Environmental Science and Pollution Research最新文献

{"title":"Psychotropic drugs in drinking water? A scoping review of evidence on diazepam and fluoxetine","authors":"Paula Pinheiro Teixeira,&nbsp;Beatriz Assunção Pereira,&nbsp;Roberta da Silva Carneiro,&nbsp;Lara Júlia Moraes de Assis,&nbsp;Mariana Luiza Leal,&nbsp;Matheus Marcon","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-38296-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-38296-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The global prevalence of mental disorders has increased considerably in recent decades. This evidence, associated with population growth and the expansion of access to medications, favors the growing global consumption of psychotropic drugs. Consequently, an increasing load of these substances is introduced into the environment, especially into water bodies, characterizing them as emerging contaminants. This scoping review study aimed to integrate data and provide a global overview of the occurrence of widely used psychotropic drugs (diazepam, fluoxetine, and haloperidol) in drinking water. The search for studies was conducted across 7 databases, with no language or publication year restrictions. We included only original studies in this review and synthesized data from the included studies for water sampled, sampling location, year of sampling, analytical method used, psychotropic drug found, and concentration found. Our review identified 13 studies published between 2000 and 2024 on the occurrence of diazepam and fluoxetine in tap water, drinking water, bottled water, and drinking well water from 7 countries, with concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 300 ng/L. No studies on the occurrence of haloperidol in drinking water were found. Our data highlight that the occurrence of psychotropic drugs in drinking water is a growing global reality and also show a significant lack of research dedicated to the topic. Furthermore, the results of this scoping review reinforce the need to expand water quality monitoring, improve analytical techniques, invest in advanced water treatment technologies, and implement public policies on the proper disposal of medication and the control of drug pollution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 35","pages":"16933 - 16944"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-026-38296-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149102729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging contaminants in water pathways: sources, impacts, conventional, and cold-plasma-based cleaner technology assessment","authors":"Mohammed Abdulsalam,&nbsp;Bernard Gitura Kimani,&nbsp;Kiran Ahlawat,&nbsp;Zdenko Machala","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-38258-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-38258-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Emerging contaminants (EC) pose a major challenge to sustainable water and wastewater treatment because of their persistence, continuous release, biological activity, and resistance to conventional remediation. This review provides a critical assessment of EC occurrence, environmental fate, analytical detection, conventional treatment technologies, and cold plasma technology (CPT). Comparative analysis demonstrates that the principal challenge in EC remediation lies not in the absence of effective technologies but in the mismatch between contaminant properties and treatment mechanisms. Adsorption and membrane processes efficiently separate EC but generate secondary waste streams, biological treatment is constrained by microbial selectivity and slow degradation kinetics, and advanced oxidation processes achieve rapid oxidation but remain limited by energy demand, incomplete mineralization, transformation-product formation, and operational complexity. Hybrid systems improve treatment performance by integrating complementary mechanisms but increase process complexity and cost. CPT is critically evaluated as an emerging process-intensification platform capable of generating diverse reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in situ for broad-spectrum EC degradation. Current advances in plasma chemistry, reactor engineering, plasma–liquid interaction, and hybrid plasma systems are assessed alongside challenges related to energy efficiency, reactor scalability, standardized performance metrics, and real wastewater validation. The review identifies key mechanistic framework for developing efficient, scalable, and sustainable EC remediation technologies.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 34","pages":"16747 - 16778"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149102699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient enzyme-mediated degradation of various emerging pollutants, including 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, paracetamol, and sulfamethoxazole, using HRP@UiO-66-NH2","authors":"Khadega A. Al-Maqdi,&nbsp;Shaikha Alneyadi,&nbsp;Nada Elmerhi,&nbsp;Lamia A. Siddig,&nbsp;Ahmed Alzamly,&nbsp;Iltaf Shah,&nbsp;Syed Salman Ashraf","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-38269-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-38269-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increasing contamination of water sources due to industrialization and population growth poses significant environmental and health risks, even at trace pollutant concentrations. Enzymatic bioremediation, particularly using horseradish peroxidase (HRP), has shown great potential in pollutant degradation due to its high selectivity and catalytic efficiency. However, limitations such as poor operational stability and reusability hinder its large-scale application. The degradation of structurally diverse emerging pollutants by UiO-66-NH₂-immobilized HRP, including the influence of redox mediation, remains insufficiently investigated. This study addresses this gap by immobilizing HRP onto UiO-66-NH₂, a metal–organic framework (MOF) with high