Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues最新文献

{"title":"Species-specific toxicological responses in relation to body burden and bioaccumulation pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a tropical estuarine food web.","authors":"Oju R Ibor, Andem B Andem, Raymond O Ajang, Patrick Ekok, Julius A Agabi, Beshel S Beshel, Ama John, Francesco Regoli, Monday M Onakpa, Augustine Arukwe","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2564186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2564186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to investigate oxidative stress, biotransformation and bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tropical estuarine food webs including fish (<i>Chrysicthys nigrodigitatus</i>), fiddler crab (<i>Uca tangeri</i>), blue crab (<i>Calinectis amnicola</i>), prawn (<i>Macrobrachium vollenhovenii</i>), periwinkle (<i>Tympanotonus fuscatus</i>) and sediment samples at three sites, Adiabo (control site), Obutong and Nsidung representing different degrees of anthropogenic contamination along Cross River Estuary, Nigeria. Hepatic oxidative stress and biotransformation enzyme activities glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), glutathione reductase (Gr), glutathione S-transferase (Gst), uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltranferease (Udpgt), 7-ethoxy-, methoxy-, pentoxy-, and benzyloxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD, MROD, PROD and BROD) and PAHs levels were determined. Data demonstrated species- and site-specific mediated toxicological effects in oxidative stress, biotransformation responses, and PAHs bioaccumulation in biota and sediments from contaminated sites (Obutong and Nsidung), compared to control (Adiabo). The EROD, MROD, BROD, PROD activities and GPx, Gr, Gst, Udpgt exhibited significant increase in biota collected from contaminated sites at Obutong and Nsidung compared with control Adiabo. These biomarker response observations paralleled PAHs accumulation at Obutong and Nsidung suggesting PAHs exposure induced oxidative and biotransformation biomarker responses. Principal component analysis (PCA) produced significant associations between variables indicating sites were major factors determining contaminants uptake and biomarker responses in biota (fish, crabs, prawn and periwinkle). Data demonstrated site and species-specific occurrence and concentrations of PAHs in sediment and tropical estuarine food webs with corresponding biotransformation and oxidative stress responses on resident biota. Concentrations of PAHs detected in these tropical food webs indicate serious human food safety and environmental health concerns.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative ecotoxicological assessment of two glyphosate-based herbicides using <i>Panagrellus redivivus</i> and <i>Artemia salina</i> immobilization bioassays.","authors":"Marcel José Palmieri, Joice Lima Ferreira, Leonardo Mendes da Silva, Maria Eduarda Magalhães, Larissa Fonseca Andrade-Vieira","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2559036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2559036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are among the most widely used chemical agents in modern agriculture, raising environmental and health concerns due to their persistence in the environment. The aim of this study was to examine the toxicological effects attributed to exposure to two GBHs: a newly released sales-restricted commercial formulation (XEQUE MATE HT IHARA® - GBHn) and a publicly available gardening formulation (CITROMAX MAX 20 - GBHg), using immobilization bioassays with <i>Artemia salina</i>, a saltwater filter-feeding invertebrate, and <i>Panagrellus redivivus</i>, a free-living nematode. Organisms were exposed to increasing concentrations of each herbicide, and immobilization was assessed after 24 hr. Both GBHs initiated dose-dependent toxicity, with immobilization reaching 100% for GBHg in <i>A. salina</i> and 73.4% for GBHn in <i>P. redivivus</i> at the highest concentration tested. The Sensitivity Index (SI) indicated that <i>A. salina</i> appeared to be more sensitive to GBHg, while <i>P. redivivus</i> was more susceptible to GBHn. Despite these differences, both herbicides exhibited similar Overall Sensitivity Index (OSI) values-0.73 for GBHg and 0.75 for GBHn - indicating comparable overall toxicity profiles. These findings suggest that GBHn does not present a markedly higher environmental risk than existing formulations. However, the results emphasize the importance of continuous ecotoxicological monitoring of new glyphosate formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> anti-inflammatory activity of ethyl acetate extract and nicotinic acid from <i>Cordyceps neovolkiana</i> DL0004 in RAW 264.7 macrophages.","authors":"Khac Ky Lam, Dai-Hung Ngo, Dai-Nghiep Ngo, Vo Thi Ngoc My, Thanh Sang Vo","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2560022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2560022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of the ethyl acetate extract (EA) of <i>Cordyceps neovolkiana</i> DL0004, a native fungal species recently isolated in Vietnam and its purified compound, nicotinic acid (NCA), using <i>in vitro</i> assays. Data showed that