Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research最新文献

{"title":"Refining the “Melting Pot” Genus Holosticha s. l. (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) Based on Multigene Datasets with Establishment of a New Species Caudikeronopsis monilata sp. nov.","authors":"Xumiao Chen,&nbsp;Ju Li,&nbsp;Kuidong Xu","doi":"10.1155/2023/3411188","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/3411188","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>The genus <i>Holosticha s. l.</i> is a typical “melting pot” group with an intricate history, and so far, it has been divided into eleven genera. Both newly obtained taxonomic and molecular data provide the opportunity to gain more insights to outline the taxa in it and to understand their systematic and evolutionary relationship. Here, we describe <i>Caudikeronopsis monilata</i> sp. nov. from intertidal sediment on the China coast of the Yellow Sea and analyze the phylogenetic relationships of <i>Holosticha s. l.</i> by obtaining a total of 16 new sequences of seven isolates. The results demonstrate that (1) the morphological features of <i>Holosticha s. str.</i> are outlined very well, but its systematic relationship with <i>Uncinata</i> is still puzzling; (2) based on both morphological and molecular databases, the genera <i>Adumbratosticha</i>, <i>Arcuseries</i>, <i>Caudikeronopsis</i>, <i>Extraholosticha</i>, and “<i>Holosticha</i> + <i>Uncinata</i>” complex are separated clearly from each other in the phylogenetic analyses; and (3) the <i>Anteholosticha</i> isolates are dispersed among the urostylids in the phylogenetic analyses, even though its generic diagnostic features are described very clearly. In the present work, however, the secondary structure predictions do not provide better resolutions for understanding the systematic and evolutionary relationships among the holostichids. And the genus <i>Anteholosticha</i> becomes a new “melting pot” taxon.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54751,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research","volume":"2023 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2023/3411188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45016033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Evolution of Interferon-Epsilon (IFNε) Pseudogene Modulates Innate and Specific Antiviral Immunity in Manis javanica","authors":"Hafiz Ishfaq Ahmad,&nbsp;Laraib Jameel,&nbsp;Quratulain Zahra,&nbsp;Jiabin Zhou,&nbsp;Linmiao Li,&nbsp;Xiujuan Zhang,&nbsp;Shakeel Ahmed,&nbsp;Daoud Ali,&nbsp;Gokhlesh Kumar,&nbsp;Aleena Safdar,&nbsp;Farhan Abbas,&nbsp;Jinping Chen","doi":"10.1155/2023/2949008","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/2949008","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Interferon-Epsilon (<i>IFNε</i>) is a type of interferon, a protein that plays a role in the immune response to viral infections. This study is aimed at examining the molecular evolution of the <i>IFNε</i> pseudogene in <i>Manis javanica</i>, and it has been found to modulate the innate and specific antiviral immunity in this species. In this study, we identified that <i>IFNε</i> gene has undergone rapid evolution in <i>Manis javanica,</i> with the human and primate IFN<i>ε</i> genes showing evidence of positive selection. This suggests that <i>IFNε</i> has played an important role in the evolution of the immune system, possibly in response to coevolution with viral pathogens. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the <i>IFNε</i> pseudogene in pangolins originated from a gene duplication event approximately 48 million years ago. It subsequently lost its protein-coding function due to multiple deleterious mutations. However, the <i>IFNε</i> pseudogene exhibits a high degree of conservation in its promoter region, suggesting it may still play a regulatory role in antiviral immunity. This suggests that the pseudogene may have evolved to serve an important function in the pangolin’s immune system, potentially helping to protect it from viral infections. The molecular evolution of <i>IFNε</i> provides insights into the coevolutionary dynamics between host immune systems and viral pathogens and may have implications for developing new antiviral therapies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54751,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research","volume":"2023 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2023/2949008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48821635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary History and Taxonomic Reclassification of the Critically Endangered Daggernose Shark, a Species Endemic to the Western Atlantic","authors":"Luis Fernando da Silva Rodrigues-Filho,&nbsp;Paula da Costa Nogueira,&nbsp;Davidson Sodré,&nbsp;José Rafael da Silva Leal,&nbsp;Jorge Luiz Silva Nunes,&nbsp;Getulio Rincon,&nbsp;Rosangela Paula Teixeira Lessa,&nbsp;Iracilda Sampaio,&nbsp;Marcelo Vallinoto,&nbsp;Jonathan S. Ready,&nbsp;João Bráullio Luna Sales","doi":"10.1155/2023/4798805","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/4798805","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>The family Carcharhinidae includes the most typical and recognizable sharks, although its internal classification is the