Physics and Chemistry of the Earth最新文献

{"title":"Comprehensive review on the impact of high temperatures and dynamic loading on rocks in construction materials","authors":"Shivani Verma ,&nbsp;Nikhil Ninad Sirdesai ,&nbsp;Manmohan Dass Goel","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103934","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103934","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The majority of ancient structures worldwide were built using naturally occurring materials, predominantly rocks. The increasing occurrence of explosions and fires underscores the significance of examining the reaction of rock to elevated temperatures and pressures. Elevated temperatures can induce alterations in the physico-mechanical and elastic characteristics of the rock, rendering it more susceptible to failure when subjected to repetitive, uniform loading. Given the essential role of rocks in the construction of various structures, it is imperative to prioritize the analysis of these geological formations. Therefore, it is imperative to thoroughly examine all potential future scenarios in which adverse environmental conditions manifest. This study examines the impact of fires, as their occurrence has witnessed a notable rise in recent years. Prominent examples include the Namdaemun fire in 2008, the National Museum of Brazil fire in 2018, and the Notre Dame fire in 2019, among others. The inherent strength and failure behavior of rocks are modified by physico-mechanical changes induced by elevated temperatures. The development of appropriate remediation and renovation protocols for structures damaged by fire can be achieved by quantifying the thermally-induced alterations. Finally, this study offers valuable insights into a potential resolution for the previously mentioned issue, thereby enhancing experts' comprehension of the underlying principles governing explosions and structural fires, and granting them a more profound understanding of structural dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 103934"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the performance of magnetic SiO2/MgFe3O4 nanoparticles as a recyclable demulsifier for the separation of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions from heavy crude oil","authors":"Xiaolei Zhang ,&nbsp;Farag M.A. Altalbawy ,&nbsp;Hussein Basim Furaijl ,&nbsp;Nareshkumar Jadeja ,&nbsp;Sherzod Abdullaev ,&nbsp;Raman Kumar ,&nbsp;Bharti Kumari ,&nbsp;Gurpartap Singh ,&nbsp;Iman Samir Alalaq ,&nbsp;Usama S. Altimari ,&nbsp;Abeer Mhussan Jabbar ,&nbsp;Mohammed Al-Farouni ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mahtab Alam ,&nbsp;Al-Ghasem Mohammad Sina","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103929","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103929","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic silica-based MgFe₃O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized using the ultrasonic method and employed as a separation agent for water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions in crude oil. This study evaluated the impact of combining these nanoparticles with an industrial demulsifier (V-4654) to enhance water separation efficiency while reducing chemical consumption in the Rumaylah oil field, southern Basra. Structural analysis was conducted using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and VSM techniques. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize key parameters, achieving a maximum separation efficiency of 97.23 % under optimal conditions: 45 °C, pH 6.20, 300 ppm demulsifier, 7.25 mL water, and 0.040 g nanoparticles. After three reuse cycles, nanoparticles retained 86 % of their efficiency. Deposition time significantly affected separation, increasing efficiency to 72.50 % after 60 min. Adding nanoparticles alongside the demulsifier after 180 min resulted in a 15.41 % increase in water separation compared to using the demulsifier alone. Increasing the nanomagnetic particle concentration further enhanced separation by 16.38 % and reduced deposition time to 3 h. Results demonstrated that mixing time and stability were significantly lower than in conventional separation methods, highlighting the effectiveness of magnetic nanoparticles in crude oil emulsion treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 103929"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastic ingestion and neoplasms: A comprehensive meta-bibliometric analysis","authors":"Akmaral Baspakova ,&nbsp;Alireza Afashar ,&nbsp;Roza Suleimenova ,&nbsp;Aidar B. Berdygaliev ,&nbsp;Aigul Ramankulova ,&nbsp;Gulnara J. Kandygulova ,&nbsp;Nadiar M. Mussin ,&nbsp;Mahdi Mahdipour ,&nbsp;Kulyash R. Zhilisbayeva ,&nbsp;Nader Tanideh ,&nbsp;Amin Tamadon","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics have emerged as a significant environmental and health concern, particularly in relation to gastrointestinal cancer. