suggest that nanocapsules may diminish side effects without reducing the benefits of these drugs against tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"194-211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144979418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative ecotoxicological assessment of two glyphosate-based herbicides using <i>Panagrellus redivivus</i> and <i>Artemia salina</i> immobilization bioassays.","authors":"Marcel José Palmieri, Joice Lima Ferreira, Leonardo Mendes da Silva, Maria Eduarda Magalhães, Larissa Fonseca Andrade-Vieira","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2559036","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2559036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are among the most widely used chemical agents in modern agriculture, raising environmental and health concerns due to their persistence in the environment. The aim of this study was to examine the toxicological effects attributed to exposure to two GBHs: a newly released sales-restricted commercial formulation (XEQUE MATE HT IHARA® - GBHn) and a publicly available gardening formulation (CITROMAX MAX 20 - GBHg), using immobilization bioassays with <i>Artemia salina</i>, a saltwater filter-feeding invertebrate, and <i>Panagrellus redivivus</i>, a free-living nematode. Organisms were exposed to increasing concentrations of each herbicide, and immobilization was assessed after 24 hr. Both GBHs initiated dose-dependent toxicity, with immobilization reaching 100% for GBHg in <i>A. salina</i> and 73.4% for GBHn in <i>P. redivivus</i> at the highest concentration tested. The Sensitivity Index (SI) indicated that <i>A. salina</i> appeared to be more sensitive to GBHg, while <i>P. redivivus</i> was more susceptible to GBHn. Despite these differences, both herbicides exhibited similar Overall Sensitivity Index (OSI) values-0.73 for GBHg and 0.75 for GBHn - indicating comparable overall toxicity profiles. These findings suggest that GBHn does not present a markedly higher environmental risk than existing formulations. However, the results emphasize the importance of continuous ecotoxicological monitoring of new glyphosate formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"282-291"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of individuals at higher risk of airway obstruction among workers in swine operations using polygenic risk scores.","authors":"Liam Robbins, Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan, James Dosman, Jeremy Beach, Donna Rennie, Zhiwei Gao","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2545425","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2545425","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prior studies have investigated individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as risk factors for the development of lung disease in swine operation workers. The aim of this study was to determine the collective effects of multiple SNPs and a polygenic risk score (PRS) in swine operation workers and identify workers at a higher risk of airway disease. This study included 374 full-time swine operation workers and 411 non-farming rural residents. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) with 10-fold cross-validation was used to identify SNPs, which were used to calculate a PRS score for airway obstruction. Decision tree was applied to dichotomize the PRS score into two genetic susceptible groups (high vs. low). Logistic regression was employed to examine the association between dichotomous PRS score and airway obstruction. All workers were divided into two PRS genetic susceptible groups (high vs. low) by a cutoff value of 4.196. Logistic regression showed that workers in the high PRS group were 5.5-fold more likely to be associated with airway obstruction compared to workers in the low PRS group after controlling for potential confounders. A PRS score was identified as a useful tool in identifying workers at increased risk of airway obstruction in swine operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"127-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144859943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulmonary inflammatory and fibrogenic responses in rats following intratracheal instillation of dusts from natural and engineered stones.","authors":"W Kyle Mandler, Chaolong Qi, Drew Thompson, Torrie A Crabbs, Ann F Hubbs, Alycia K Knepp, Sarah Keeley, Samantha Service, Lori A Battelli, Sherri A Friend, James M Antonini, Bailey D Riggleman, Yong Qian","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2571405","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2571405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Engineered stone (ES) fabrication workers face risks from exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS), leading to accelerated silicosis. Toxicological data to elucidate pulmonary effects attributed to ES dusts, particularly those with varying compositions, are lacking. This study aimed to determine pulmonary effects following intratracheal instillation (IT) of ES dust in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a single 10 mg IT dose of dust from one of three ES types containing varying amounts of crystalline silica (CS) (ES A [high CS], ES B [mid CS], ES C [low CS]), or granite, MIN-U-SIL 5 (MS 5, positive control), or saline. Pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis were assessed via bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis and lung histology at 1-, 21-, and 84-days post-exposure. Early BALF inflammation as evidenced by increased levels of neutrophils and lymphocytes, and cytotoxicity by elevated LDH activity was found in all exposure groups. Neutrophils primarily correlated with higher CS content (MS 5, ES A, ES B). Persistent inflammation comparable with pure silica was noted by increased levels of neutrophils and macrophages and cytotoxicity by elevated LDH activity at 21- and 84-days post-exposure was most pronounced in MS 5 and high-CS ES A groups. By 84-day post-exposure, granulomatous inflammation in lung, BALF and lymph node, was associated with alveolar lipoproteinosis, type II epithelial changes, lymph node and alveolar fibrosis. Toxicity appeared to be driven by complex interactions between silica and trace metal content of dust. These findings warrant further research to assess combined effects of particle characteristics and chemical co-exposures.