subject of extensive debate. In particular, the type genus, <i>Carcharhinus</i> Blainville, 1816, which is also the most speciose, appears to be paraphyletic in relation to a number of morphologically distinct taxa. <i>Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus</i> (Valenciennes, 1839) (the daggernose shark) is a carcharinid, which is endemic to a limited area of the Western Atlantic between Trinidad and Tobago and the Gulf of Maranhão in northern Brazil, one of the smallest ranges of any New World elasmobranch species. In recent decades, <i>I. oxyrhynchus</i> populations have been decimated by anthropogenic impacts, which has led to the classification of the species as critically endangered by the IUCN. However, there is considerable debate on both the validity of the species (<i>I. oxyrhynchus</i>) and the status of <i>Isogomphodon</i> Gill, 1862 as a distinct entity from the genus <i>Carcharhinus</i>. The present study is based on a molecular assessment of the genetic validity of the <i>I. oxyrhynchus</i> that combines mitochondrial and nuclear markers, which were used to identify the biogeographic events responsible for the emergence and dispersal of the species in northern Brazil. The genetic distance analyses and phylogenetic trees confirmed the paraphyly of the genus <i>Carcharhinus</i>, recovering a clade comprising <i>Carcharhinus</i>+<i>I. oxyrhynchus</i>+<i>Prionace glauca</i> (Linnaeus, 1758). Our results indicate not only that the daggernose shark is actually a member of the genus <i>Carcharhinus</i>, but that it is genetically more closely related to <i>Carcharhinus porosus</i> (Ranzani, 1839) than it is to the other <i>Carcharhinus</i> species analyzed. Given this, <i>I. oxyrhynchus</i> and <i>P. glauca</i> are therefore reclassified and recognized as <i>Carcharhinus oxyrhynchus</i> and <i>Carcharhinus glaucus</i>. The daggernose shark, <i>Carcharhinus oxyrhynchus</i>, diverged from <i>C. porosus</i> during the Miocene, when significant geomorphological processes occurred on the northern coast of South America, in particular in relation to the configuration of the Amazon River. It is closely associated with the area of the Amazon plume, and its distinctive morphological features represent autapomorphic ecological adaptations to this unique habitat and do not reflect systematic distinction from <i>Carcharhinus</i>.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54751,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research","volume":"2023 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2023/4798805","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44655418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catch-All No More: Integrative Systematic Revision of the Genus Allolobophora Eisen, 1874 (Crassiclitellata, Lumbricidae) with the Description of Two New Relict Earthworm Genera","authors":"Alejandro Martínez Navarro,&nbsp;Sergio Jiménez Pinadero,&nbsp;Thibaud Decaëns,&nbsp;Mickaël Hedde,&nbsp;Marta Novo,&nbsp;Dolores Trigo,&nbsp;Daniel Fernández Marchán","doi":"10.1155/2023/5479917","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/5479917","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>The taxonomy of earthworms has been riddled by instability, lack of systematically useful characters, and lax diagnoses of some genera. This has led to the use of some genera such as <i>Allolobophora</i> Eisen, 1874 as taxonomic wastebaskets, blurring their evolution and biogeographical history. The implementation of molecular techniques has revolutionized the systematics of the genus; however, some of its species have not been previously included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. Thus, the molecular markers COI, 16S, ND1, 12S, and 28S were sequenced for six endemic species including several taxa of <i>Allolobophora</i> and <i>Aporrectodea</i> Örely, 1885 (another related catch-all genus). Phylogenetic relationships determined by Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses support the status of two of the six taxa examined (<i>Allolobophora burgondiae</i> Bouché, 1972 and <i>Aporrectodea icterica</i> Savigny, 1826) as part of <i>Allolobophora</i> sensu stricto and a presumed synonymy between <i>Allolobophora</i> and <i>Heraclescolex</i> Qiu and Bouché, 1998. Branch lengths and average pairwise genetic distances support the transfer of <i>Allolobophora satchelli</i> Bouché, 1972 to the genus <i>Panoniona</i> Mršić and Šapkarev, 1988 and the emergence of two new genera, <i>Heraultia</i> gen. nov. and <i>Vosgesia</i> gen. nov., endemic to France, hosting <i>Allolobophora tiginosa</i> Bouché, 1972 and <i>Allolobophora zicsii</i> Bouché, 1972, respectively. The aforementioned changes of status and the diagnosis for <i>Heraultia</i> and <i>Vosgesia</i> are presented. These results provided more evolutionarily and biogeographically coherent earthworm groups and highlighted that the Maghreb and the area around the Alps are potential key locations for the diversification of <i>Allolobophora</i> and several lineages of Lumbricidae.