Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues最新文献

{"title":"The effect of exposure to ambient air fine particulate matter pollution on mortality among children aged under five in Taiwan.","authors":"Shang-Shyue Tsai, Chih-Cheng Chen, Chun-Yuh Yang","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2521644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2521644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to ambient fine air particulate matter (PM_2.5) pollution may pose an adverse health hazard risk to infants and children. The under-5 mortality rate serves as an estimate of probability that a child might die between birth and age of five following exposure. This rate has been used by the United Nations as a prime indicator of exposure when setting and evaluating sustainable development goals (SDGs). These particular SDGs targets were set to avoid preventable deaths in this age group. Few investigators examined the relationship between post-birth exposure to PM_2.5 and under-5 mortality. To examine this association, the mean annual PM_2.5 levels of 65 municipal districts were measured in Taiwan from 2013 to 2022 and then divided into tertiles. The under-5 mortality rates per 1000 live births included the following parameters PM_2.5 levels, urbanization, physician density, and mean annual household income. Weighted-multiple linear regression was used to compute the adjusted risk ratios (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Data demonstrated that children living in districts with the highest PM_2.5 levels to be at significantly increased risk of mortality at under-5, with adjusted RR (95% CI) calculated at 1.12 (1.02-1,23) for those residing in municipalities with mean PM_2.5 between 23.7 and 27.49 ug/m³ compared to those living in districts with the lowest PM_2.5 levels. An increase a 0.7% in under-5 child mortality per each 1 ug/m³ rise in PM_2.5, suggested long-term exposure to PM_2.5 enhances the risk of mortality under-5 children in Taiwan.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144327779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mutagenic assessment and toxicological impact of bergenin in a phenolic-enriched extract from <i>Endopleura uchi</i> (Huber) Cuatrec bark, a medicinal plant from the Amazon rainforest.","authors":"Elkejer Ribeiro da Cruz, Dione Silva Corrêa, Jéssica Machado Miri, Juliana Bondan da Silva, Jayne Torres de Sousa, Ingrid Vicente Farias, Flávio Henrique Reginatto, Juliana da Silva, Ivana Grivicich, Alexandre de Barros Falcão Ferraz, Jaqueline Nascimento Picada","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2464920","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2464920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Endopleura uchi</i> bark traditionally used in folk medicine attributed to its anti-inflammatory properties is due to the presence of bergenin. This study aimed to determine the toxicological parameters associated with exposure to a phenolic-enriched extract of <i>E. uchi</i> bark and bergenin a bioactive byproduct of this compound. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined through spectrometric analyses, while phenolic compounds were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Antioxidant activity was assessed in vitro using the DPPH assay. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were assessed via the MTT assay and comet assay, respectively, whereas mutagenic activity was examined using Salmonella/microsome assay and micronucleus (MN) test. A high content of phenolic (732.22 ± 9.48 mg/g) GAE (gallic acid equivalence) and flavonoid 252.47 ± 5.7 mg/g QE (quercetin) compounds was found in bergenin the phenolic-enriched extract byproduct as well as isomers of gallic acid, epicatechin, isoquercitrin, castalagin, punicalin, and punicalagin. The DPPH value was 23.74 ± 0.45 μg/ml. In MTT assay, the extract exhibited an IC50 of 72.5 ± 2.6 µg/ml. Both extract and bergenin displayed genotoxic activity in L929 fibroblast cells at 50 µg/ml but not mutagenic effects in the Salmonella/microsome assay or MN test. Despite the genotoxic actions, <i>E. uchi</i> bark and bergenin extract did not induce gene or chromosomal mutations, suggesting a low risk of compromising genomic stability. The presence of bioactive compounds such as bergenin and punicalagin in <i>E. uchi</i> bark demonstrates a therapeutic potential of this native tree for treating inflammatory diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"495-504"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143392549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose-response effect of polyphenon-60 from green tea (P60-GT) on hexavalent chromium-induced genotoxic damage and apoptosis in mice.","authors":"Lourdes Montserrat Hernández-Cortés, Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez, Alda Rocío Ortiz-Muñiz, María Del Carmen García-Rodríguez","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2455956","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2455956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to