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"363-382"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145423465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observed and predicted long-term clearance of lead from the blood of children.","authors":"James S Brown, Gary L Diamond","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2559035","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2559035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blood lead (Pb) monitoring plays an important role in identifying children experiencing increased Pb exposure based upon their elevated blood Pb levels (PbB). Following actions to decrease Pb exposure, it is important to understand whether a slow decline in PbB is due to the slow reduction in bone Pb following prolonged exposure or due to continued exposure from an unknown source. The goal of this study was to examine the ability of the All Ages Lead Model (AALM) version 3.0 to predict long-term clearance kinetics of PbB in children. Data for six children exhibiting increased Pb exposure during home renovations lasting 4-20 months were obtained from a published study. The AALM was used to simulate PbB kinetics in children following removal of this residential renovation exposure. Quantitative analyses showed reliable agreement between predicted and observed PbB data as well as halftimes for PbB clearance, which ranged from 7.8 to 38 months. The AALM can predict long-term PbB clearance in children who were exposed to Pb for months to years during home renovations. Short-term (1 week or less) PbB clearance was most affected by exposure duration with minimal effects attributed to exposure magnitude. Long-term (months to years) PbB clearance was affected by both the magnitude and duration of renovation exposure. In addition to PbB monitoring, AALM simulations might improve understanding of probable causes for changes in and contributors to children's PbB.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"266-281"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13137353/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145066468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecogenotoxicity of a flumioxazin-based herbicide in terrestrial plants.","authors":"Tamires de Freitas Oliveira, Tamara Alessandra Costa Santos, Maria Fernanda Barbosa Vaz da Costa, Larissa Fonseca Andrade-Vieira","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2557987","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2557987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flumioxazin-based herbicides are frequently used in agriculture to control broadleaf weeds attributed to their high efficacy, rapid action, and residual soil activity, making these compounds a preferred choice over other herbicides in pre-emergence weed control. Due to their beneficial properties, use of these herbicides has significantly increased in recent years, raising concerns regarding potential environmental risks. This study aimed to examine the effects of a commercial flumioxazin-based formulation on different plant models. The species <i>Lactuca sativa</i> L. <i>Raphanus sativus</i> L. <i>Pennisetum glaucum</i> L. and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L. were used to assess the herbicide's impact on seed germination and early seedling development. In addition, the genotoxic effects of the herbicide on <i>Allium cepa</i> L. root tip cells were analyzed, including determination of mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, and the presence of micronuclei. Data demonstrated that flumioxazin-based herbicide produced significant effects on seedling development in all 4 plant models, particularly at concentrations higher than those recommended for agricultural use ( > 0.05 g/L). Differential sensitivity was observed amongst the species, with <i>T. aestivum</i> being the most sensitive, emphasizing the importance of determining effects across a variety of plant organisms. Genotoxicity responses in <i>A. cepa</i> showed effects at a dose 6-fold higher than the recommended field application amount. However, at doses within the recommended range, flumioxazin-based herbicide was considered low-risk in the terrestrial environment. Evidence indicates the need for caution in agrochemical use and emphasizes the importance of plant models in ecotoxicological studies to promote more sustainable agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"251-265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145024784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does consumption of a high-fructose diet during pregnancy and lactation exacerbate the effects of maternal exposure to cadmium on development and metabolic function of mouse offspring?","authors":"Christopher Lau, Kaberi P Das, Joseph P Pancras, Lillian F Strader, Michael G Narotsky, Janice A Dye, Makala L Moore, Urmila P Kodavanti, Thomas W Jackson, Xuting Wang, Jian-Liang Li, Douglas A Bell, Jennifer O'Neill, Theodore A Slotkin, Ivy Guyotte, Gleta K Carswell, Jerry Liu, J Christopher Corton, Brian N Chorley, Colette N Miller","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2540862","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2540862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposures to pollutants rarely occur in isolation, often coexisting with other environmental stressors such as diet and may be particularly insidious in early life. The aim of this study was to examine effects of maternal exposure to cadmium (Cd) and consumption of a high-fructose diet (HFrD) on development of mouse offspring. Female CD-1 mice were administered either 0.5 or 5 ppm Cd in drinking water with or without an approximate 60% fructose diet for 3 weeks prior to mating. Dams were maintained on the same treatment until postnatal day (PND) 16. Cadmium concentrations in maternal, fetal, and neonatal liver increased in a concentration-dependent manner irrespective of diet. Endpoints known to be associated with Cd or HFrD adverse effects were assessed longitudinally in offspring from birth to young adulthood, including growth trajectory, pubertal development, body composition, glycemic tolerance and hepatic lipid accumulation. Maternal exposure to either Cd or HFrD alone significantly advanced onset of puberty, hypoglycemia, and reduced adiposity in adulthood. HFrD rarely exacerbated metal-initiated effects in most of the endpoints examined outside of pubertal timing. Because of chronic effects attributed to Cd or HFrD on metabolic function (e.g. glucose tolerance), transcriptomics and gene methylation analyses were performed on livers from neonatal and adult offspring. Data were largely consistent with phenotypic findings. In summary, maternal exposure to Cd or HFrD alone perturbed growth and development, producing long-lasting changes in metabolic function in adult offspring. HFrD did not appear to significantly exaggerate adverse outcomes attributed to metal exposure in the endpoints examined.