Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues最新文献

{"title":"Association between fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) air pollution and sex ratio at birth in Taiwan.","authors":"Shang-Shyue Tsai, Chih-Cheng Chen, Chun-Yuh Yang","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2553206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2553206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sex ratio at birth (SRB) is a simple, noninvasive way to monitor the reproductive health of a population. Sex ratio at birth tends to vary across regions and time periods and has been declining globally over the last 50 years possibly due to exposure to environmental toxins, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and other pollutants. The findings of few studies that assessed the relationship between ambient air pollution and SRBs have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between long-term exposure to ambient PM_2.5 and number of SRBs across 66 municipalities in Taiwan. Our data on annual numbers of male and female births were obtained from Taiwan's Department of Household Registration, Ministry of Interior Affairs, while PM_2.5 data were obtained from Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA). Mean PM_2.5 levels and number of SRBs were calculated for each municipality from 2010 to 2023. The municipalities were categorized into PM_2.5 tertiles (low, medium, and high levels) and the relationship assessed between these tertile levels and number of SRB using a linear logistic regression model. Compared to the lowest PM_2.5 level, the adjusted ORs for the middle and the highest tertile of PM_2.5 levels were 1.015 (1.006-1.024) and 1.018 (1.008-1.029), respectively, noting a significant trend linking increased number of SRBs with higher PM_2.5 levels. This finding is inconsistent with the known fact that male fetuses are more susceptible to environmental threats compared to female fetuses.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144979385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecotoxicological assessment of the environmental risks of a glyphosate-based herbicide recently introduced in the Brazilian market: a perspective from plant-based bioassays.","authors":"Marcel José Palmieri, Joice Lima Ferreira, Franciele de Fátima Domingos, Leonardo Mendes Silva, Maria Eduarda Magalhães, Tamara Alessandra Costa Santos, Akemi Wiermannss Okazaki, Larissa Fonseca Andrade-Vieira","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2549557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2549557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study determined the phytotoxic and cytogenetic effects of two glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs): XEQUE MATE HT IHARA® (restricted agricultural use - GBHn) and CITROMAX MAX 20 (used for gardening, sold for the general public - GBHg). Phytotoxicity bioassays were conducted using four non-target species (<i>Lactuca sativa</i>, <i>Raphanus sativus</i>, <i>Pennisetum glaucum</i>, and <i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) and one target species (<i>Bidens pilosa</i>). Both GBHs significantly reduced germination rate (G%), germination speed index (GSI), fresh mass (FM), and seedling growth (SG) in a dose-dependent manner. SG was the most sensitive endpoint with decreases over 99% at 480 mg/L for both GBHs. <i>Bidens pilosa</i> exhibited the highest sensitivity index (SI = 0.93 for GBHn, 0.8 for GBHg), confirming target specificity. Overall SI were similar (OSI = 0.75 for GBHn; 0.72 for GBHg), indicating comparable toxicity. Cytogenetic assays using <i>Allium cepa</i> demonstrated significant reductions in mitotic index (MI) at higher concentrations (> 40% decrease at higher doses), with limited chromosomal alterations but notable increases in micronuclei (MN) (up to 6 per 1,000 cells) for both GBHs. GBHn induced more MN formation than GBHg, suggesting greater genotoxicity. Despite similar phytotoxic profiles, GBHn's higher genotoxicity warrants concern. These results indicate the environmental risks posed by treatments with both formulations and emphasize the need for rigorous regulatory scrutiny for glyphosate-based herbicides.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144979401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating accuracy and precision in the bioavailability-adjusted exposure point concentration to support human health risk assessment of lead-contaminated soils.","authors":"Clay M Nelson, Kevin Li, Gary L Diamond, Matthew Lambert, Karen D Bradham","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2542348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2542348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Under the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) CERCLA program, soils suspected of lead (Pb) contamination are evaluated to assess the impact of soil Pb exposure on blood Pb levels. The decision to remediate relies, in part, on whether the measured soil exposure point concentration (EPC) excee ds an action level. The U.S. EPA established data quality objectives (DQOs) to support data collection used to estimate the EPC and assess confidence in remediation decisions. To support DQO processes at sites where site-specific soil Pb relative