examine the dose-response effects of polyphenon-60 derived from green tea (P60-GT) on hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]-induced genotoxic damage and apoptosis. Male Hsd:ICR mice were divided into 4 groups: (1) Control (vehicle only), (2) P60-GT (15, 30, or 45 mg/kg gavage), (3) Cr(VI) (20 mg/kg of CrO₃ intraperitoneally), and (4) P60-GT+CrO₃ (P60-GT administered 4 hr before CrO₃). Peripheral blood samples were collected at 24, 48, and 72 hr to assess the number of micronuclei (MN), apoptosis, and cell viability, while plasma 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels were measured at 0 and 48 hr. Cr(VI) significantly increased MN frequency, suppressed 8-OHdG repair, and reduced cell viability. Pre-treatment with P60-GT reduced MN frequency by up to 74%, with the 30 mg/kg dose demonstrating the highest efficacy. This dose restored cell viability, enhanced 8-OHdG repair, and enhanced apoptosis, suggesting activation of DNA repair and apoptotic pathways as potential antigenotoxic mechanisms. The 15 mg/kg dose exhibited anti-apoptotic effects, while the 30 and 45 mg/kg doses promoted apoptosis. However, the 45 mg/kg dose resulted in 100% lethality by 72 hr, likely due to synergistic toxicity with Cr(VI). These findings demonstrate the dose-dependent protective effects of P60-GT and emphasize the need for dosage optimization to maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"479-494"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of e-cigarette use to renal cadmium burden.","authors":"Gary L Diamond, Julie M Klotzbach","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2518256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2518256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent expansion of the use of electronic cigarettes (eCig) as a nicotine substitute for tobacco products has raised concerns regarding whether eCig vaping might adversely contribute to the body burden of heavy metals. Epidemiological studies found higher levels of cadmium (Cd) in blood and urine in association with eCig use, although this outcome is not consistent across all investigations. In this study, a biokinetic model was used to predict the relative contributions of diet and eCig vaping to renal and urinary Cd levels. The biokinetic model predicted that, for a median eCig exposure scenario, renal cortex Cd increased by 0.2 μg Cd/g and urine Cd rose by 0.004 μg Cd/g creatinine (Cr), a 5.6% elevation above the levels predicted for diet alone. For a 95th percentile eCig exposure, the rise was 2.2 μg Cd/g renal cortex and urine Cd increased by 0.04 μg Cd/g Cr, a 35% elevation above the level predicted for diet alone. The predicted increases in urine Cd attributed to eCig vaping were consistent with epidemiologic-based estimates of the impact of eCig use on urinary Cd levels, providing further support for eCig vaping constituting a potential contributor to the Cd body burden.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144327778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytotoxicity and cytogenotoxic effects of extracts from the medicinal bark of <i>Rhamnus purshiana</i> DC. (Rhamnaceae).","authors":"Kimberly Silva Souza, Antonio Rodrigues da Cunha Neto, Daniela Aparecida Chagas-Paula, Sandro Barbosa, Geraldo Alves da Silva, João Vitor Barbosa Calvelli","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2466665","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2466665","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural products, although frequently associated with beneficial effects and considered harmless, still require thorough analysis; therefore, their bioactive compounds need to be used with caution. Biological assays using plant models represent an appropriate alternative for evaluating the cytogenotoxicity associated with these products. In this study, the phyto- cytotoxic potential of extracts from the bark of <i>Rhamnus purshiana</i> DC. a species widely used for treatment of constipation was investigated due to its anthraquinone content. To this end, seeds of <i>Lactuca sativa</i> L. were employed in phyto-cytogenotoxic assays under chronic exposure to lyophilized and spray-dried extracts. The results showed that extraction methods directly influence the phytochemical composition and biological effects of the extracts. Both extracts exhibited high anthraquinone content, expressed as cascaroside A, with concentrations ranging from 45.65 to 72.17 μg/ml. The spray-dried extract demonstrated a more potent inhibitory effect on morphological parameters, such as root elongation, while lyophilized extract exhibited higher cytotoxicity. Both extracts induced mitodepressive effects and aneugenic damage. Notably, the lyophilized extract induced a 300% increase in mitotic abnormalities compared to control, with a higher frequency of C-metaphases and stickiness. Although <i>R. purshiana</i> is widely used in traditional medicine, the scarcity of studies on cascaroside A raises concerns regarding socio-environmental safety and continued use of this species in dietary supplements.