stability and surface area. HRP@UiO-66-NH₂ was characterized using SEM–EDX, PXRD, FTIR, TGA, and BET analyses, while pollutant degradation was quantified by LC–MS/MS. HRP loading concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 4 mg/mL were evaluated, and 1 mg/mL was selected for subsequent experiments. The immobilized HRP exhibited an optimum H₂O₂ concentration of 1.08 mM within the tested range of 0–2.43 mM. Both free and immobilized HRP showed maximum activity at pH 4, while the optimum temperature shifted from 30°C for free HRP to 40°C following immobilization. The immobilized enzyme also retained approximately 95% of its initial activity after four reuse cycles. HRP@UiO-66-NH₂ was evaluated for the degradation of nine emerging pollutants, including 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, paracetamol, sulfamethoxazole, methylparaben, salicylic acid, lincomycin hydrochloride, atenolol, thiabendazole, and DEET. It degraded 99.7% of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and 97.4% of paracetamol within 30 min. The addition of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) increased the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, methylparaben, and salicylic acid from 23.3%, 14.5%, and 12.4% to 53.1%, 57.6%, and 54.3%, respectively. The greater thermal and H₂O₂ tolerance of immobilized HRP suggests a protective effect of the UiO-66-NH₂ framework, while the variable response to HOBT indicates pollutant-dependent redox mediation. These findings highlight HRP@UiO-66-NH₂ as a promising biocatalyst for sustainable water remediation, warranting further studies to elucidate the underlying degradation mechanisms and optimize real-world applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 34","pages":"16814 - 16827"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-026-38269-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149102652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green activated carbon from biochar waste: linking activation pathways, surface chemistry, and adsorption performance for water purification","authors":"Vicran Zharvan,&nbsp;Nasrul Ihsan,&nbsp;Subaer Subaer,&nbsp;Samnur Samnur,&nbsp;Sutikno Sutikno,&nbsp;Markus Diantoro,&nbsp;Risa Suryana,&nbsp;Eko Hadi Sujiono","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-38281-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-38281-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biochar-derived activated carbon (BAC) is a promising sustainable adsorbent for water purification due to its tunable pore structure and adaptable surface chemistry. This review examines the relationships among feedstock composition, activation pathways, structural properties, adsorption mechanisms, and sustainability in BAC production. Pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, and various activation methods are discussed in relation to pore development, adsorption performance, and environmental impact. Adsorption behavior depends not only on the BET surface area but also on pore accessibility, surface functionality, crystallinity, and transport behavior. Micropores favor the adsorption of small molecules and metal ions, whereas mesopores improve the diffusion of larger contaminants. Emerging pollutants such as PFAS, including PFOA and PFOS, are highlighted, with adsorption strongly influenced by hydrophobic and fluorophilic interactions. Sustainability challenges, including energy demand, chemical consumption, wastewater generation, and scalability, are also addressed. Finally, hybrid activation, low-chemical processing, and AI-assisted optimization are proposed as strategies for developing scalable next-generation BAC adsorbents for advanced water purification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 34","pages":"16697 - 16746"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149102646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-biomarker evaluation of the effects of a glyphosate-based commercial formulation and its active ingredient on the green microalga Scenedesmus vacuolatus","authors":"María Mercedes Iummato,&nbsp;Martín Graziano,&nbsp;María del Carmen Ríos de Molina,&nbsp;Ángela Beatriz Juárez","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-38265-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-38265-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Glyphosate ranks among the most widely used herbicides worldwide. When it enters water bodies, it can affect non-target organisms such as algae. This study evaluated the effects of a commercial formulation of glyphosate (CFG) and its active ingredient, isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (IPAG), on the growth, biomass, and biochemical parameters of the green microalga <i>Scenedesmus vacuolatus</i>. <i>S. vacuolatus</i> was exposed to IPAG (at concentrations of 150, 250, and 350 mg/L) and CFG (at concentrations of 4, 6, and 8 mg a.p./L) for 96 h. The concentrations causing a 50% growth inhibition were 326.11 mg/L for IPAG and 4.43 mg a.p./L for CFG. Exposure to IPAG led to decreased growth rates and total chlorophyll content compared to the controls. Likewise, exposure to the CFG resulted in decreased growth rates and total chlorophyll content, with increases in cell volume. Furthermore, IPAG-exposed <i>S. vacuolatus</i> showed increased levels of oxidized proteins, carotene/chlorophyll <i>a</i> ratio, glutathione (GSH) content, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) compared to controls. CFG-exposed <i>S. vacuolatus</i> showed increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content, oxidized proteins, carotene/chlorophyll <i>a</i> ratio, GSH content, and carotene content, along with decreased SOD, CAT, and GST activities compared to controls. These results indicate that both the CFG and IPAG negatively affected <i>S. vacuolatus</i>, altering its growth and metabolic parameters, including oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, the commercial formulation caused