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis (2004–2024) on microplastic ingestion and neoplasms, using data from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOS-CC) and Scopus. R Studio and Biblioshiny were used for performance evaluation and science mapping to identify research trends, key contributors, and thematic areas. The findings reveal a notable escalation in scholarly output, with China emerging as a leading contributor, achieving an impressive annual growth rate of 26.08 %. Among the journals analyzed, <em>Science of the Total Environment</em> was identified as the most productive publication outlet in this domain. Key findings indicate a growing focus on the molecular mechanisms of microplastic-induced toxicity, such as oxidative stress and apoptosis, though significant gaps remain in linking these processes directly to carcinogenesis. This research emphasizes the critical role of global partnerships in advancing the understanding of microplastic-related issues. Moreover, it stresses the necessity for more comprehensive investigations to thoroughly examine the prolonged health implications posed by microplastics. In conclusion, this study reveals the rapid growth in microplastic research, particularly its link to cancer, but also points to the need for more detailed studies to clarify the molecular pathways involved and the broader implications for human health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 103926"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluoride enrichment and hydrogeochemical characteristics in coastal multi-aquifers: Implications for public health and nutrition","authors":"Shammi Aktar ,&nbsp;Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam ,&nbsp;Md Moniruzzaman ,&nbsp;Md Abu Bakar Siddique ,&nbsp;Md Abdullah Al Masud ,&nbsp;Aznarul Islam ,&nbsp;Subodh Chandra Pal ,&nbsp;N. Subba Rao ,&nbsp;Javed Maallick","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal freshwater is essential for drinking water needs, but its scarcity is increasing due to saltwater intrusion and human inputs in many tropical anthropogenically modified coasts around the worldwide. However, in some areas, including Bangladesh, groundwater quality has not been extensively studied concerning fluoride contamination, its hydrogeochemical properties, human health impacts, and nutrient dynamics. The present study aimed to assess the fluoride enrichment and broad hydrogeochemical properties of multiple aquifers along the modified tropical coast of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. A total of 91 groundwater samples from shallow aquifers (SA), middle aquifers (MA), and deep aquifers (DA) were analyzed for hydrogeochemical elements. The results revealed that fluoride concentrations exceeded the permissible limit (1.50 mg/L) in 29 %, 25 %, and 27 % of SA, MA, and DA samples, with a maximum concentration of 13.5 mg/L. The saturation index indicated that evaporation intensified fluoride enrichment in over 40 % of groundwater samples, coinciding with increased total dissolved solids (TDS). The fluoride enrichment in the SA system was attributed to evaporite dissolution, carbonate weathering, desorption, competitive adsorption, cation exchange, and mineral dissolution-precipitation processes. Stable isotope analysis suggested that MA water was unaffected by evaporation during recharge, while recent recharge events influenced the isotopic composition of SA and DA waters, primarily through rainfall infiltration. The entropy water quality index classified 87.4 %, 91.8 %, and 82.9 % of respective SA, MA, and DA groundwater samples as very poor in quality. Health risk assessment revealed that SA posed the highest non-carcinogenic risk (83.02 %), followed by MA (12.03 %) and DA (9.75 %). Adults using SA water faced five times higher health risks than children, with the northern region identified as a hotspot for nutritional risks. Daily water intake exacerbated the health risks, particularly among adults. The findings emphasize the urgent need for sustainable groundwater management strategies to ensure safe drinking water supplies in tropical, anthropogenically altered coastal regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 103924"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing life cycle costs and carbon emission reduction of a first offshore wind farm in africa under the climatic conditions of Morocco: Case study","authors":"Mohammed Daoudi ,&nbsp;Issam Daoudi ,&nbsp;Ahmed Idrissi ,&nbsp;Ilham Ihoume ,&nbsp;Nora Arbaoui ,&nbsp;Omar Ben lenda ,&nbsp;Amine Riad","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article provides an economic assessment evaluating the feasibility of establishing offshore wind farms in Morocco, with a particular focus on a 500 MW wind farm in the maritime area near the Tarfaya region. The study begins by assessing the wind potential of the selected site. Following this, a developed model is employed to evaluate the economic costs associated with the various phases of the offshore wind farm project. The research examines the impact of cost factors on these phases. The findings indicate that approximately two-thirds of the total cost of the project is attributed to capital expenditures, while the remaining one-third covers operational expenses and decommissioning costs over the project's entire life cycle. Additionally, the study calculates a Levelized cost of energy of 152 USD/MWh, based on the estimated energy production of the offshore wind farm. Through sensitivity analysis, the research elucidates the complex interplay of various factors that collectively influence the Levelized cost of energy. The life cycle analysis of transitioning to wind power at the Tarfaya site demonstrates significant reductions in carbon emissions with 1,051,200 tCO₂/MWh when replacing fuel-oil power plants and 700,800 tCO₂/MWh when substituting natural gas power plants. These results underscore the immediate