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"505-517"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143442745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to epoxiconazole induces hyperlocomotion in adult zebrafish.","authors":"Carlos G Reis, Rafael Chitolina, Leonardo M Bastos, Stefani M Portela, Thailana Stahlhofer-Buss, Angelo Piato","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2519847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2519847","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global agricultural production is sustained by an elevated use of pesticides. Their application results in environmental contamination, which is demonstrated by widespread detections of these chemicals in water. This presence poses a risk to non-target organisms and ecological balance. Epoxiconazole (EPX) is the active compound of widely employed triazole fungicides, frequently reported as water contaminants. However, the behavioral effects of EPX exposure in non-target organisms, such as fish, remain unexplored. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of EPX (24, 144, and 240 μg/L) exposure on behavioral and neurochemical outcomes in zebrafish, at concentrations based on environmental detection. In the novel tank test, EPX exposure increased distance traveled, crossings, entries in the top area, and mean speed, indicating hyperlocomotion. No significant effects were observed in the social preference test and in the neurochemical analyses. These findings suggest that EPX exposure alters locomotor activity in zebrafish, highlighting the need for further research on its potential ecological impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144303652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Artemisia herba alba</i>: HPLC analysis, ADMET predictions, and anti-inflammatory Activity in chronic colitis model.","authors":"Hicham Wahnou, Martin Ndayambaje, Nouhaila Sabiri, Zaynab Ouadghiri, Oumaima Chgari, Asmae Mazti, Soufyane Hba, Youness Limami, Mounia Oudghiri","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2516045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2516045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), particularly colitis, remain a major health burden due to the limitations of current therapies, including adverse effects and diminishing efficacy. <i>Artemisia herba-alba (A. herba-alba)</i>, a medicinal plant traditionally used in North Africa and the Middle East, holds promise as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. However, the efficacy of <i>A. herba-alba</i> against chronic colitis is underexplored. The aim of this study was to undertake a comprehensive investigation combining phytochemical analysis, ADMET predictions, toxicity assessment, and <i>in vivo</i> evaluation. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detected 5 major bioactive compounds: nicotinic acid, gallic acid, rutin, catechin, and caffeic acid. ADMET profiling using SwissADME, ADMET-AI, and ProTox-II indicated favorable pharmacokinetic properties and low predicted toxicity (LD₅₀ >2000 mg/kg). A 30-day subchronic toxicity study in mice treated with up to 1000 mg/kg of extract confirmed its safety, with no mortality, behavioral changes, or organ abnormalities. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in a carrageenan-induced subchronic colitis murine model. Oral administration of <i>A. herba-alba</i> extract (500 mg/kg) significantly alleviated colitis, preserving colon length and improving mucosal architecture. Histological analysis revealed reduced crypt damage and inflammatory cell infiltration. Taken together, these results confirm the favorable safety profile and beneficial therapeutic potential of <i>A. herba-alba</i>, supporting its development as a multi-targeted, natural treatment for chronic colitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144276766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of GABA-rich rice bran fermented by <i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i> on breast cancer cell growth.","authors":"Dai-Hung Ngo, Nguyen Thi Nhat Hang, Ha Nhu Mai Nguyen, Quoc Tuan Tran, Dai-Nghiep Ngo, Thanh-Sang Vo","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2517303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2517303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-protein amino acid widely distributed in several natural products, exhibits potential for regulation of various cancers. The aim of this study was to examine the suppressive effect of GABA-containing product (GCP) derived from <i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i>-fermented rice bran on MCF-7 cell breast cancer cells. The MTT assay was used to measure cytotoxicity following exposure to GCP. Further, qPCR analysis was utilized for assessment of target gene expression, while flow cytometry was employed for determination of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Data demonstrated that GCP significantly suppressed migration of MCF-7 breast cancer cells at a non-cytotoxic concentration of 400 µg/ml. In addition, GCP