both EA and NCA significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages without inducing cytotoxicity. Further, western blot analysis demonstrated that both agents suppressed the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) subunit p50 and p65 in a concentration-dependent manner, with NCA exhibiting greater potency at lower concentrations. In addition, EA and NCA effectively protected cellular DNA and proteins against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative damage, confirming their antioxidant potential. These findings suggest that <i>C. neovolkiana</i> and its constituents, particularly NCA, possess promising anti-inflammatory activities as evidenced by suppression of NO production, NF-κB activation, and oxidative stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145071223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observed and predicted long-term clearance of lead from the blood of children.","authors":"James S Brown, Gary L Diamond","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2559035","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2559035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blood lead (Pb) monitoring plays an important role in identifying children experiencing increased Pb exposure based upon their elevated blood Pb levels (PbB). Following actions to decrease Pb exposure, it is important to understand whether a slow decline in PbB is due to the slow reduction in bone Pb following prolonged exposure or due to continued exposure from an unknown source. The goal of this study was to examine the ability of the All Ages Lead Model (AALM) version 3.0 to predict long-term clearance kinetics of PbB in children. Data for six children exhibiting increased Pb exposure during home renovations lasting 4-20 months were obtained from a published study. The AALM was used to simulate PbB kinetics in children following removal of this residential renovation exposure. Quantitative analyses showed reliable agreement between predicted and observed PbB data as well as halftimes for PbB clearance, which ranged from 7.8 to 38 months. The AALM can predict long-term PbB clearance in children who were exposed to Pb for months to years during home renovations. Short-term (1 week or less) PbB clearance was most affected by exposure duration with minimal effects attributed to exposure magnitude. Long-term (months to years) PbB clearance was affected by both the magnitude and duration of renovation exposure. In addition to PbB monitoring, AALM simulations might improve understanding of probable causes for changes in and contributors to children's PbB.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145066468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroendocrine effects of inhaling emissions generated by 3-dimensional (3D)-printing with polycarbonate stock.","authors":"Kristine Krajnak, William K Mandler, Alycia K Knepp, Walter McKinney, Yong Qian","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2555883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2555883","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inhalation of emissions from dimensional (3D) printing with polycarbonate feedstock generated particulate and volatile chemicals as well as respirable bisphenol A (BPA). BPA is a known endocrine disruptor that affects both reproductive and metabolic endocrine functions. The goal of this study was to determine whether exposure to emissions generated by 3D-printing with PC stock disrupted endocrine function in a male Sprague Dawley rat model. In the current study, inhalation of 3D emissions (3DE) at an average 2.5 mg/m³/day increased circulating estradiol levels after 15 and 30 days' exposure, and elevated testosterone levels after 15 days 3DE exposure. Changes also occurred in circulating concentrations of the anterior pituitary hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) following 30 days' exposure to 3DE. These alterations in circulating steroid hormones were associated with changes in gonadotropin and thyroid stimulating hormone (<i>Tsh</i>) transcript levels in pituitary and estradiol receptor as well as in transcripts for inflammatory factors in olfactory bulb and gonadotropin releasing hormone transcript levels in the hypothalamus. Data are in agreement with studies demonstrating that exposure to BPA results in endocrine disruption. These findings are also consistent with the hypothesis that inhalation of 3DE may constitute another route of exposure that needs to be considered taking into account the endocrine disrupting effects generated by inhalation of 3DE.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145042476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solanum glycoalkaloid solamargine inhibits growth of pediatric high-grade glioma cells under normoxia and hypoxia conditions.","authors":"Arthur Barcelos Ribeiro, Marcela de Melo Junqueira, Ricardo Andrade Furtado, Jairo Kenupp Bastos, Denise Crispim Tavares","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2557986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2557986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pediatric high-grade gliomas remain a significant therapeutic challenge due to their resistance to conventional treatments. