Ornithological Monographs最新文献

{"title":"PATTERNS OF SPECIES COMPOSITION AND ENDEMISM IN THE NORTHERN NEOTROPICS: A CASE FOR CONSERVATION OF MONTANE AVIFAUNAS","authors":"Luis Miguel Renjifo, G. Servat, Jaqueline M. Goerck, J. Blake","doi":"10.2307/40157554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/40157554","url":null,"abstract":"A review of the composition of five montane avifaunas in northwestern South America and southern Central America confirmed the distinctness of these com- munities from adjacent lowland areas. Excluding species that depend on aquatic re- sources, 1,800 bird species from 52 families were classified according to principal life zones in this review. There were 1,366 species associated with lowland areas, whereas 877 species occurred in montane areas (i.e., generally above 1,200 or 1,500 m elevation). Nearly one-half of these montane species are restricted to these high elevations, with the greatest diversity found within subtropical zones, followed by temperate and pr eight families were more species-rich and seven families less spe- cies-rich in montane areas than expected. Moreover, montane areas had a greater number and percentage of species with restricted ranges than did lowland areas. Overall, 217 montane species (24.7%) had small geographic ranges; 142 of these were restricted to one of the five montane regions reviewed here. As evidence of the endangerment of these montane communities, nearly 10% (82) of the species are listed as threatened or near-threatened. Montane habitats are under extreme pressure from human activities. Most urban centers are located in or close to the mountains in the regions reviewed here. Given the high diversity and singularity of these avifaunas, together with high levels of habitat alteration, protection of montane ecosystems should become a priority for con- servation efforts in the Neotropics.","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"1 1","pages":"577-594"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/40157554","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69627035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Is the Closest Living Relative of Catharopeza (Parulinae)","authors":"M. Robbins, T. A. Parker","doi":"10.2307/40157555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/40157555","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"1 1","pages":"595-599"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/40157555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69627117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey of a Southern Amazonian Avifauna: The Alta Floresta Region, Mato Grosso, Brazil","authors":"K. Zimmer, T. A. Parker, M. L. Isler, P. Isler","doi":"10.2307/40157573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/40157573","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"1 1","pages":"887-918"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/40157573","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69628310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Sector-Based Ornithological Geographic Information System for the Neotropics","authors":"M. L. Isler","doi":"10.2307/40157542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/40157542","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"1 1","pages":"345-354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/40157542","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69626221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns and Causes of Endangerment in the New World Avifauna","authors":"N. Collar, D. Wege, A. Long","doi":"10.2307/40157536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/40157536","url":null,"abstract":"Threatened birds of the Americas (1992) detailed 327 species, of which only four had ranges entirely outside the Neotropics, showing how important this latter region is for global bird conservation, contributing 30% of all threatened birds on earth. Brazil had 97 threatened species, Peru 64, and Colombia 56. These countries, plus Mexico, held three-quarters of all threatened birds in the Americas. Over 78% (256) of all threatened bird species possessed ranges of less than 50,000 km2. Some 57% of all threatened birds were confined to wet forest, 17% to dry forest, and 10% to grasslands, a rapidly disappearing habitat type. Over 76% suffered from loss of habitat (for 49% this is the only threat); 16% and 11% suffered significantly from hunting and trade respectively, and 8% were threatened as a function of their restricted ranges. Roughly 30% (twice as many as in Africa) were Endangered (highest category), another 30% divided equally between Indeterminate and Vulnerable, 30% were Rare, and 10% were Insufficiently Known (lowest). Of 146 species in the two highest categories, only nine were under sufficient management regimes, 23 might already have become extinct, 16 needed immediate intervention, and 42 needed very urgent attention. Parrots (28% of New World species threatened) and cracids (26%) suffered disproportionately through the combination of habitat loss and intensive human exploitation (trade and hunting respectively). A key means of saving threatened species lies in the identification and protection of areas in which they are sympatric. The New World, and in particular its Neotropical region, has long been recognized as holding a disproportionately large number of species. Of the world's roughly 9,500 bird species, we compute from a variety of sources that 4,130 (43%) occur in the New World (29% of the planet's land area), and 3,800 (40%) occur in the Neotropics (16% of the planet's land area). The New World's globally threatened bird species, defined according to standard criteria of IUCN (The World Conservation Union), have been listed in six ICBP/BirdLife studies (Anon. 1964; Vincent 1966-1971; King 1978-1979; Collar and Andrew 1988; Collar et al. 1992, 1994). Over the last 30 years the list has expanded five-fold, with most growth in continental South America. It had risen to 360 species by 1988, but with the most detailed and focused review of the situation (Collar et al. 1992), which