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"55-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12440576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144755160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered sex ratio at birth after installation of a tap-water supply system in an arseniasis-endemic area in southwestern Taiwan.","authors":"Chih-Cheng Chen, Shu-Chen Ho, Chun-Yuh Yang","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2586699","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2586699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sex ratio at birth (SRB) is a simple, noninvasive way to monitor population reproductive health. Some metals might function as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with known estrogenic or androgenic effects and were reported to potentially influence SRBs. The metal arsenic (As) is a major risk factor for blackfoot disease (BFD), a peripheral vascular disease, endemic to southwest Taiwan for more than 50 years attributed to residents' consumption of local artesian well water, which contained high levels of this metal. In the early 1960s, a tap water supply system was implemented in BFD-endemic areas. By the mid-1970s, individuals residing in the areas had stopped using artesian well water for drinking or cooking. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term exposure to As in drinking water on the SRBs. Annual numbers of male and female births were obtained from Taiwan's Department of Household Registration, Ministry of Interior Affairs. Sex ratios at birth were calculated for BFD-endemic areas for the years from 1947 to 2024. Compared to the entire Taiwan, the BFE-endemic area displayed an odds ratio (OR) of 0.9966 (95% CI = 0.9804-1.013) for producing a male child between 1947 and 1980. However, from 1980 onwards, the OR for having a boy was significantly increased in the areas (OR = 1.0311, 95% CI = 1.0114-1.0512) compared to the time residents imbibed water from artesian well water containing high amounts of As (1947-1980). These findings provide increasing evidence that As exposure produced changes in SRBs in Taiwan.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"412-421"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145497435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solanum glycoalkaloid solamargine inhibits growth of pediatric high-grade glioma cells under normoxia and hypoxia conditions.","authors":"Arthur Barcelos Ribeiro, Marcela de Melo Junqueira, Ricardo Andrade Furtado, Jairo Kenupp Bastos, Denise Crispim Tavares","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2557986","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2557986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pediatric high-grade gliomas remain a significant therapeutic challenge due to their resistance to conventional treatments. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic potential of solamargine (SM), a natural glycoalkaloid, alone and in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ) against the human KNS-42 glioma cell line. Solamargine significantly reduced cell viability and proliferation in a concentration-, time-, and hypoxia-dependent manner, while selectively sparing non-tumor human astrocytes (NHA). Morphological changes indicative of cell stress and death were observed, although SM did not markedly impair the migratory capacity of KNS-42 cells. In contrast, TMZ exhibited limited cytotoxicity against KNS-42 cells but demonstrated off-target effects on NHA cells. Combination therapy resulted in significant antagonism, with TMZ diminishing the cytotoxic effects of SM. These findings indicate the potential of SM to serve as a selective therapeutic agent for gliomas. Data obtained emphasize (1) the need for further research to optimize combination strategies and (2) to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of drug interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"237-249"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145034673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) air pollution and sex ratio at birth in Taiwan.","authors":"Shang-Shyue Tsai, Chih-Cheng Chen, Chun-Yuh Yang","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2553206","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2553206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sex ratio at birth (SRB) is a simple, noninvasive way to monitor the reproductive health of a population. Sex ratio at birth tends to vary across regions and time periods and has been declining globally over the last 50 years possibly due to exposure to environmental toxins, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and other pollutants. The findings of few studies that assessed the relationship between ambient air pollution and SRBs have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between long-term exposure to ambient PM_2.5 and number of SRBs across 66 municipalities in Taiwan. Our data on annual numbers of male and female births were obtained from Taiwan's Department of Household Registration, Ministry of Interior Affairs, while PM_2.5 data were obtained from Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA). Mean PM_2.5 levels and number of SRBs were calculated for each municipality from 2010 to 2023. The municipalities were categorized into PM_2.5 tertiles (low, medium, and high levels) and the relationship assessed between these tertile levels and number of SRB using a linear logistic regression model. Compared to the lowest PM_2.5 level, the adjusted ORs for the middle and the highest tertile of PM_2.5 levels were 1.015 (1.006-1.024) and 1.018 (1.008-1.029), respectively, noting a significant trend linking increased number of SRBs with higher PM_2.5 levels. This finding is inconsistent with the known fact that male fetuses are more susceptible to environmental threats compared to female fetuses.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"213-221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144979385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}