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54751,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research","volume":"2023 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2023/5479917","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48415743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reevaluation of the Systematic Status of Branchinotogluma (Annelida, Polynoidae), with the Establishment of Two New Species","authors":"Xuwen Wu,&nbsp;Wenquan Zhen,&nbsp;Qi Kou,&nbsp;Kuidong Xu","doi":"10.1155/2023/1490800","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/1490800","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p><i>Branchinotogluma</i> is one of the most diverse genera among the polynoids inhabiting deep-sea chemosynthetic environments. A total of 14 species have been described from the hydrothermal vents and cold seeps worldwide. Our phylogenetic analyses based on four genes (COI, 16S, 18S, and 28S rRNA) recovered the current <i>Branchinotogluma</i> as paraphyletic, with seven clades scattered in two main clades. The monophyly of the main clade composed of <i>Branchinotogluma</i> (except <i>Branchinotogluma segonzaci</i>), <i>Branchipolynoe,</i> and <i>Peinaleopolynoe</i> is supported by the presence of 20–21 segments with 9–10 pairs of elytra, ventral papillae starting from segment 12 in males, and arborescent branchiae. The monophyly of another main clade composed of <i>B. segonzaci</i>, <i>Bathykurila</i>, <i>Lepidonotopodium</i>, <i>Levensteiniella</i>, and <i>Thermopolynoe</i> is supported by the presence of usually 22–30 segments with 11 pairs of elytra and the lack of ventral papillae in females. In addition, our study recognized two new species, <i>Branchinotogluma nanhaiensis</i> sp. nov. and <i>B</i>. <i>robusta</i> sp. nov., based on specimens collected from the deep-sea cold seeps in the South China Sea. Both the morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses support the validity of the two new species and the sister relationships between <i>B. nanhaiensis</i> and <i>B</i>. <i>japonicus</i> and between <i>B. robusta</i> and <i>B</i>. <i>pettiboneae</i> as well.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54751,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research","volume":"2023 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2023/1490800","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43263082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Phenotypic Diversity Does Not Always Hide Taxonomic Diversity: A Study Case with Cheilosia soror (Zetterstedt, 1843) (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the Iberian Peninsula","authors":"Iván Ballester-Torres,&nbsp;Antonio Ricarte,&nbsp;Zorica Nedeljković,&nbsp;M. Ángeles Marcos-García","doi":"10.1155/2022/8378483","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/8378483","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Comprising nearly 500 species worldwide, <i>Cheilosia</i> Meigen is the largest genus of Syrphidae in the Palaearctic region. Within <i>Cheilosia</i>, phenotypic diversity has been assessed in different species groups, including the group of <i>Cheilosia longula</i> (Zetterstedt, 1838). However, the phenotypic variability of <i>Cheilosia soror</i> (Zetterstedt, 1843), a highly variable member of the <i>C. longula</i> group, has never been assessed in western Europe. In the present work, morphological and molecular analyses were conducted to assess the phenotypic variability found in 300+ specimens of <i>C. soror</i> from the Iberian Peninsula. A total of 16 variable characters were identified and defined for the <i>C. soror</i> morphology, with the highest variation found in the colour of the mesonotum pilosity and the metatibia colour. Morphological variation was assessed against molecular variation based on two molecular markers, one mitochondrial, the 5′ end of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI-5′), and one nuclear, the large subunit ribosomal DNA (28S). Phylogenetic analyses rendered trees with topologies in disagreement with the defined morphological variation. Two haplotypes were identified amongst the analysed specimens of <i>C. soror</i>, together with a haplotypic variant exclusive to the Iberian region. Potential distributions were used to identify unexplored areas of occurrence of <i>C. soror</i> and other species of the <i>C. longula</i> group in the Iberian Peninsula. Unassessed areas of occurrence of <i>C. soror</i> should be surveyed in the future to confirm the absence of hidden taxonomic diversity within the range of phenotypic variation for this species. Phenotypic variation of the other two Iberian species of the <i>C. longula</i> group, <i>C. longula</i> and <i>C. scutellata</i> (Fallén, 1817), was also assessed to find that they are species with less-variable morphology than <i>C. soror</i> and with molecular characters in accordance with other conspecific populations in Europe. New distributional data are provided for <i>C. soror</i> and <i>C. scutellata</i> from Spain, and a leg abnormality is identified for the first time in <i>C. soror</i>.