included the Neotropical Pacific and the Caribbean, the number fell to 327, of which only four occurred entirely outside the Neotropical region. Bibby (1994) showed that the 1988 and 1992 reviews differed by 141 species. Some (24 species) of the discrepancy was because of taxonomic changes or the discovery of new species, but much of it was attributable to precautionary inclusions in the 1988 list (which was in any case preliminary in nature); of 29 species considered threatened for the first time in 1992, 14 had been indicated as \"near-threatened\" (i.e.","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"1 1","pages":"237-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/40157536","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69625818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Birds of a Peruvian Oxbow Lake: Populations, Resources, Predation, and Social Behavior","authors":"S. Robinson","doi":"10.2307/40157558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/40157558","url":null,"abstract":"The bird community of a small (22-ha) oxbow lake, Cocha Cashu, of the Manu River in the Amazon basin of southeastern Peru was studied during 11 field seasons, 1979-1989. Here, field observations on the population status, interactions with predators, and social systems are summarized for many of the 1 86 species that regularly occurred there. Oxbow lakes such as Cocha Cashu are characterized by narrow but very productive strips of marsh, shrubs, isolated trees, and vines along their borders. These habitats attract high populations of resident and nonterritorial birds, but also attract predators. In addition to species confined to the lake margins, Cocha Cashu attracted many forest birds to abundant flowering and fruiting trees (especially figs and Lauraceae) and isolated nest sites that provided some protection from mammalian predators. Birds respond to the constraints of limited habitat, high population density, and intense predation through various kinds of group living, including coloniality, cooperative breeding, and monoand multi-species flocking. The various kinds of sociality further influence the kinds of mating systems observed on the lake, with several species showing polygynous mating behavior. Anti-predator adaptations included mobbing of some but not all nest predators, and vigilance coupled with alarm calling against raptors that attack adult birds. Cacicus cela used different escape tactics when faced with different kinds of predators. Mobbing and group vigilance were effective at deterring most, but not all, avian predators. Interspecific aggression appeared to be most intense around cavity nests and some fruiting trees. Possible cooperative breeding was documented for two species in which this behavior has not previously been described (Ramphocelus carbo and R. nigrogularis). Relative to forest habitats, lake-margin birds showed a stronger tendency to form monospecific than multi-species flocks, perhaps because variable resource availability and high population densities of some species precluded the formation of stable, multi-species flocks. Oxbow lakes strongly affect local patterns of species richness and abundance, but appear to have few specialists that do not occur in other aquatic, wetland, or secondgrowth habitats associated with riverine systems. The combination of rich foraging and nesting resources concentrated in a small area and high predation pressure influence life histories, population dynamics, and community structure of birds of this oxbow lake. Resumen. Durante 11 estaciones de campo (1979-1989) se estudi6 a la comunidad de aves de un pequeiio recodo de no (22 ha) en Cocha Cashu en el no Manu, Peru. En este estudio se resumen las observaciones sobre el estado de la poblaci6n, interacciones con depredadores, y sistemas sociales para las 168 especies que regularmente ocurren en la zona de estudio. Los recodos tales como Cocha Cashu se caracterizan por contener lineas muy angostas, pero muy productivas de pantanos,","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"1 1","pages":"613-639"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/40157558","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69626874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Genus for the Yellow-Shouldered Grosbeak","authors":"J. V. Remsen","doi":"10.2307/40157528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/40157528","url":null,"abstract":"Recent molecular data have shown that the genus Caryothraustes (Cardinalinae) as currently recognized is paraphyletic because one of its member species, humeralis, is not the closest relative of the other two species in the genus. Therefore, a new genus is created for this species, the Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak, formerly known as Caryothraustes humeralis. Resumen. Recientes datos moleculares han mostrado que el genero Caryothraustes (Cardinalinae) como es reconocido actualmente, es parafiletico, porque una de sus especies integrantes, humeralis, no tiene la relacion mas proxima con las otras dos especies del genero. Por lo tanto, se crea un nuevo genero para la especie conocida antiguamente como \"Caryothraustes\" humeralis. Molecular genetics (Tamplin et al. 1993; Demastes and Remsen 1994) have confirmed hypotheses based on morphology and natural history (Hellmayr 1938; Hellack and Schnell 1977; Remsen and Traylor 1989) that the Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak (\"Caryothraustes\" humeralis) is not the closest relative of the other two species in the genus Caryothraustes (C. canadensis and C. polio gaster). Thus, its inclusion in Caryothraustes would make that genus paraphyletic. To indicate the uncertain affinities of humeralis and to remove it from genera for which there is no evidence of sister relationship, I here establish a new genus for it. The species humeralis has been placed in three genera. It was described by Lawrence as a member of the genus Pitylus Cuvier. That genus, however, was subsequently restricted (e.g., Ridgway 1901) to just two species, P. grossus and P. fuliginosus. Demastes and Remsen (1994) showed