bioavailability (RBA) is assessed, a statistical simulation model was developed that estimates false compliance/exceedance decision error probabilities based upon uncertainty in the RBA-adjusted EPC, employing model inputs defining (1) the sampling protocol being evaluated, (2) variability in total and bioavailable soil Pb across the assessed area, and (3) analytical measurement uncertainty. A framework for utilizing the simulation model is presented using a hypothetical site informed by concentration and soil Pb bioavailability distributions from an actual Pb-contaminated site. Pre-sampling, false compliance/exceedance decision error probabilities were predicted for various sampling protocols. A DQO-compliant sampling protocol was then selected, and accuracy and precision in the measured EPC were assessed relative to a specified risk-based action level.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144859942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of individuals at higher risk of airway obstruction among workers in swine operations using polygenic risk scores.","authors":"Liam Robbins, Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan, James Dosman, Jeremy Beach, Donna Rennie, Zhiwei Gao","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2545425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2545425","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prior studies have investigated individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as risk factors for the development of lung disease in swine operation workers. The aim of this study was to determine the collective effects of multiple SNPs and a polygenic risk score (PRS) in swine operation workers and identify workers at a higher risk of airway disease. This study included 374 full-time swine operation workers and 411 non-farming rural residents. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) with 10-fold cross-validation was used to identify SNPs, which were used to calculate a PRS score for airway obstruction. Decision tree was applied to dichotomize the PRS score into two genetic susceptible groups (high vs. low). Logistic regression was employed to examine the association between dichotomous PRS score and airway obstruction. All workers were divided into two PRS genetic susceptible groups (high vs. low) by a cutoff value of 4.196. Logistic regression showed that workers in the high PRS group were 5.5-fold more likely to be associated with airway obstruction compared to workers in the low PRS group after controlling for potential confounders. A PRS score was identified as a useful tool in identifying workers at increased risk of airway obstruction in swine operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144859943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rutin prevents memory impairment by reducing brain oxidative stress and fungal burden in a rat model of cryptococcosis.","authors":"Camila Eduarda Justen, Alana Bianca de Moraes Chitolina, Isabela Andres Finamor, Maria Amália Pavanato, Marina Machado Maurente, Isabela Maraschin Vieira, Marcelo Leite da Veiga, Eduarda Saab, Raquel Tusi Tamiosso, Matheus Dellaméa Baldissera","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2538591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2538591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to examine whether intraperitoneal (ip) rutin administration is able to reduce or prevent <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> var. <i>grubii-</i>induced brain damage, as well as lower fungal burden in male Wistar rats. Inhibitory avoidance tasks revealed memory impairments in rats experimentally infected with <i>C. neoformans</i> var. grubii when compared to saline or uninfected rats. Rutin administration to infected rats prevented memory loss. Brain reactive oxygen species, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and nitric oxide levels were significantly higher in rats infected with <i>C</i>. neoformans var. grubii compared to saline or uninfected animals. Rutin administration to infected rats decreased (61%, 33%, and 58%, respectively) all these alterations. Brain catalase (CAT) activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were significantly diminished in rats infected with <i>C</i>. neoformans var. grubii compared to saline or uninfected rats, while rutin administration to infected rats blocked reductions in brain TAC levels and partially restored brain CAT activity. Finally, administration of rutin decreased (49%) brain fungal burden compared to saline or uninfected rats. Summary data demonstrated that oxidative stress was involved in <i>C. neoformans</i> var. <i>grubii-</i>induced memory impairment. The novelty of the study is that rutin ameliorated <i>C. neoformans</i> var. <i>grubii-</i>initiated memory loss via stimulation of the antioxidant defense system protecting the brain against free radical-mediated effects and lipid peroxidation, as well as exerting antifungal action. Thus, rutin may be considered as a potential source for cryptococcosis treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144818326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of housing and high-fructose diet on behavior and cardiovascular response to eucalyptus wildfire smoke in WKY rats.","authors":"Michelle