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Perspectives in Biology and Medicine最新文献

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Organismal Superposition and Death 有机体叠加与死亡
IF 1 4区 医学
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2024.a919708
Michael Nair-Collins
{"title":"Organismal Superposition and Death","authors":"Michael Nair-Collins","doi":"10.1353/pbm.2024.a919708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ABSTRACT:</p><p>Organismal superposition holds that the same individual both is and is not an organism, as a consequence of organismal pluralism. When coupled with the assumption that death is the cessation of an organism, this entails that there is no unique answer as to whether brain death is biological death. This essay argues that concerns about organismal pluralism and superposition do not undermine a theory of biological death, nor entail any metaphysical indeterminacy about the biological vital status of a brain-dead individual.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":54627,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139909935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Valuing the Acute Subjective Experience 重视急性主观体验
IF 1 4区 医学
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2024.a919717
Katherine Cheung, Brian D. Earp, David B. Yaden
{"title":"Valuing the Acute Subjective Experience","authors":"Katherine Cheung, Brian D. Earp, David B. Yaden","doi":"10.1353/pbm.2024.a919717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ABSTRACT:</p><p>Psychedelics, including psilocybin, and other consciousness-altering compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), currently are being scientifically investigated for their potential therapeutic uses, with a primary focus on measurable outcomes: for example, alleviation of symptoms or increases in self-reported well-being. Accordingly, much recent discussion about the possible value of these substances has turned on estimates of the magnitude and duration of persisting positive effects in comparison to harms. However, many have described the value of a psychedelic experience with little or no reference to such therapeutic benefits, instead seeming to find the experience valuable in its own right. How can we make sense of such testimony? Could a psychedelic experience be valuable even if there were no persisting beneficial effects? If so, how? Using the concept of psychological richness, combined with insights from the philosophy of aesthetics and the enhancement literature, this essay explores potential sources of value in the acute subjective experience, apart from the value derived from persisting beneficial effects.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":54627,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139910739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Organismal Superposition Problem and Nihilist Challenge in the Definition of Death 死亡定义中的有机体叠加问题和虚无主义挑战
IF 1 4区 医学
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2024.a919707
Piotr Grzegorz Nowak
{"title":"Organismal Superposition Problem and Nihilist Challenge in the Definition of Death","authors":"Piotr Grzegorz Nowak","doi":"10.1353/pbm.2024.a919707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ABSTRACT:</p><p>According to the mainstream bioethical stance, death constitutes the termination of an organism. This essay argues that such an understanding of death is inappropriate in the usual context of determining death, since it also has a social bearing. There are two reasons to justify this argument. First, the mainstream bioethical definition generates an organismal superposition challenge, according to which a given patient in a single physiological state might be both alive and dead, like Schrödinger's cat. Therefore, there is no clear answer as to whether organ retrieval from a brain-dead patient is an act of killing or not. Second, when combined with the dead donor rule, the mainstream position in the definition of death might lead to ethically unacceptable verdicts, since there is a discrepancy between terminating an organism and depriving someone of moral status.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":54627,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139910746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lived Religion in Religious Vaccine Exemptions 宗教疫苗豁免中的生活宗教
IF 1 4区 医学
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2024.a919713
Hajung Lee
{"title":"Lived Religion in Religious Vaccine Exemptions","authors":"Hajung Lee","doi":"10.1353/pbm.2024.a919713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919713","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ABSTRACT:</p><p>This essay explores a more inclusive and equitable interpretation of \"religion\" within the context of religious vaccine exemptions. The existing literature critiques the prevalent interpretation of the meaning of religion in religious exemption cases, but frequently overlooks the importance of incorporating the concept of \"lived religion.\" This essay introduces the concept of lived religion from religious studies, elucidates why this lived religion approach is crucial for redefining \"religion,\" and illustrates its application in the domain of religious vaccine exemptions. The author contends that broadening the meaning of religion by employing the concept of lived religion would promote a more inclusive and equitable implementation of religious vaccine exemptions.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":54627,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139910744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bio-Psycho-Spiritual Perspectives on Psychedelics: Clinical and Ethical Implications 关于迷幻药的生物-心理-精神视角：临床和伦理影响
IF 1 4区 医学
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2024.a919715
Logan Neitzke-Spruill, Nese Devenot, Dominic Sisti, Lynnette A. Averill, Amy L. McGuire
{"title":"Bio-Psycho-Spiritual Perspectives on Psychedelics: Clinical and Ethical Implications","authors":"Logan Neitzke-Spruill, Nese Devenot, Dominic Sisti, Lynnette A. Averill, Amy L. McGuire","doi":"10.1353/pbm.2024.a919715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919715","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ABSTRACT:</p><p>Psychedelics have again become a subject of widespread interest, owing to the reinvigoration of research into their traditional uses, possible medical applications, and social implications. As evidence for psychedelics' clinical potential mounts, the field has increasingly focused on searching for mechanisms to explain the effects of psychedelics and therapeutic efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT). This paper reviews three general frameworks that encompass several prominent models for understanding psychedelics' effects—specifically, neurobiological, psychological, and spiritual frameworks. Following our review, the implications of each framework for ethics and professional competencies in the implementation of psychedelics as medicines are explored. We suggest that interdisciplinary education may be necessary to improve communication between researchers, develop models that effectively incorporate multiple levels of analysis, and facilitate collaboration between professionals with diverse backgrounds in the implementation of psychedelic medicines. We also address pitfalls associated with overemphasis on neuro-mechanisms, risks associated with instigating vulnerable states of consciousness, and hurdles associated with the integration of spiritual frameworks in medicine. Ultimately, as psychedelics push the boundaries of explanatory frameworks focused on one level of analysis, developing new and more useful models to reflect knowledge being produced in this field should be a central aim of psychedelic science going forward.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":54627,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139910859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Euthanasia and End-of-Life Decisions: From the Empirical Turn to Moral Intuitionism 安乐死与临终决定：从经验主义转向道德直觉主义