more toxic effects than the active ingredient alone, leading to greater alterations at lower glyphosate concentrations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 34","pages":"16828 - 16842"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149102658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Openair package in R programming and PCA: unveiling air quality dynamics and meteorological influences","authors":"Aniket Chavan,&nbsp;Dilip H. Lataye","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-38275-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-38275-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air pollution in urban areas poses severe environmental and public health challenges requiring systematic monitoring. This study analyzes 2023 CAAQMS data from Nagpur—a rapidly growing Tier-2 Indian city—to examine interactions among eight major air pollutants (PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂, CO, O₃, NO₂, NH₃, benzene) and four meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, wind speed, rainfall). Key findings reveal: (1) AQI reached 492 (Severe category) in winter (February), with significant improvement during monsoon months (AQI &lt; 100); (2) PM₁₀- PM_2.5 (<i>r</i> = 0.955) and CO-benzene (<i>r</i> = 0.889) show strong positive correlations, indicating common combustion sources; (3) Ventilation Coefficient varies from 668 m²/s (January) to 1385 m²/s (May), implying winter emission reductions need to be ~ 3.7 × more aggressive than summer to achieve equivalent ambient concentration targets; (4) No statistically significant weekend effect exists for any pollutant (all p &gt; 0.1), suggesting continuous source contributions; (5) PCA with varimax rotation identifies two components explaining 73.1% of variance: anthropogenic combustion (PM, NO₂) and photochemical processes (O₃, temperature). Exceedance analysis shows PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ exceeded CPCB standards on 27–29 days in winter months. Policy implications include seasonally variable emission reduction targets, co-benefit strategies targeting combustion sources, and resource reallocation to winter months when dispersion is poorest. This study provides the first comprehensive annual air quality baseline for Nagpur, demonstrating that Tier-2 cities require tailored, seasonally aware pollution management strategies distinct from megacity approaches.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 34","pages":"16843 - 16864"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149102593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compliance and non-compliance patterns among listed and non-listed ship recycling facilities: a comparative assessment of 22 facilities evaluated for the EU List","authors":"Newton Narciso Pereira,&nbsp;Camila Aparecida Maciel da Silveira,&nbsp;Kauã Costa dos Santos Paula,&nbsp;Camila Aguiar Diniz","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-38259-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-38259-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ship recycling plays a central role in the circular economy of the maritime industry, yet significant disparities persist in safety, environmental performance, and regulatory compliance across global Ship Recycling Facilities (SRFs). This study analyzes 22 official inspection reports conducted by DNV for the European Commission under the EU Ship Recycling Regulation (EU SRR 1257/2013), comparing listed and non-listed facilities. Using a structured qualitative framework, the findings suggest that differences between listed and non-listed facilities are reflected not only in overall compliance levels but also in the nature and distribution of non-conformities across regulatory dimensions. While most facilities showed relatively high levels of conformity in infrastructure-related requirements, more pronounced differences between the groups were observed in environmental monitoring, institutional governance, traceability systems, and intertidal zone control. Non-listed SRFs showed recurring deficiencies in environmental monitoring, documentation, emergency preparedness, and hazardous waste management, whereas listed facilities generally showed stronger governance and risk-management capabilities despite minor shortcomings. A sensitivity analysis excluding facilities employing dismantling methods prohibited under the EU SRR identified two non-listed facilities with performance profiles comparable to several listed SRFs, indicating that structural eligibility alone does not account for all observed differences between the groups. The results further suggest that environmental verification, traceability, and institutional governance are among the dimensions in which recurrent differences between the two groups were observed. These findings provide new insights into patterns associated with different listing outcomes and highlight areas that may support the modernization and regulatory alignment of ship recycling facilities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 34","pages":"16797 - 16813"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-026-38259-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149102659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the effects of local economic activities on stream ecosystem services across cities with contrasting urban development histories","authors":"Aurea Luiza Lemes da Silva,&nbsp;Rafael Schmitt,&nbsp;Ana Raquel Calapez,&nbsp;Maria Carolina Sousa,&nbsp;Salomé F. P. Almeida,&nbsp;Maria João Feio","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-38262-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-38262-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study compared urban streams in two cities in central Portugal that have contrasting urban development histories to investigate how ecosystem services are associated with the local economic activities. For this purpose, we identified the predominant local economic