that recognition of the genus Pitylus caused the genus Saltator to be paraphyletic, and they recommended placing Pitylus in the synonymy of Saltator, a recommendation followed by the American Ornithologists' Union (1995) Check-list Committee. Ridgway (1901) treated humeralis as a member of the genus Caryothraustes Reichenbach. Chapman (1926) treated humeralis as a member of the genus Saltator Vieillot, but did so reluctantly, stating: \"In its rounded, decurved culmen and more pointed wings, it appears to differ generically from Saltator though apparently nearer that genus than to Pitylus\" Hellmayr (1938) reluctantly placed humeralis in Caryothraustes, and it has been treated as a member of that genus since then (e.g., Paynter 1970; Sibley and Monroe 1990). Demastes and Remsen (1994) found that humeralis was not a sister taxon either to Pitylus or to Saltator sensu strictu. In plumage color and pattern, humeralis shares characters with members of both Caryothraustes and Saltator, and these shared features were clearly responsible, historically, for the placement of humeralis in these two genera. Therefore, naming a new monotypic genus based on plumage characters could be avoided by merging Caryothraustes into Saltator. However, available molecular data (Demastes and Remsen 1994) show that to combine Saltator and Caryothraustes and also ","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"48 1","pages":"89-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/40157528","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69625354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographic Variation of Plumage Patterns in the Woodcreeper Genus Dendrocolaptes (Dendrocolaptidae)","authors":"C. Marantz","doi":"10.2307/40157545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/40157545","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"1 1","pages":"399-429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/40157545","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69626523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INSIGHTS INTO THE MAINTENANCE OF HIGH SPECIES DIVERSITY IN THE NEOTROPICS: HABITAT SELECTION AND FORAGING BEHAVIOR IN UNDERSTORY BIRDS OF TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE FORESTS","authors":"Peter P. Marraand, J. V. Remsen","doi":"10.2307/40157547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/40157547","url":null,"abstract":"For almost three decades, structural habitat complexity has been regarded as a primary ecological factor responsible for maintaining high species diversity of trop- ical bird communities. However, differences in habitat complexity between temperate and tropical forests have not been documented sufficiently. Differences between tem- perate and tropical forests were quantified by measuring 36 variables related to under- story habitat structure. Structural components of temperate and tropical habitats differed significantly in several features. However, no differences were found in overall habitat heterogeneity (i.e. complexity) between temperate and tropical forests. To search for \"bird-related\" factors important in maintaining high tropical species diversity, we com- pared habitat selection between foliage-gleaning insectivorous birds in temperate and tropical forest understories. The tropical species were more specialized in horizontal and vertical habitat selection, and had lower \"niche breadths\" in foraging substrate and in foraging height. Tropical species also showed less interspecific overlap in most foraging variables than did temperate species. Therefore, higher species diversity, at least within this guild of birds in tropical and temperate forest understories, can be attributed at the proximate level to greater specialization and \"tighter species packing,\" and may be more independent of greater habitat complexity than previously thought. RESUMEN.--Por casi tres decadas, la complejidad estmctural del habitat se ha consi- derado como el principal factor ecologico responsable de mantener la alta variedad de especies encontrada en comunidades de pajaros tropicales. Sin embargo, la diferencia en complejidad del habitat entre bosques templados y bosques tropicales no ha sido sufi- cientemente quantificada. Nosotros quantificamos diferencias entre bosques templados y bosques tropicales midiendo 36 variables relacionadas a la estructura del habitat bajo el dosel y encontramos varias diferencias significativas en componentes estructurales entre habitats tropicales y templados. Sin embargo, no encontramos diferencias en la hetero- geneidad del habitat (complejidad) entre bosques templados y tropicales. Buscando fac- tores que rueran importantes en mantenet la alta diversidad de las especies de pajaros tropicales, comparamos la seleccion del habitat entre pajaros insectivoros que usan el follaje bajo el dosel en bosques templados y tropicales. Las especies tropicales estaban mas especializadas en su seleccion de habitats al nivel horizontal y vertical, teniendo pequenos nichos en el substrato y altitud del area donde forrajeaban. En la mayoria de las variables relacionadas al forraje, las especies tropicales tambien demonstraron menos traslapo entre-especies que las especies templadas. Concluimos pues que la alta variedad de especies, pot lo menos dentro de este grupo de pajaros que viven bajo el dosel en bosques templados y tropicales, se puede at","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"1 1","pages":"445-483"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/40157547","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69626582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecology of Dead-Leaf Foraging Specialists and Their Contribution to Amazonian Bird Diversity","authors":"K. Rosenberg","doi":"10.2307/40157560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/40157560","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"94 1","pages":"673-700"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/40157560","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69627243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}