IF 1 4区 医学
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2024.a919711
Marta Spranzi
{"title":"Euthanasia and End-of-Life Decisions: From the Empirical Turn to Moral Intuitionism","authors":"Marta Spranzi","doi":"10.1353/pbm.2024.a919711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919711","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ABSTRACT:</p><p>Most medical learned societies have endorsed both \"equivalence\" between all forms of withholding or withdrawing treatment and the \"discontinuity\" between euthanasia and practices to withhold or withdraw treatment. While the latter are morally acceptable insofar as they consist in letting the patient die, the former constitutes an illegitimate act of actively interfering with a patient's life. The moral distinction between killing and letting die has been hotly debated both conceptually and empirically, most notably by experimental philosophers, with inconclusive results. This article employs a \"revisionary\" intuititionist perspective to discuss the results of a clinical ethics study about intensivists' perceptions of withhold or withdraw decisions. The results show that practitioners' moral experience is at odds with both the discontinuity and equivalence theses. This outcome allows us to revisit certain concepts, such as intention and causal relationship, that are prominent in the conceptual debate. Intensivists also regard end-of-life decisions as being on a scale from least to most active, and whether they regard active forms of end-of-life decisions as ethically acceptable depends on the overarching professional values they endorse: the patient's best chances of survival, or the patient's quality of life.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":54627,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139910870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Does Bioethics Need Ethical Theories? 生物伦理学需要伦理理论吗？
IF 1 4区 医学
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2024.a919718
Wayne Sumner
{"title":"Does Bioethics Need Ethical Theories?","authors":"Wayne Sumner","doi":"10.1353/pbm.2024.a919718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ABSTRACT:</p><p>The relationship between philosophy and bioethics remains a matter of perennial debate, but there does appear to be a consensus on one issue: whatever bioethics might want to borrow from philosophical ethics, it won't be normative theories. This essay argues that theories can have an important role to play in bioethics, though it might not be the one traditionally assumed by philosophers.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":54627,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139910924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
"Inherently Limited by Our Imaginations": Health Anxieties, Politics, and the History of the Climate Crisis "我们的想象力本来就有限"：健康焦虑、政治和气候危机的历史
IF 1 4区 医学
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2024.a919709
David Shumway Jones
{"title":"\"Inherently Limited by Our Imaginations\": Health Anxieties, Politics, and the History of the Climate Crisis","authors":"David Shumway Jones","doi":"10.1353/pbm.2024.a919709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ABSTRACT:</p><p>As global warming became a cause of concern in the 1980s, researchers and climate activists initially paid little attention to the possible health effects of a warmer world. This changed quickly between 1985 and 1989, when scientists working on contracts with the US Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency extrapolated from existing knowledge about the impact of weather on health to speculate about how global warming would impact health. However, they downplayed the impact of their contributions by highlighting the uncertainty in their models and the adaptability of human societies. Since that time, physicians and other health scientists have maintained a steady drumbeat of warnings about the health effects of global warming. They have published widely in the medical literature and participated actively in international scientific collaborations. Their research has significantly increased the breadth and depth of climate-health science and shown that measurable impacts of global warming have already begun. But as the many climate crises of 2023 show, action against global warming remains inadequate. Is it still reasonable to hope that health advocacy will incite communities and politicians to act? The history of climate and health advocacy reveals many obstacles that must be overcome.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":54627,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139909943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Diagnosis: What Is the Structure of Its Reasoning? 诊断：其推理结构是什么？
IF 1 4区 医学
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2024.a919712
Donald E. Stanley, Robert Hanna
{"title":"Diagnosis: What Is the Structure of Its Reasoning?","authors":"Donald E. Stanley, Robert Hanna","doi":"10.1353/pbm.2024.a919712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ABSTRACT:</p><p>How does the diagnosis process work? This essay traces the philosophical underpinnings of diagnosis from Hume through Kant, Peirce, and Popper, analyzing how pathologists amalgamate sensibility, intuition, and imagination to form new hypotheses that can be tested by evidence and experience.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":54627,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139910735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Are Psychedelic Experiences Transformative? Can We Consent to Them? 迷幻体验会带来转变吗？我们能同意它们吗？
IF 1 4区 医学
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2024.a919716
Brent M. Kious, Andrew Peterson, Amy L. McGuire
{"title":"Are Psychedelic Experiences Transformative? Can We Consent to Them?","authors":"Brent M. Kious, Andrew Peterson, Amy L. McGuire","doi":"10.1353/pbm.2024.a919716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2024.a919716","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ABSTRACT:</p><p>Psychedelic substances have great promise for the treatment of many conditions, and they are the subject of intensive research. As with other medical treatments, both research and clinical use of psychedelics depend on our ability to ensure informed consent by patients and research participants. However, some have argued that informed consent for psychedelic use may be impossible, because psychedelic experiences can be transformative in the sense articulated by L. A. Paul (2014). For Paul, transformative experiences involve either the acquisition of knowledge that cannot be obtained in any other way or changes in the self. Either of these characteristics may appear to undermine informed consent. This article argues, however, that there is limited evidence that psychedelic experiences are transformative in Paul's sense, and that they may not differ in their transformative features from other common medical experiences for which informed consent is clearly possible. Further, even if psychedelic experiences can be transformative, informed consent is still possible. Because psychedelic experiences are importantly different in several respects from other medical experiences, this article closes with recommendations for how these differences should be reflected in informed consent processes.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":54627,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139910747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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