environmental benefits, aligning with regional sustainability goals and the United Nations sustainable development goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 103937"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change impact on resources in the MENA region: a systematic and critical review","authors":"Rabea Hussein Mohammed Qasem ,&nbsp;Miklas Scholz","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are known for their arid climate and water scarcity challenges due to climate change, high temperature, population growth, urbanization, over-extraction of groundwater, political instability, social factors and water mismanagement. The multifaceted impacts of climate change on resources with a particular reference to the water, energy and food (WEF) nexus in the MENA countries are critically reviewed. Increasing population pressure (estimated 724 million by 2050) leads to higher demands on energy, especially electricity (an increase of 416 % from 1990 to 2022.), reaching 1060 TWh in 2020 due to urbanization and industry activities. This contributes to climate change, leading to higher regional temperatures in in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and Iran, which has risen by 1.2 °C since 1970. It is estimated that by 2050, temperature increases in MENA countries range from 1.5 to 3 °C. This in turn exacerbates drought, causing severe heatwaves and water scarcity, particularly in Egypt, Yemen, Syria and Sudan, affecting food production and security. The nexus concept highlights the interconnected challenges of water, energy and food in the MENA region amid climate change, where alterations in one element reverberate through the others. Adapting to this dynamic scenario involves solutions such as water desalination, where energy generated by renewable sources such as solar and wind as well as hybrid systems combining solar and fossil fuels offers a versatile solution; i.e., solar energy is utilized during the day, while fossil fuels provide backup power during periods of low sunlight or high demand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 103936"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing ecological sustainability of the Narmada River using the macrophyte river index","authors":"Sandhya Saini ,&nbsp;Tarun Kumar Thakur ,&nbsp;Saebugari Balaswamy ,&nbsp;Amit Kumar ,&nbsp;Ramesh Raj Pant ,&nbsp;Rupesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Mohammad Rafe Hatshan","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103931","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103931","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Narmada River, one of the largest waterways in India, plays a critical role in supporting aquatic ecosystems. This study examines the relationship between macrophyte diversity and nitrogen levels across fifteen sampling stations (A1-A15) in the central India (Anuppur, Dindori, Mandla, and Jabalpur) during the pre-monsoon seasons. Three macrophyte indices like RMNI (River Macrophyte Nutrient Index), MIR (Macrophyte Index for Rivers), and RMHI (River Macrophyte Hydraulic Index) were employed to assess ecological conditions and water quality. A total of 20 macrophyte species from 14 families were identified, with <em>Lemna minor</em>, <em>Potamogeton pectinatus, Polygonum persicaria, Ceratophyllum demersum, Persicum hydropiper</em>, and <em>Potamogenton natans</em> being the most prevalent in nutrient-rich environments. The principal component analysis is conducted to identify the similarities in the variables and to extract the key factors that exhibit strong internal correlations while remaining distinct from other factors. The analysis revealed significant spatial variability across monitoring stations, with A-5, A-6, A-10, A-11, A-12, A-13, A-14, and A-15 exhibiting elevated orthophosphates concentration. Notably, station A5 showed moderate level of DO, BOD and COD, whereas sulfate was comparatively low. These findings underscore the heterogeneity of water quality conditions along the Narmada River and highlight the influence of localized anthropogenic inputs. The clustering analysis grouped stations on their ecological status, highlights variations in macrophytes indices and water quality parameters. This study highlights the macrophytes' utility as ecological indicators for assessing riverine nutrient dynamics and overall environmental health, and further emphasizing the need for site-specific interventions to mitigate pollution and enhance ecological resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 103931"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urbanization and migrant workers: Assessing social risks and crafting preventive strategies in eastern China for sustainable development","authors":"Yiran Lin,&nbsp;Huiguang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103932","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103932","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the social risks associated with the urbanization of migrant workers, using the Eastern part of China as a case study. Ten key risk factors were identified: social integration, urban living environment, rural land withdrawal, political participation, social network, social psychology, rural social contact, family relationships, urban enterprise employee insurance, and rural land role cognition. Among these, social integration risk, social network risk, rural social contact risk, and