downregulated the gene and protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 in these cells. Notably, treatment of GCP produced cell cycle arrest in phase of G2/M and induced an early apoptotic process via upregulation of caspase-8, -9, and Bax expression. Evidence indicates that GCP may be considered as a promising food ingredient for management of breast cancer metastasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144276767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, and dried tobacco leaf extract on HepG2.","authors":"Malu Siqueira Borges, Ana Letícia Hilário Garcia, Enaile Tuliczewski Serpa, Bruna Alves Alonso Martins, Rafael Rodrigues Dihl, Fernanda Rabaioli da Silva, Juliana da Silva","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2516815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2516815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the tobacco crop sorting process, workers come in contact with various substances found in dried leaves, including tobacco-specific nitrosamines: N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and nicotine (NIC). The objective of this study was to assess the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects initiated by exposure to aqueous extract of dry tobacco leaves (TLE) and by compounds NNN, NNK, and NIC, both alone and in combination, using the human hepatocarcinoma cell line (HepG2) as a model. The relationship of exposure with mechanisms of oxidative damage was also assessed. To determine cytotoxicity, the MTT assay was employed, and to assess genotoxicity, the alkaline comet assay and its modified version with the enzyme FPG were utilized, along with the measurement of telomere length. Further systems biology tools were employed to generate the protein network for the combination of NIC, NNN, and NNK. No marked cytotoxicity was observed through the MTT assay. Genotoxicity was detected at the highest concentrations of TLE (1.25 and 5 mg/ml), for NIC, NNN, NNK, and in combinations of these samples. The modified comet assay with formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG) enzyme found that genotoxicity was related to oxidative damage. No significant difference in telomere length was observed. Through <i>in silico</i> analysis, data demonstrated that the predominant proteins associated with the combined agents NNN, NNK, and NIC exhibited connections with signaling pathways related to oxidative damage mechanisms and carcinogenic processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144250934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Hymenaea courbaril</i> hydroalcoholic extract protects <i>in vivo</i> against oxidative stress in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> via DAF-2 and SKN-1.","authors":"Larissa Aline Carneiro Lobo, Péterson Alves Santos, Thais Lemos Mendes, Francisco Carlos da Silva, Marcia Inês Goettert, Patrícia Pereira","doi":"10.1080/15287394.2025.2514531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2025.2514531","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Hymenaea courbaril L</i>. (<i>H. courbaril</i>) is a South American native species frequently used to treat various symptoms and illnesses, including anemia, fatigue, inflammation, pain, respiratory conditions, kidney and prostate disorders, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, rheumatism, gastric and hepatic dysfunctions, and skin conditions. This study aimed to examine the <i>in vivo</i> toxicity attributed to <i>H. courbaril</i> stem bark hydroalcoholic extract and its effects on physiological conditions and stress responses. Different strains of <i>Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans)</i> were employed. The LC₅₀ of <i>H. courbaril</i> extract in N2 wild-type (L4) worms was 15,076.99 ± 1,66 µg/ml. The extract reduced survival to 92.96% at the highest concentration tested (1600 μg/ml; 24 hr), and after 72 hr treatment, concentrations of 800 or 1600 μg/ml decreased survival to 84.7% and 82.8%, respectively. Body development of <i>C. elegans</i> was also affected by higher concentrations, where only 1600 μg/ml diminished reproduction by 87.88%. Exposure to heat stress reduced <i>C. elegans</i> survival in a time-dependent manner. Also, protected worms against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂,) at different concentrations and times and decreased expression of superoxide dismutase-3(SOD-3)(800 μg/ml; 1600 μg/ml), glutathione-S-transferase-4 (GST-4) (800 μg/ml), and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)-1/2/3) (400; 800 μg/ml), suggesting that protection may involve modulation of the decay-accelerating factor-2 (DAF-2) and SKN-1 transcription factor pathways. In conclusion, <i>H. courbaril</i> extract exhibited a low toxicity profile at the concentrations tested and under the conditions used in the study. The extract may serve as a potential antioxidant and stress-protective agent associated with modulation DAF-2 and SKN-1 pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":54758,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}