F Fyle, Grace Little, Molly Harmon, Brandi Martin, Wendy Oshiro, Kathrine McDaniel, Yong Ho Kim, M Ian Gilmour, Aimen K Farraj, Mehdi S Hazari","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2543936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2543936","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diet and living conditions are modifiers of behavioral and cardiovascular health, yet the combined effect is understudied, and their potential to alter responses to environmental stressors like wildfire smoke (WS) requires characterization. The purpose of this study was to determine whether housing enrichment (1) mitigates adverse cardiometabolic and neurobehavioral effects following a high fructose diet and (2) decreases responses to WS. Male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were divided into either depleted (DH) or enriched housing (EH) and fed a normal (ND) or high-fructose (HF) diet. Body composition, metabolism, and behavior were assessed over 30-weeks and cardiac function tested after a single exposure to either filtered air (FA) or flaming eucalyptus WS. EH rats exhibited significantly lower % body fat and higher % lean mass, no difference in weight, and significantly lower respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during the light phase, indicating a shift in basal metabolism after 13 weeks. EH rats habituated faster to acoustic startle and displayed less prepulse inhibition than DH, associated with improved learning and locomotor activity. In general, the effect of housing on behavior was greater than diet, while HF worsened within-group responses. WS increased blood and left ventricular pressure and contractility in EH rats, which was blunted by HF. Thus, housing enrichment appears to (1) improve certain systemic functions and behaviors and (2) enhance cardiovascular responses following WS, but partially blunting the effect of HF. These results indicate a complex interaction between housing and diet over the long-term and potentially altered adverse health risks from environmental smoke exposures.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144800968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of methylparaben on the activities of leukocyte-derived enzymes and antioxidant defense system of African catfish, <i>Clarias gariepinus</i>.","authors":"Adetola M Olatunji-Ojo, Dominic O Odedeyi, Chris O Adedire, Fernando Barbosa, Joseph A Adeyemi","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2543024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2543024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Methylparaben (MeP) has a wide application in several industries including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products (PCP), thus accounting for its ubiquity in the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of MeP on cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and antioxidant defense mechanisms utilizing juvenile African catfish, <i>Clarias gariepinus</i> as a model. Juvenile <i>C. gariepinus</i> were exposed to 0.74 or 1.48 mg/L MeP for 28 days after which the liver was excised for determination of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress parameters. The head kidney was extracted for histopathological analysis. Control fish were maintained in water spiked with 10 μL/L ethanol. The levels of respiratory burst, lipid peroxidation, and activities of superoxide dismutase and lactate dehydrogenase increased significantly in MeP-exposed fish especially at 1.48 mg/L compared to control. The % of DNA fragmentation also significantly increased across the treatments. Exposure to MeP resulted in various histological lesions including vacuolation of epithelial cells, infiltration of renal tubules with inflammatory cells, and thickening of the glomerular membrane in the head kidney. Data demonstrated that MeP exerted various adverse effects including cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and oxidative stress in the fish, <i>C. gariepinus</i>, attributed to possible activation of cellular stress inflammatory pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144796115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does consumption of a high-fructose diet during pregnancy and lactation exacerbate the effects of maternal exposure to cadmium on development and metabolic function of mouse offspring?","authors":"Christopher Lau, Kaberi P Das, Joseph P Pancras, Lillian F Strader, Michael G Narotsky, Janice A Dye, Makala L Moore, Urmila P Kodavanti, Thomas W Jackson, Xuting Wang, Jian-Liang Li, Douglas A Bell, Jennifer O'Neill, Theodore A Slotkin, Ivy Guyotte, Gleta K Carswell, Jerry Liu, J Christopher Corton, Brian N Chorley, Colette N Miller","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2540862","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2540862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposures to pollutants rarely occur in isolation, often coexisting with other environmental stressors such as diet and may be particularly insidious in early life. The aim of this study was to examine effects of maternal exposure to cadmium (Cd) and consumption of a high-fructose diet (HFrD) on development of mouse offspring. Female CD-1 mice were administered either 0.5 or 5 ppm Cd in drinking