family relationship risk emerged as the most significant contributors to the overall risk profile. Risk assessments show consistent results, regardless of whether individual characteristics were controlled, highlighting the widespread nature of these challenges. A central risk scenario is the “urbanization dilemma,' where migrant workers face barriers to full urban integration while losing rural ties. This dilemma is driven by government policies, enterprise practices, and individual circumstances, leading to potential outcomes such as social disharmony, labor-capital conflicts, and risks of land loss and unemployment. To address these risks, a dual strategy of pre-prevention and post-control is proposed. Pre-prevention measures include promoting social integration, reforming land policies, and strengthening community support systems. Post-control focuses on conflict resolution, reskilling programs, and ongoing monitoring. These interventions aim to enhance social resilience, ensure migrant well-being, and foster sustainable urbanization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 103932"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term assessment of groundwater contamination and associated health risks: A study of heavy metals in the Quaternary aquifer system in Great Hungarian Plain","authors":"Musaab A.A. Mohammed ,&nbsp;Norbert P. Szabó ,&nbsp;Viktória Mikita ,&nbsp;Péter Szűcs","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the spatiotemporal distribution and health risks of heavy metals in the Quaternary aquifer system Debrecen area, Hungary in the period between 2019 and 2024. A comprehensive methodology combining heavy metal pollution indices, multivariate statistics, uncertainty, and sensitivity analysis was employed. Heavy metal pollution (HPI) and ecological risk (ERI) indices were calculated based on arsenic (As), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn). The results show an increase in both HPI and ERI values from 2019 to 2024, with higher pollution and ecological risk levels, driven by localized natural and anthropogenic activities. Building on these findings, the study evaluates the health risks associated with these heavy metals exposure through oral and dermal pathways for adults and children, using Hazard Quotients (HQ) and Hazard Indices (HI). Children demonstrated significantly higher non-carcinogenic risks compared to adults, with HI values exceeding the safety threshold (HI &gt; 1) in 2024. Spatial analysis revealed expanding high-risk zones for both population groups, emphasizing an intensifying health threat over time. Monte Carlo simulation was employed to evaluate the HQ for individual metals and the cumulative HI. The results demonstrated consistently higher risk levels for children compared to adults across both periods. Arsenic emerged as the most significant concern, with HQ values for children frequently exceeding the safety threshold. Sobol sensitivity analysis revealed that exposure and physiological parameters are the dominant parameters influencing oral exposure risk, while dermal absorption parameters and skin area are critical for dermal exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 103935"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change and trends in europe and globally over the period 1970–2023","authors":"Mehmet Bilgili,&nbsp;Muhammet Tokmakci","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103928","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.103928","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate determination and monitoring of climate indicators are vital for understanding the true scope of climate change, planning effective adaptation and mitigation measures, ensuring the wise use of resources, and fostering public trust and support for necessary climate actions. This study focuses on the current status of climate change indicators and historical trends from 1970 to 2023. It provides a detailed comparative analysis of various climate indicators in Europe and globally, examining monthly and annual trends in key metrics. These indicators include air temperature (<em>T</em>), dew point temperature (<em>T</em>_<em>d</em>), wet bulb temperature (<em>T</em>_<em>w</em>), specific humidity (<em>q</em>), relative humidity (<em>RH</em>), water vapor partial pressure (<em>e</em>), dew point depression (<em>DPD</em>), air density (<em>ρ</em>), total column precipitable water (<em>TCPW</em>), and total precipitation (<em>TP</em>). The study's findings highlight significant changes in these climate indicators across Europe, revealing notable differences from global trends and offering detailed insights into regional variations in climate change impacts. <em>T</em>, <em>T</em>_<em>d</em>, <em>T</em>_<em>w</em>, <em>q</em>, <em>RH</em>, <em>e</em>, <em>DPD</em>, <em>ρ</em>, <em>TCPW</em>, and <em>TP</em> yearly anomalies relative to the 1991–2020 average for Europe in 2023 were found to be +1.0738 °C, +0.8497 °C, +0.8979 °C, +0.4338 g kg⁻¹, -0.9414 %rh, +0.6612 hPa, +0.2241 °C, −0.0048 kg m⁻³, +1.2030 kg m⁻² and +0.0413 <em>m</em>, respectively. However, the same climate indicators were computed globally as follows: +0.6008 °C, +0.4664 °C, +0.4919 °C, +0.2455 g kg⁻¹, -0.5316 %rh, +0.3806 hPa, +0.1343 °C, −0.0026 kg m⁻³, +0.8200 kg m⁻² and -0.0130 <em>m</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 103928"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}