Perspectives in Biology and Medicine最新文献_第10页

4区医学

Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2023.a909727

Mary Breheny

{"title":"The Trouble with Child Poverty","authors":"Mary Breheny","doi":"10.1353/pbm.2023.a909727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2023.a909727","url":null,"abstract":"abstract: In research, in policy, and in the media, there is a clear focus on alleviating child poverty. Child poverty is cast as an urgent societal problem, in part reflecting recognition of the impact of early life circumstances on health across the life course. However, focusing on child poverty can have unintended consequences. First, calls to alleviate child poverty position children as a worthy investment in future population health, while adult poverty is represented as a misallocation of scarce resources. Second, children are positioned as blameless in talk about child poverty, whereas adults are viewed as potentially blameworthy for living in poverty. This ignores the ways early poverty shapes opportunities throughout the life course. These accounts are inconsistent: if a childhood of poverty shapes long-term outcomes, then poverty in adulthood cannot be an individual failing. Building arguments for poverty alleviation on social investment and personal responsibility ultimately supports rather than undermines the social structural arrangements that entrench inequalities. Recognizing the interconnectedness of families and communities and the destructiveness of poverty at every point in the life course has the potential to improve health in a way that can never be achieved by focusing solely on child poverty.","PeriodicalId":54627,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Careful the Things You Say, Children Will Listen: Parents, Adolescents, and Fairytales 小心你说的话，孩子会听:父母，青少年和童话

4区医学

Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2023.a909726

Daniel J. Benedetti, Benjamin S. Wilfond

引用次数: 0

An Ethical Framework for Research Using Genetic Ancestry 利用遗传祖先进行研究的伦理框架

IF 1 4区医学

Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.0.0176

A. Lewis, Santiago J. Molina, P. Appelbaum, B. Dauda, A. Fuentes, Stephanie M. Fullerton, N. Garrison, Nayanika Ghosh, R. C. Green, Evelynn M. Hammonds, J. Jeff, David S. Jones, E. Kenny, P. Kraft, Madelyn Mauro, A. Ori, Aaron Panofsky, M. Sohail, B. Neale, D. Allen

{"title":"An Ethical Framework for Research Using Genetic Ancestry","authors":"A. Lewis, Santiago J. Molina, P. Appelbaum, B. Dauda, A. Fuentes, Stephanie M. Fullerton, N. Garrison, Nayanika Ghosh, R. C. Green, Evelynn M. Hammonds, J. Jeff, David S. Jones, E. Kenny, P. Kraft, Madelyn Mauro, A. Ori, Aaron Panofsky, M. Sohail, B. Neale, D. Allen","doi":"10.1353/pbm.0.0176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.0.0176","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:A wide range of research uses patterns of genetic variation to infer genetic similarity between individuals, typically referred to as genetic ancestry. This research includes inference of human demographic history, understanding the genetic architecture of traits, and predicting disease risk. Researchers are not just structuring an intellectual inquiry when using genetic ancestry, they are also creating analytical frameworks with broader societal ramifications. This essay presents an ethics framework in the spirit of virtue ethics for these researchers: rather than focus on rule following, the framework is designed to build researchers’ capacities to react to the ethical dimensions of their work. The authors identify one overarching principle of intellectual freedom and responsibility, noting that freedom in all its guises comes with responsibility, and they identify and define four principles that collectively uphold researchers’ intellectual responsibility: truthfulness, justice and fairness, anti-racism, and public beneficence. Researchers should bring their practices into alignment with these principles, and to aid this, the authors name three common ways research practices infringe these principles, suggest a step-by-step process for aligning research choices with the principles, provide rules of thumb for achieving alignment, and give a worked case. The essay concludes by identifying support needed by researchers to act in accord with the proposed framework.","PeriodicalId":54627,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","volume":"66 1","pages":"225 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48535432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Diversity of Institutions Conducting Biomedical Research 生物医学研究机构的多样性

IF 1 4区医学

Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-02-10 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.0.0175

J. Flier

引用次数: 0

On Antiscience and Antisemitism. 反科学和反犹主义

IF 1 4区医学

Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2023.a902035

Peter Hotez

引用次数: 0

Historical Lessons on Vaccine Hesitancy: Smallpox, Polio, and Measles, and Implications for COVID-19. 疫苗犹豫的历史教训:天花、脊髓灰质炎和麻疹及其对COVID-19的影响