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54751,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research","volume":"2022 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2022/8378483","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43010809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Paths of the Galls: Differences in the Ecology and Distribution of Two European Oak Gall Wasps Andricus dentimitratus and Andricus pictus","authors":"Lola F. Multigner,&nbsp;Diego Gil-Tapetado,&nbsp;Jose Luis Nieves-Aldrey,&nbsp;José F. Gómez","doi":"10.1155/2022/8488412","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/8488412","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p><i>Andricus dentimitratus</i> (Rejtõ, 1887) and <i>Andricus pictus</i> (Hartig, 1856) are two European gall wasps (<i>Hymenoptera</i>, <i>Cynipidae</i>) that induce galls on species of <i>Quercus</i>. The distribution and ecological niches of these species have not been studied in detail, though they are known to have a different distribution pattern in the Iberian Peninsula in Europe. To investigate this difference and its potential relationship with climate and host species distribution, we analysed the potential distribution of both species in the Iberian Peninsula using six algorithms and a consensus model based on 600 iterations for each species. We compared the models obtained for each species with the distribution of their host <i>Quercus</i> species. The results show that <i>A. dentimitratus</i> and <i>A. pictus</i> have a complementary distribution delimited by the Ebro valley, with <i>A. dentimitratus</i> occurring northeast of the valley and <i>A. pictus</i> southwest. The observed distribution patterns might be due to differences in the climatic requirements of each species or to the distribution of their host species given that <i>A. dentimitratus</i> is specific to <i>Q. humilis</i> and <i>Q. cerris</i> (except in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula) and <i>A. pictus</i>, to marcescent Mediterranean oaks (<i>Q. faginea</i> and <i>Q. pyrenaica</i>) and <i>Q. suber.</i> We propose two hypotheses to explain the nonoverlapping distribution of the two gall wasp species in the Iberian Peninsula: in the first scenario, <i>A. dentimitratus</i> arrived to the to the Iberian Peninsula from the eastern Palearctic by way of Europe and <i>A. pictus</i>, from the north coast of Africa; in the second, their distribution is a result of their speciation in different glacial refugia: <i>A. dentimitratus</i> in the Italian Peninsula and <i>A. pictus</i> in the Iberian Peninsula.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54751,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research","volume":"2022 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2022/8488412","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48349689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embryonic Development and Histological Analysis of Skeletal Muscles of Tenuidactylus caspius (Eichwald, 1831) Lizards (Reptilia: Squamata)","authors":"Janbakhish Najafov,&nbsp;Ramin Hashimov,&nbsp;Rovshan Khalilov,&nbsp;Parviz Vahedi","doi":"10.1155/2022/3618288","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/3618288","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>During embryonic development of the Caspian thin-toed gecko migration, formation of myoblast and myosatellite cells occurs in the cranial-distal direction. Somite formation begins in the body part close to the skull and ends in the tail. The time of separation of somites from the proximal mesoderm depends on the temperature of the air and the substrate. Myoblast cells reach their targets and are connected, and the membranes in the area of their contact are destroyed. Myoblast’s fusion creates myosymplasts. The intermediate stage is observed after the formation of small myosymplasts. After that, the chain shape of myosymplasts are transformed into an intermediate plaque form. At this intermediate stage, the number of a nucleus is small, the shape of the nucleus differs from each other, and the location of the nucleus varies. Afterward, the connection of the intermediate forms with each other and with myoblasts forms a rounded shape, where the initial development of myotubules takes place. A fully formed myotubular and myosatellite cells are surrounded by a basal membrane and shape a muscle fiber. The skeletal muscles of the adult Caspian thin-toed gecko are mainly composed of white fibers. Thus, it allows the gecko to move very fast in a short time. Due to the small number of mitochondria in the myotubes, oxygen gas demand is decreased and the body is prevented from overheating.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54751,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research","volume":"2022 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2022/3618288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46257630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunoecology of Species with Alternative Reproductive Tactics and Strategies","authors":"George A. Lozano,&nbsp;Albert F. H. Ros","doi":"10.1155/2022/3248731","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/3248731","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Alternative reproductive tactics and strategies (ARTS) refer to polymorphic reproductive behaviours in which in addition to the usual two sexes, there are one or more alternative morphs, usually male, that have evolved the ability to circumvent direct intra-sexual competition. Each morph has its own morphological, ecological, developmental, behavioural, life-history, and physiological