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic potential of solamargine (SM), a natural glycoalkaloid, alone and in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ) against the human KNS-42 glioma cell line. Solamargine significantly reduced cell viability and proliferation in a concentration-, time-, and hypoxia-dependent manner, while selectively sparing non-tumor human astrocytes (NHA). Morphological changes indicative of cell stress and death were observed, although SM did not markedly impair the migratory capacity of KNS-42 cells. In contrast, TMZ exhibited limited cytotoxicity against KNS-42 cells but demonstrated off-target effects on NHA cells. Combination therapy resulted in significant antagonism, with TMZ diminishing the cytotoxic effects of SM. These findings indicate the potential of SM to serve as a selective therapeutic agent for gliomas. Data obtained emphasize (1) the need for further research to optimize combination strategies and (2) to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of drug interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145034673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecogenotoxicity of a flumioxazin-based herbicide in terrestrial plants.","authors":"Tamires de Freitas Oliveira, Tamara Alessandra Costa Santos, Maria Fernanda Barbosa Vaz da Costa, Larissa Fonseca Andrade-Vieira","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2557987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2557987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flumioxazin-based herbicides are frequently used in agriculture to control broadleaf weeds attributed to their high efficacy, rapid action, and residual soil activity, making these compounds a preferred choice over other herbicides in pre-emergence weed control. Due to their beneficial properties, use of these herbicides has significantly increased in recent years, raising concerns regarding potential environmental risks. This study aimed to examine the effects of a commercial flumioxazin-based formulation on different plant models. The species <i>Lactuca sativa</i> L. <i>Raphanus sativus</i> L. <i>Pennisetum glaucum</i> L. and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L. were used to assess the herbicide's impact on seed germination and early seedling development. In addition, the genotoxic effects of the herbicide on <i>Allium cepa</i> L. root tip cells were analyzed, including determination of mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, and the presence of micronuclei. Data demonstrated that flumioxazin-based herbicide produced significant effects on seedling development in all 4 plant models, particularly at concentrations higher than those recommended for agricultural use ( > 0.05 g/L). Differential sensitivity was observed amongst the species, with <i>T. aestivum</i> being the most sensitive, emphasizing the importance of determining effects across a variety of plant organisms. Genotoxicity responses in <i>A. cepa</i> showed effects at a dose 6-fold higher than the recommended field application amount. However, at doses within the recommended range, flumioxazin-based herbicide was considered low-risk in the terrestrial environment. Evidence indicates the need for caution in agrochemical use and emphasizes the importance of plant models in ecotoxicological studies to promote more sustainable agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145024784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of the allelopathic interference of inside and peripheral extracts of <i>Eugenia florida</i> DC leaves on the primary development, mitotic index and chromosomal abnormalities of <i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.","authors":"Pâmela Ingrid Alves, João Vitor Barbosa Calvelli, Daniela Vilas Boas Braga, Antonio Rodrigues da Cunha Neto, Marina Nogueira de Lima, Renan Gomes Bastos, Marcelo Aparecido da Silva, Geraldo Alves da Silva, Sandro Barbosa","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2552807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2552807","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The chemical characterization of the species <i>Eugenia florida</i> identified compounds with diverse beneficial pharmacological potential, making it a target for extensive research. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytotoxic and cytogenotoxic effects attributed to exposure to <i>E. florida</i>, leaf extracts obtained from different positions in the canopy (inside and periphery) and through aqueous and hydroethanolic extraction methods. Bioassays were conducted using <i>Lactuca sativa</i> L. measuring parameters such as germination percentage on days 4 and 7, germination speed index, shoot length, root elongation, percentage of abnormal seedlings, and cytogenetic parameters (mitotic index and frequency of chromosomal abnormalities). The results demonstrated that different leaf extracts of <i>E. florida</i> displayed no variation in phytochemical composition, with the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, catechin, saponins, and terpenes. However, the collection position and extraction method have a significant impact on the allelopathic potential of the different extracts. Peripheral leaves, when subjected to hydroethanolic extraction, demonstrated greater