water with or without an approximate 60% fructose diet for 3 weeks prior to mating. Dams were maintained on the same treatment until postnatal day (PND) 16. Cadmium concentrations in maternal, fetal, and neonatal liver increased in a concentration-dependent manner irrespective of diet. Endpoints known to be associated with Cd or HFrD adverse effects were assessed longitudinally in offspring from birth to young adulthood, including growth trajectory, pubertal development, body composition, glycemic tolerance and hepatic lipid accumulation. Maternal exposure to either Cd or HFrD alone significantly advanced onset of puberty, hypoglycemia, and reduced adiposity in adulthood. HFrD rarely exacerbated metal-initiated effects in most of the endpoints examined outside of pubertal timing. Because of chronic effects attributed to Cd or HFrD on metabolic function (e.g. glucose tolerance), transcriptomics and gene methylation analyses were performed on livers from neonatal and adult offspring. Data were largely consistent with phenotypic findings. In summary, maternal exposure to Cd or HFrD alone perturbed growth and development, producing long-lasting changes in metabolic function in adult offspring. HFrD did not appear to significantly exaggerate adverse outcomes attributed to metal exposure in the endpoints examined.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12440576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144755160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term fine particulate air pollution exposure and risk of gastric cancer mortality in Taiwan.","authors":"ChunYuh Yang","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2536562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2536562","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) has been linked to lung cancer, its association with non-lung cancers remains underexplored. The aim of this study was to examine the association between PM_2.5 exposure and development of gastric cancer (GC), which ranks as the eighth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Taiwanese men and sixth in women. The mortality rates of GC vary considerably across townships in Taiwan, suggesting potential environmental influence. Thus, whether there was an association between long-term exposure to PM_2.5 and deaths attributed to GC was investigated across 66 municipalities in Taiwan. To determine this relationship, age-standardized GC mortality data were collected for the years 2012-2021 and correlated with PM_2.5 levels divided into tertiles. Adjusted risk ratio (RR) attributed to GC death was calculated by multiple regression analyses. For men, adjusted RRs were 1.04 (95% CI = 0.97-1.11) and 0.89 (95% CI = 0.82-0.95) in municipalities in the middle tertile (18.96-25.19 μg/m³) and highest (25.2-29.46 μg/m³), respectively, compared to the lowest (9.44-18.95 μg/m³). For women, the corresponding adjusted RRs were 1.04 (95% CI = 0.94-1.13) and 0.85 (95% CI = 0.77-0.94), respectively. Surprisingly, trend analyses noted a significant inverse association between PM_2.5 levels and GC-related mortality in both men and women. This counterintuitive finding may be a chance finding. Further investigation is needed to study the possible adverse effects of long-term exposure to PM_2.5 on GC-associated mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144692393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using National Land Cover Database as an indicator of successful remediation: the Department of Energy's Rocky Flats (Colorado) as a case study.","authors":"Joanna Burger, Michael Gochfeld, Kevin G Brown, Monica Cortes, Kelly Ng, David S Kosson","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2534616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2534616","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Missions for federal facilities, such as the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Energy (DOE), include protecting human health and the environment. The public is interested in whether ecological resources are protected on such lands, especially following remediation of legacy wastes remaining from World War II, Cold War, and industrial activities. Many DOE sites are remediated for future uses depending upon potential for exposure to residual contamination. This study: (1) examined the % ecological resources remaining on Rocky Flats following completion of cleanup, (2) compared the ecological resources (i.e. plant cover) of Rocky Flats (RF) with the surrounding 10-km and 30-km bands of land, and (3) measured % natural vegetation on RF with comparable % on three other large DOE facilities that are still undergoing remediation. Rocky Flats contains significantly more grassland than the surrounding region, with less development, and is mostly a National Wildlife Refuge open to the public. Agriculture and grazing do not occur on RF. The three sites undergoing remediation have significantly more natural habitat (climax vegetation) than their surrounding buffer areas. The aim of this study was to examine the implications of ecological protection of climax vegetation upon these sites and the importance of consistently examining regional ecologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144692394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}