profile that shifts the balance between reproduction and self-maintenance, one aspect being immunity. Immunoecological work on species with ARTS, which is the topic of this review, is particularly interesting because the alternative morphs make it possible to separate the effects of sex <i>per se</i> from other factors that in other species are inextricably linked with sex. We first summarize the evolution, development, and maintenance of ARTS. We then review immunoecological hypotheses relevant to species with ARTS, dividing them into physiological, life-history, and ecological hypotheses. In context of these hypotheses, we critically review in detail all immunoecological studies we could find on species with ARTS. Several interesting patterns emerge. Oddly, there is a paucity of studies on insects, despite the many benefits that arise from working with insects: larger sample sizes, simple immune systems, and countless forms of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics. Of all the hypotheses considered, the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis has generated the greatest amount of work, but not necessarily the greatest level of understanding. Unfortunately, it is often used as a general guiding principle rather than a source of explicitly articulated predictions. Other hypotheses are usually considered <i>a posteriori</i>, but perhaps they should take centre stage. Whereas blanket concepts such as “immunocompetence” and “androgens” might be useful to develop a rationale, predictions need to be far more explicitly articulated. Integration so far has been a one-way street, with ecologists delving deeper into physiology, sometimes at the cost of ignoring their organisms’ evolutionary history and ecology. One possible useful framework is to divide ecological and evolutionary factors affecting immunity into those that stimulate the immune system, and those that depress it. Finally, the contributions of genomics to ecology are being increasingly recognized and sometimes applied to species with ARTS, but we must ensure that evolutionary and ecological hypotheses drive the effort, as there is no grandeur in the strict reductionist view of life.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54751,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research","volume":"2022 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2022/3248731","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogeography and Wolbachia Infections Reveal Postglacial Recolonization Routes of the Parthenogenetic Plant Louse Cacopsylla myrtilli (W. Wagner 1947), (Hemiptera, Psylloidea)","authors":"Christina Nokkala,&nbsp;Valentina G. Kuznetsova,&nbsp;Nazar A. Shapoval,&nbsp;Seppo Nokkala","doi":"10.1155/2022/5458633","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/5458633","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>To reveal the phylogeographic pattern of the parthenogenetic psyllid <i>Cacopsylla myrtilli</i> (W. Wagner 1947) (Hemiptera, Psylloidea), we sequenced a 638 bp fragment of the mitochondrial <i>COI</i> gene from 962 individuals. These insects originated from 46 sampling sites, which cover a significant part of the northern Palearctic distribution range of the species. The sequence data revealed 40 haplotypes, with three main (H1, H2, and H3) and 37 derived ones. The main haplotypes H1 or H2 or both were present at all sampling sites. The star-like shape of the haplotype networks indicated recent population expansion. In most cases, the derived haplotypes were specific for each country, suggesting that the main haplotypes H1 and H2 are of refugial origin, and the derived haplotypes have emerged after the postglacial recolonization process. Based on the haplotype sequences, we suggest H3 to represent the ancestral haplotype from which H1 and H2 have evolved. We suggest that the main haplotype H3 together with its derived haplotypes represents bisexual <i>C. myrtilli</i>, which shows a limited distribution on both sides of the border between Finland and Russia in northern Fennoscandia. The genetic diversity was the highest in Sjoa in southern Norway and also high in the White Sea region in northwest Russia. Higher diversity in Sjoa was attributed to both earlier recolonizations compared to that of the White Sea region and the absence of <i>Wolbachia</i> infection. We suggest that these sites were colonized from different Pleistocene refugia, i.e., from western and eastern refugia, respectively. From the White Sea region, recolonization continued eastwards to Ural Mountains and westwards to Finland and further north to Kola Peninsula. From northern Finland, recolonization continued to Finnmark, Norway, and further to Sweden and finally reached a secondary contact zone with colonizers from Norway in Central Sweden. The Caucasus and Siberian/Manchurian refugial regions have played an important role in the origin of <i>C. myrtilli</i> populations in Siberia and the Russian Far East.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54751,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research","volume":"2022 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2022/5458633","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43841354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}