Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues最新文献

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> anti-inflammatory activity of ethyl acetate extract and nicotinic acid from <i>Cordyceps neovolkiana</i> DL0004 in RAW 264.7 macrophages.","authors":"Khac Ky Lam, Dai-Hung Ngo, Dai-Nghiep Ngo, Vo Thi Ngoc My, Thanh Sang Vo","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2560022","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2560022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of the ethyl acetate extract (EA) of <i>Cordyceps neovolkiana</i> DL0004, a native fungal species recently isolated in Vietnam and its purified compound, nicotinic acid (NCA), using <i>in vitro</i> assays. Data showed that both EA and NCA significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages without inducing cytotoxicity. Further, western blot analysis demonstrated that both agents suppressed the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) subunit p50 and p65 in a concentration-dependent manner, with NCA exhibiting greater potency at lower concentrations. In addition, EA and NCA effectively protected cellular DNA and proteins against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative damage, confirming their antioxidant potential. These findings suggest that <i>C. neovolkiana</i> and its constituents, particularly NCA, possess promising anti-inflammatory activities as evidenced by suppression of NO production, NF-κB activation, and oxidative stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"293-303"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145071223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of chemical-mediated alterations in production of cytokines derived <i>in vitro</i> from THP-1 cell line.","authors":"DaEun Lee, Manju Acharya, SoYeon Kim, Anju Maharjan, YiRang Na, GiYong Lee, ChangYul Kim, Yong Heo, HyoungAh Kim","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2549556","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2549556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune responses occur through orchestration of various immune components. Considering immune system complexity, immunotoxicity was evaluated primarily <i>in vivo</i> in rodents. Worldwide restrictions in animal use for toxicity research has driven development of <i>in vitro</i> methods for screening chemicals postulated to be potentially immunotoxic. One <i>in vitro</i> assay of immunotoxicity (IMMUNOTOX-T) uses human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. Since cytokine profiling might predict immunotoxicities, the aim of this study was to determine levels of 27 cytokines derived from THP-1 cells in response to chemical treatment. Seven immunosuppressives and 14 non-immunotoxicants <i>in vivo</i> were used as references to distinguish between immunosuppression and aberrant immunostimulation. Immunotoxicity of 41 <i>in vivo</i> immunomodulatory chemicals, at 0.01×, 0.1×, or 0.5× of 75% cell viability concentrations, was tested under blinded conditions by measuring relative cytokine production level (RCPL, %) versus control. The mean cytokine production value for immunosuppressants (MCPVS) of each cytokine was calculated by averaging mean RCPLs of three test concentrations of seven immunosuppressants. The acceptable cytokine production range (ACPR) for 14 non-immunotoxicants was defined as the highest mean RCPL of these 14 non-immunotoxicants for each cytokine. A target test substance was considered immunotoxic if mean RCPL of three test concentrations of the substance for at least one cytokine was below MCPVS or above the highest ACPR. Of 41 substances tested, 40, all except toluene, exhibited immunotoxic properties, with 9 and 6 substances downregulating and upregulating immune activity, respectively. This assay may contribute to the identification of immunotoxicological properties attributed to exposure to chemical substances.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"139-153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145356818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of the allelopathic interference of inside and peripheral extracts of <i>Eugenia florida</i> DC leaves on the primary development, mitotic index and chromosomal abnormalities of <i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.","authors":"Pâmela Ingrid Alves, João Vitor Barbosa Calvelli, Daniela Vilas Boas Braga, Antonio Rodrigues da Cunha Neto, Marina Nogueira de Lima, Renan Gomes Bastos, Marcelo Aparecido da Silva, Geraldo Alves da Silva, Sandro Barbosa","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2552807","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2552807","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The chemical characterization of the species <i>Eugenia florida</i> identified compounds with diverse beneficial pharmacological potential, making it a target for extensive research. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytotoxic and cytogenotoxic effects attributed to exposure to <i>E. florida</i>, leaf extracts obtained from different positions in the canopy (inside and periphery) and through aqueous and hydroethanolic extraction methods. Bioassays were conducted using <i>Lactuca sativa</i> L. measuring parameters such as germination percentage on days 4 and 7, germination speed index, shoot length, root elongation, percentage of abnormal seedlings, and cytogenetic parameters (mitotic index and frequency of chromosomal abnormalities). The results demonstrated that different leaf extracts of <i>E. florida</i> displayed no variation in phytochemical composition, with the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, catechin, saponins, and terpenes. However, the collection position and extraction method have a significant impact on the allelopathic potential of the different extracts. Peripheral leaves, when subjected to hydroethanolic extraction, demonstrated greater efficiency, showing phytotoxic effects on root elongation and morphological abnormalities. Furthermore, a mitodepressive effect greater than 50% was observed, without the detection of genotoxic damage. Thus, this study provides the first evidence that <i>E. florida</i> extracts possess allelopathic potential, especially in the post-emergence phase in bioassays with <i>L. sativa</i>, inducing morphological and cytotoxic alterations. These results highlight the feasibility of using these extracts and pave the way for future research, contributing to the development of more ecological alternatives in agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"181-193"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144979382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecotoxicological assessment of the environmental risks of a glyphosate-based herbicide recently introduced in the Brazilian market: a perspective from plant-based bioassays.","authors":"Marcel José Palmieri, Joice Lima Ferreira, Franciele de Fátima Domingos, Leonardo Mendes Silva, Maria Eduarda Magalhães, Tamara Alessandra Costa Santos, Akemi Wiermannss Okazaki, Larissa Fonseca Andrade-Vieira","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2549557","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2549557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study determined the phytotoxic and cytogenetic effects of two glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs): XEQUE MATE HT IHARA® (restricted agricultural use - GBHn) and CITROMAX MAX 20 (used for gardening, sold for the general public - GBHg). Phytotoxicity bioassays were conducted using four non-target species (<i>Lactuca sativa</i>, <i>Raphanus sativus</i>, <i>Pennisetum glaucum</i>, and <i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) and one target species (<i>Bidens pilosa</i>). Both GBHs significantly reduced germination rate (G%), germination speed index (GSI), fresh mass (FM), and seedling growth (SG) in a dose-dependent manner. SG was the most sensitive endpoint with decreases over 99% at 480 mg/L for both GBHs. <i>Bidens pilosa</i> exhibited the highest sensitivity index (SI = 0.93 for GBHn, 0.8 for GBHg), confirming target specificity. Overall SI were similar (OSI = 0.75 for GBHn; 0.72 for GBHg), indicating comparable toxicity. Cytogenetic assays using <i>Allium cepa</i> demonstrated significant reductions in mitotic index (MI) at higher concentrations (> 40% decrease at higher doses), with limited chromosomal alterations but notable increases in micronuclei (MN) (up to 6 per 1,000 cells) for both GBHs. GBHn induced more MN formation than GBHg, suggesting greater genotoxicity. Despite similar phytotoxic profiles, GBHn's higher genotoxicity warrants concern. These results indicate the environmental risks posed by treatments with both formulations and emphasize the need for rigorous regulatory scrutiny for glyphosate-based herbicides.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"155-167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144979401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating accuracy and precision in the bioavailability-adjusted exposure point concentration to support human health risk assessment of lead-contaminated soils.","authors":"Clay M Nelson, Kevin Li, Gary L Diamond, Matthew Lambert, Karen D Bradham","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2542348","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2542348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Under the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) CERCLA program, soils suspected of lead (Pb) contamination are evaluated to assess the impact of soil Pb exposure on blood Pb levels. The decision to remediate relies, in part, on whether the measured soil exposure point concentration (EPC) excee ds an action level. The U.S. EPA established data quality objectives (DQOs) to support data collection used to estimate the EPC and assess confidence in remediation decisions. To support DQO processes at sites where site-specific soil Pb relative bioavailability (RBA) is assessed, a statistical simulation model was developed that estimates false compliance/exceedance decision error probabilities based upon uncertainty in the RBA-adjusted EPC, employing model inputs defining (1) the sampling protocol being evaluated, (2) variability in total and bioavailable soil Pb across the assessed area, and (3) analytical measurement uncertainty. A framework for utilizing the simulation model is presented using a hypothetical site informed by concentration and soil Pb bioavailability distributions from an actual Pb-contaminated site. Pre-sampling, false compliance/exceedance decision error probabilities were predicted for various sampling protocols. A DQO-compliant sampling protocol was then selected, and accuracy and precision in the measured EPC were assessed relative to a specified risk-based action level.