efficiency, showing phytotoxic effects on root elongation and morphological abnormalities. Furthermore, a mitodepressive effect greater than 50% was observed, without the detection of genotoxic damage. Thus, this study provides the first evidence that <i>E. florida</i> extracts possess allelopathic potential, especially in the post-emergence phase in bioassays with <i>L. sativa</i>, inducing morphological and cytotoxic alterations. These results highlight the feasibility of using these extracts and pave the way for future research, contributing to the development of more ecological alternatives in agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144979382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of nanocapsules containing anti-inflammatory drugs: <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in silico</i> biological activity.","authors":"Altevir Rossato Viana, Luiza Madalozzo Diniz, Vitoria Hagemann Cauduro, Nickolas Pippi, Erdi Can Aytar, Ana Carolina Penna Dos Santos, Joseana Antunes Porciuncula, Cristiano Rodrigo Bohn Rhoden, André Passaglia Schuch, Erico Marlon Moraes Flores, Camila Franco","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2553202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2553202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer constitutes a major cause of death globally. Many current treatments are not very selective and often harm healthy cells. Inflammation is known to be associated with tumor growth, yet anti-inflammatory drugs alone are rarely used in a targeted manner. The aim of this study was to examine the synergic activity of two frequently used anti-inflammatory drugs, dexamethasone acetate (DA), and nimesulide (NIME) in nanoencapsulated form to diminish toxicity but enhance therapeutic effectiveness. The stability of the nanocapsules was established by applying light scattering, zeta potential, electron microscopy, and HPLC-DAD. The nanocapsules remained intact over time and exhibited a porosity and regular even shape, ideal for slow drug release. The encapsulated drugs initiated less harm to healthy HaCaT and L929 cells maintaining activity against cancer cells (HeLa, A375). Docking tests indicated that DA was bound effectively to the MMP-13/TIMP-2 complex, indicative of potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Molecular docking analysis noted that DA exhibited a stronger binding affinity to the target protein compared to NIME (binding energy: -8.7 kcal/mol, Ki: 0.423 µM vs. NIME: -6.8 kcal/mol, Ki: 10.4 µM), indicating a higher propensity for interaction. Further, DFT analysis demonstrated that NIME possessed a smaller HOMO - LUMO gap (0.132 eV), suggesting greater chemical reactivity, whereas DA exhibited a larger gap (2.806 eV), indicative of enhanced molecular stability. Computational results suggested that NIME was more reactive, while DA was more stable. Data suggest that nanocapsules may diminish side effects without reducing the benefits of these drugs against tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144979418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive compounds and cytotoxic activity of <i>Lavandula dentata</i> extract obtained via supercritical extraction.","authors":"Thais de Souza Visgueira Lima, Patrícia Aline Bressiani, Ana Paula Peron, Maria Alice Novelli Liberatto Ciuffa, Felipe de Andrade Maia, Luiz Henrique Fasolin, Maria Helene Giovanetti Canteri, Irede Angela Lucini Dalmolin, Elisângela Düsman","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2549913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2549913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The flowers of <i>Lavandula</i> sp. have been widely studied and attributed to their therapeutic and aromatic properties. However, no apparent study to date has examined the extraction of <i>Lavandula dentata</i> compounds from supercritical extraction with CO₂ solvent, a technique recognized for efficiency, selectivity, and ability to generate extracts without solvent residues. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic potential of volatile compounds of <i>L. dentata</i>, extracted by supercritical technology and cytotoxic and antioxidant capacity examined using human cervical (SiHa) and hepatic tumor cells (Huh7.5). Supercritical fluid extraction was conducted under conditions of 180 bar, 40°C and carbon dioxide (CO₂) solvent flow rate of 1.06 × 10^-4 kg/sec. A yield of 1.68 ± 0.04% by mass was obtained. The major bioactive compounds detected by GC-MS were camphor and 1,8-cineol (oxygenated monoterpenes). The high presence of phenolic compounds was detected through the Folin-Ciocalteu test consequent potential of antioxidant capacity through DPPH inhibition. A high number of total carotenoids were identified, an unprecedented result for this species. The MTT cytotoxicity tests with SiHa and Huh7.5 cell lines were promising at concentrations of 200 to 1000 μg/ml at 24, 48 or 72 hr. Evidence indicates that supercritical extraction with CO₂ solvent was efficient in extraction of phenolic compounds and carotenoids as well as enhancing antioxidant capacity, which confer promising beneficial biological activities for human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144979359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}