activities in two cities in central Portugal, Aveiro and Coimbra, and selected thirty urban streams for assessment. The streams were evaluated based on the degree of urbanization, measured through impervious surface coverage (IMD), and several indicators of provisioning, regulating, and cultural services, using the Urban Stream Assessment System (UsAs). Aveiro is characterized by a higher concentration of manufacturing and local businesses, while Coimbra is dominated by health and education-related activities. IMD within a 500-m buffer around each stream ranged from 1.2% to 67.0% (mean 34.5 ± 19) in Aveiro, and from 0.6% to 46.4% (mean 24.4 ± 14) in Coimbra. Increasing impervious surface coverage was consistently associated with lower scores of ecosystem service indicators. Streams in Aveiro, characterized by a stronger industrial profile, exhibited greater degradation of freshwater ecosystem services, particularly the regulating and cultural ones. In contrast, streams in Coimbra showed comparatively better ecological conditions and supported a broader range of ecosystem services, although negative impacts were still evident. These findings highlight the importance of considering both urban development histories and local economic activity profiles in urban planning, as they are closely associated with the ecological condition of urban streams and the ecosystem services they provide.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 34","pages":"16779 - 16796"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149102557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon nanodots and zinc oxide nanoparticles coated fabrics as effective photocatalytic materials for water treatment","authors":"Ahmad Hamisu,&nbsp;Meriem Bouchenak,&nbsp;Belgassim Boutra,&nbsp;Ahmed Alshahrie,&nbsp;Numan Salah","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-38280-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-38280-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Carbon nanodots (CNDs) derived from steam-activated date palm fronds and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized via a bio-assisted sonochemical method were coated onto a textile material and used as photocatalysts for the effective removal of methylene blue (MB) from wastewater. Characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), spectral fluorophotometry, and other related techniques, were employed to investigate the morphology, photoluminescence (PL) emission, band gap energy, phase composition, and surface wetting behaviour of the prepared samples. The photocatalytic experiments were carried out under four different light conditions, namely sunlight, visible light, UV-radiation, and darkness. The experimental findings indicate that both CNDs- and ZnO-coated fabrics degrade MB more efficiently under UV-radiation, achieving high removal efficiencies exceeding 90 and 60%, respectively, within 40 and 60 min, while also exhibiting substantial activity under sunlight and visible light at low initial MB concentrations. Overall, this study demonstrates the great potential of these materials for practical wastewater treatment and self-cleaning textile applications. Furthermore, the immobilization of CNDs and ZnO NPs onto fabrics reduces concerns regarding the reuse and recovery of the photocatalyst materials while maintaining high photocatalytic efficiency.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 32","pages":"16380 - 16403"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastic and nanoplastic contamination in bottled water","authors":"Rajat Maurya,&nbsp;Richa Choudhary,&nbsp;Krishna Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Pradeep Kumar Yadav","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-38273-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-38273-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite increasing reports of micro- and nanoplastic contamination in bottled water, uncertainties remain regarding standardized detection methods, chronic human health effects, and globally harmonized regulatory frameworks. This review critically synthesizes current evidence on the occurrence, analytical detection, environmental impacts, human health risks, regulatory developments, and mitigation strategies associated with micro- and nanoplastics contamination in bottled water. Microplastics primarily originate from the degradation of polyethylene terephthalate packaging and bottling processes, with additional contamination arising from source water and storage conditions. These particles, often carrying chemical additives and adsorbed pollutants, pose ecological risks by disrupting aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. Human exposure occurs predominantly through ingestion, with bottled water consumers potentially ingesting substantially greater numbers of microplastics than tap water consumers. Smaller particles, particularly nanoplastics (&lt;100 nm), can penetrate biological barriers, raising concerns regarding oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, carcinogenicity, immune disruption, and bioaccumulation. Detection methods vary considerably in sensitivity, detection limits, and analytical performance, with µRaman and µFT-IR spectroscopy identified as the most reliable techniques; however, the lack of standardized analytical protocols and certified reference materials limits data comparability across studies. Reported concentrations of microplastics in bottled water vary widely among brands and geographical regions, ranging from a few to thousands of particles per litre. Overall, the available evidence indicates that widespread contamination of bottled water with micro- and nanoplastics, together with limitations in analytical standardization and human health data, represents a significant challenge for accurate exposure assessment and risk evaluation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 32","pages":"16196 - 16210"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}