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"79-93"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13007798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144859942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using National Land Cover Database as an indicator of successful remediation: the Department of Energy's Rocky Flats (Colorado) as a case study.","authors":"Joanna Burger, Michael Gochfeld, Kevin G Brown, Monica Cortes, Kelly Ng, David S Kosson","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2534616","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2534616","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Missions for federal facilities, such as the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Energy (DOE), include protecting human health and the environment. The public is interested in whether ecological resources are protected on such lands, especially following remediation of legacy wastes remaining from World War II, Cold War, and industrial activities. Many DOE sites are remediated for future uses depending upon potential for exposure to residual contamination. This study: (1) examined the % ecological resources remaining on Rocky Flats following completion of cleanup, (2) compared the ecological resources (i.e. plant cover) of Rocky Flats (RF) with the surrounding 10-km and 30-km bands of land, and (3) measured % natural vegetation on RF with comparable % on three other large DOE facilities that are still undergoing remediation. Rocky Flats contains significantly more grassland than the surrounding region, with less development, and is mostly a National Wildlife Refuge open to the public. Agriculture and grazing do not occur on RF. The three sites undergoing remediation have significantly more natural habitat (climax vegetation) than their surrounding buffer areas. The aim of this study was to examine the implications of ecological protection of climax vegetation upon these sites and the importance of consistently examining regional ecologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144692394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological response of rice to graphene oxide under cadmium chloride stress.","authors":"Raissa Tainá Puntel, Raquel Stefanello, Cristiano Rodrigo Bohn Rhoden, Lucio Strazzabosco Dorneles","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2534859","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2534859","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal commonly introduced into agricultural soils through phosphate fertilizers. Cadmium accumulation poses serious risks to human health, crop productivity, and environmental sustainability. Although the toxic effects of Cd on plant development are well documented, effective and sustainable strategies to mitigate its impact on seed germination and early plant growth remain limited. Nanomaterials such as graphene oxide (GO) demonstrated potential in alleviating abiotic stress, but application in Cd-contaminated agricultural systems requires further investigation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the potential of GO as a possible mitigator of adverse Cd-initiated effects on seed germination and initial growth of rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) seedlings. Rice seeds were treated with varying concentrations of GO (0 to 500 mg/L), Cd chloride (0 to 0.4 mM), and combination of GO + Cd chloride simultaneously. The experiment was conducted on a germitest paper, where the rolls were kept for 7 days in a germination chamber (25 ± 2 °C and 12 hr light). The germination and seedling growth were subsequently assessed. Cadmium exposure inhibited seed germination and early seedling development, particularly at concentrations from 0.1 mM. Graphene oxide, on the other hand, proved to be a suitable alternative to mitigate Cd-induced stress, showing a significant enhanced germination at concentrations of up to 250 mg/L. Graphene oxide demonstrated potential as a protective agent against Cd-induced toxicity in rice seeds, suggesting its promising application in improving crop resilience in metal-contaminated environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"18-30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144676574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rutin prevents memory impairment by reducing brain oxidative stress and fungal burden in a rat model of cryptococcosis.","authors":"Camila Eduarda Justen, Alana Bianca de Moraes Chitolina, Isabela Andres Finamor, Maria Amália Pavanato, Marina Machado Maurente, Isabela Maraschin Vieira, Marcelo Leite da Veiga, Eduarda Saab, Raquel Tusi Tamiosso, Matheus Dellaméa Baldissera","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2538591","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2538591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to examine whether intraperitoneal (ip) rutin administration is able to reduce or prevent <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> var. <i>grubii-</i>induced brain damage, as well as lower fungal burden in male Wistar rats. Inhibitory avoidance tasks revealed memory impairments in rats experimentally infected with <i>C. neoformans</i> var. grubii when compared to saline or uninfected rats. Rutin administration to infected rats prevented memory loss. Brain reactive oxygen species, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and nitric oxide levels were significantly higher in rats infected with <i>C</i>. neoformans var. grubii compared to saline or uninfected animals. Rutin administration to infected rats decreased (61%, 33%, and 58%, respectively) all these alterations. Brain catalase (CAT) activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were significantly diminished in rats infected with <i>C</i>. neoformans var. grubii compared to saline or uninfected rats, while rutin administration to infected rats blocked reductions in brain TAC levels and partially restored brain CAT activity. Finally, administration of rutin decreased (49%) brain fungal burden compared to saline or uninfected rats. Summary data demonstrated that oxidative stress was involved in <i>C. neoformans</i> var. <i>grubii-</i>induced memory impairment. The novelty of the study is that rutin ameliorated <i>C. neoformans</i> var. <i>grubii-</i>initiated memory loss via stimulation of the antioxidant defense system protecting the brain against free radical-mediated effects and lipid peroxidation, as well as exerting antifungal action. Thus, rutin may be considered as a potential source for cryptococcosis treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"41-54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144818326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the combined genotoxic effects of nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines using the wing SMART test in <i>Drosophila</i>.","authors":"Carolina Jaeger, Juliana da Silva, Mauricio Lehmann, Rafael Rodrigues Dihl","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2584559","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2584559","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tobacco consumption remains one of the leading causes of preventable diseases and deaths worldwide. Among its major constituents, nicotine (NIC) and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) stand out attributed to their toxicological and carcinogenic potential. While NIC is primarily recognized for its addictive properties, TSNAs such as N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) are well-established procarcinogens derived from nicotine metabolism. Although the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of NNN and NNK have been extensively documented, the impact of their combined exposure with NIC remains poorly understood. This study investigated the mutagenic and recombinogenic activities of NIC in association with NNN and NNK <i>in vivo</i> using the <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART). Two experimental designs were applied: the standard cross, with basal levels of cytochrome P450-dependent metabolic activity, and the high bioactivation cross, characterized by elevated P450 levels essential for metabolic activation of procarcinogens and promutagens. Data demonstrated that NIC, NNN, and NNK tested individually did not significantly alter mutant clone frequencies. However, combined treatment of NNN 0.001 mg/ml and NNK 0.001 mg/ml in the high bioactivation cross induced a significant rise in total frequency of mutant spots. Further analysis revealed that 73.5% of induced genetic alterations were attributable to somatic recombination events. These findings demonstrate the genotoxic potential of combined TSNAs, suggesting that simultaneous exposure may potentiate genetic damage primarily through recombination mechanisms, emphasizing an important risk factor for tobacco-related health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"399-411"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145490875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive compounds and cytotoxic activity of <i>Lavandula dentata</i> extract obtained via supercritical extraction.","authors":"Thais de Souza Visgueira Lima, Patrícia Aline Bressiani, Ana Paula Peron, Maria Alice Novelli Liberatto Ciuffa, Felipe de Andrade Maia, Luiz Henrique Fasolin, Maria Helene Giovanetti Canteri, Irede Angela Lucini Dalmolin, Elisângela Düsman","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2549913","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2549913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The flowers of <i>Lavandula</i> sp. have been widely studied and attributed to their therapeutic and aromatic properties. However, no apparent study to date has examined the extraction of <i>Lavandula dentata</i> compounds from supercritical extraction with CO₂ solvent, a technique recognized for efficiency, selectivity, and ability to generate extracts without solvent residues. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic potential of volatile compounds of <i>L. dentata</i>, extracted by supercritical technology and cytotoxic and antioxidant capacity examined using human cervical (SiHa) and hepatic tumor cells (Huh7.5). Supercritical fluid extraction was conducted under conditions of 180 bar, 40°C and carbon dioxide (CO₂) solvent flow rate of 1.06 × 10^-4 kg/sec. A yield of 1.68 ± 0.04% by mass was obtained. The major bioactive compounds detected by GC-MS were camphor and 1,8-cineol (oxygenated monoterpenes). The high presence of phenolic compounds was detected through the Folin-Ciocalteu test consequent potential of antioxidant capacity through DPPH inhibition. A high number of total carotenoids were identified, an unprecedented result for this species. The MTT cytotoxicity tests with SiHa and Huh7.5 cell lines were promising at concentrations of 200 to 1000 μg/ml at 24, 48 or 72 hr. Evidence indicates that supercritical extraction with CO₂ solvent was efficient in extraction of phenolic compounds and carotenoids as well as enhancing antioxidant capacity, which confer promising beneficial biological activities for human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"168-180"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144979359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}