IF 1 4区医学

Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0008

J J Eddy, H A Smith, J E Abrams

引用次数: 0

The Demise of the AMA's Mission to Improve Public Health. AMA改善公共卫生使命的终止。

IF 1 4区医学

Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0017

John Abramson

{"title":"The Demise of the AMA's Mission to Improve Public Health.","authors":"John Abramson","doi":"10.1353/pbm.2023.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2023.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Much has been written about the deplorable state of American health care, but rarely with the wealth of historical and political information packed into Peter Swenson's Disorder: A History of Reform, Reaction, and Money in American Medicine (2021). In this meticulously researched and comprehensive study of the role of organized medicine, particularly the American Medical Association (AMA) and affiliated state and county medical societies, Swenson provides detailed insight into the AMA's political evolution from a force advocating progressive reforms to a protective guild backed by powerful economic and ideological interests. Swenson addresses the conflicts leading to and arising from these movements, always with an eye on the profession's failure over the last century to fulfill its implicit social contract. Swenson describes the American medical disorder without fear or favor, including a public health system in disarray, defective government regulation of drugs, unchecked and concealed commercial influence on medical research, publications, and clinical guidelines. Swenson's hope is clear: that a progressively reformed AMA-combined with a broad coalition of concerned citizens and legislators-will lead the medical profession back to its rightful mission.","PeriodicalId":54627,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","volume":"66 2","pages":"312-326"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41152409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Making and Managing New Biological Entities: conceptual, ontological, epistemological, and ethical aspects. 制造和管理新的生物实体：概念、本体论、认识论和伦理方面。

IF 1 4区医学

Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0020

Bjørn Hofmann

{"title":"Making and Managing New Biological Entities: conceptual, ontological, epistemological, and ethical aspects.","authors":"Bjørn Hofmann","doi":"10.1353/pbm.2023.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2023.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Novel biotechnologies produce new person-related biological entities, such as cell lines, organoids, and synthetic organisms, that tend to disrupt existing concepts, taxonomies, modes of evidence production, as well as moral norms and values. This raises the question of how we can manage these new person-related biological entities. This article identifies and analyzes key conceptual, ontological, epistemological, and ethical aspects of such entities in order to suggest how to make, manage, and regulate them. It argues that in order to avoid conceptual vagueness and taxonomic confusion, it is important to clarify how person-related biological entities relate to existing concepts and to make new concepts where necessary. Ontologically, we need to determine the thing- and person-likeness of such entities. Epistemically, we must provide measures to verify the characteristics of person-related biological entities and to provide high-quality knowledge of their implications (outcomes). And ethically, we must clarify the moral status, rights, and responsibility for and of the entities, and how they will change our norms and values. Addressing these issues up front may improve our making and managing of person-related biological entities.","PeriodicalId":54627,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","volume":"66 2","pages":"211-224"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41159526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Impact of Transmissible Microbes: How the Cystic Fibrosis Community Mobilized Against Cepacia. 传染性微生物的影响：囊性纤维化群落如何动员起来对抗Cepacia

IF 1 4区医学

Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0005

Rebecca Mueller

{"title":"The Impact of Transmissible Microbes: How the Cystic Fibrosis Community Mobilized Against Cepacia.","authors":"Rebecca Mueller","doi":"10.1353/pbm.2023.0005","DOIUrl":"10.1353/pbm.2023.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Long before COVID-19 made social distancing familiar, people with cystic fibrosis (CF) already practiced such behaviors. CF is held up as a classic example of genetic disease, yet people with CF are also susceptible to bacteria from the environment and from other CF patients. Starting in the 1980s, a bacterial epidemic in the CF population highlighted clashing priorities of connection, physical safety, and environmental protection. Policymakers ultimately called for the physical separation of people with CF from one another via recommendations that reconfigured the CF community. Simultaneously, medical researchers recognized that one highly transmissible CF pathogen called cepacia was being developed for environmental applications and got the EPA to limit cepacia's environmental deployment. Environmental regulations speak to the challenge of useful microbes that harm a minority, but CF cross-infection also involves legal implications for microbial and genetic discrimination, social consequences for CF communities, and ethical questions about balancing autonomy, harms, and benefits. As scientists increasingly study connections between host genetics, microbial genetics, and infectious risks, CF is a vital referent.","PeriodicalId":54627,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","volume":"66 1","pages":"89-106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11104521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44606534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Elephants, Personhood, and Moral Status. 大象、人格和道德地位

IF 1 4区医学

Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0001

David DeGrazia

引用次数: 0