Environmental Science and Pollution Research最新文献

{"title":"Environmental monitoring for Ascaris egg remediation: a critical review","authors":"Nathaniel I. Strong,&nbsp;Jack T. Andraka,&nbsp;Sung-Geun Woo,&nbsp;Sahar H. El Abbadi,&nbsp;Aaron J. Lewis,&nbsp;Sindy K. Y. Tang,&nbsp;Stephen P. Luby,&nbsp;Craig S. Criddle","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36343-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36343-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ascariasis affects up to 1.2 billion people globally, with a significant burden in low-income regions. Despite high prevalence and substantial morbidity, existing monitoring and intervention strategies are insufficient due to sample extraction and quantification inaccuracies. This review underscores the need for enhanced environmental monitoring to improve Ascaris egg remediation and reduce disease incidence. We critically reviewed existing environmental monitoring practices and explored advanced technologies like lab-on-a-disk for rapid detection and quantification of Ascaris eggs. A meta-analysis and meta-regression of studies on Ascaris egg recovery revealed significant variability in recovery rates, with the best methods achieving less than 60% efficiency. Advanced imaging analyses and lab-on-a-disk technologies show promise for rapid detection and viability assessment. By identifying gaps in current methodologies, we recommend more effective environmental interventions. The review incorporated high-quality data adhering to PRISMA guidelines, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the latest methodologies. Integrating improved detection methods and environmental control strategies can significantly reduce ascariasis incidence, especially in endemic regions. Future efforts should focus on refining these technologies and validating their application in real-world settings for sustainable disease control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 17","pages":"10688 - 10704"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal evaluation of seawater intrusion vulnerability in Shabestar Plain using GALDIT and AI techniques","authors":"Vahid Nourani,&nbsp;Elnaz Bayat Khajeh,&nbsp;Nardin Jabbarian Paknezhad,&nbsp;Dominika Dąbrowska,&nbsp;Elnaz Sharghi","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36338-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36338-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Groundwater contamination, with seawater intrusion (SWI) being the most widespread form particularly in coastal areas, has become a pressing global environmental challenge. Groundwater serves as a vital freshwater resource, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, making its efficient management essential. In this study, the GALDIT method—an index-based approach that evaluates the vulnerability of aquifers by scoring six key parameters based on expert judgment (groundwater occurrence (G), aquifer hydraulic conductivity (A), groundwater elevation above sea level (L), distance from the shoreline (D), impact of existing seawater intrusion (I), and aquifer thickness (T))—was employed to assess the vulnerability of the Shabestar aquifer to SWI. The study employs the GALDIT method to map aquifer vulnerability for 2002, 2012, and 2022, enabling a temporal comparison of changes over time. The final GALDIT index map, categorized into low, moderate, and high vulnerability classes, revealed an increase in very high vulnerability areas from 10.9% in 2002 to 17.8% in 2022, alongside a decrease in moderate vulnerability areas from 56.4 to 37.3%, indicating a deteriorating condition of the aquifer. However, the reliance on expert judgment introduces potential subjectivity and bias in the vulnerability assessment. To mitigate these limitations, AI-based models, namely artificial neural networks (ANNs) and random forest (RF), were applied to enhance model performance. The GALDIT parameters served as input for the AI models, while observed electrical conductivity (EC), a key indicator of water salinity, and total dissolved solids (TDS), an indicator of drinking water quality, were used as output variables to estimate condition for the year 2022. Results demonstrated that the ANN model outperformed the RF model during verification, improving estimation accuracy by up to 10% and 9% in terms of the determination coefficient (DC), respectively. To further enhance model interpretability and identify the most influential parameters for EC and TDS estimation, a global, variance-based sensitivity analysis using the Sobol method was conducted. This analysis revealed that factors I and D were the most influential for EC, while factors I and T had the greatest impact on TDS in the study region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 17","pages":"10855 - 10876"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drivers of fungal and bacterial communities in ectomycorrhizospheres of birch, oak, and pine in a former uranium mining site, Ronneburg, Germany","authors":"Olga Bogdanova,&nbsp;Katrin Krause,&nbsp;Sebastian Pietschmann,&nbsp;Erika Kothe","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36330-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36330-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The impact of soil and tree species on fungal and bacterial communities was investigated in a former uranium mining area with field and pot studies of the mycorrhizospheres of birch (<i>Betula pendula</i>), oak (<i>Quercus robur</i>), and pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i>). At the initial stages of succession re-created in the pot experiment, tree-species-specific microbial communities were detected. The pot microbiomes showed lower diversity and evenness of fungi and bacteria as compared to field-grown trees. In the natural field setting, the fungal community both in bulk and rhizosphere soil consisted of mainly <i>Thelephoraceae</i>, <i>Inocybaceae</i> and <i>Russulaceae.</i> They contributed with <i>Leotiaceae</i> and <i>Herpotrichiellaceae</i> to 52–85% of overall abundances, showing the soil hyphae impact of ectomycorrhiza in the tree stand. The fungal communities and their distribution patterns reflected host tree specificity and successional stage of the ectomycorrhizosphere. In the bacterial community, the most abundant bacterial classes were <i>Alphaproteobacteria</i>, <i>Acidobacteria</i>, <i>Ktedonobacteria</i>, <i>Bacteroidia</i>, <i>Gammaproteobacteria</i>, and <i>Phycisphaerae</i> representing about 59–80% of all bacterial sequences. The bacterial communities correlated with soil chemical parameters, particularly the content of toxic metals, total nitrogen and C/N ratio. This study allowed to identify drivers for microbial community composition, which might be helpful to develop afforestation strategies in post-mining landscapes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 17","pages":"10786 - 10799"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-025-36330-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143762534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter-annual and seasonal variations of meteorological drought and their drivers in the southwest karst region of China","authors":"Baowei Fu,&nbsp;Juanli Jing,&nbsp;Qifang Deng,&nbsp;Shunshun Ding","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36331-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36331-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Revealing the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of drought in the southwest karst region is vitally important for drought early warning and ecological environmental protection. In this paper, based on the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) from 1902 to 2023, we analyzed the variations and influencing factors of interannual and seasonal meteorological drought by means of Theil-Sen median trend analysis, Mann–Kendall test, wavelet analysis, geodetector, and correlation analysis. Our results showed that (1) The interannual SPEI had a decreased trend with a rate of 0.029/10a, without mutation point and showing a no significant drying trend, and the seasonal SPEI also showed a decreasing trend, with a mutation point in autumn and decreasing significantly. Spatially, accounting for 78.29% and 84.31% of the regions exhibited a decreasing trend in annual and autumn. (2) The main cycles of drought were 55a, 37a, 25a, 12a, and 4a at the interannual scale, while the cycles varied from medium to long at the seasonal scale. (3) In different study periods, karst landform had the greatest influence on the spatial variability of drought, followed by climate factors, while topographic factors and land use change had relatively weak influence. The interaction between climate factors and karst landform could significantly enhance their explanatory power on the spatial variability of drought. (4) The NAO, ENSO3.4, AO, and IOD were the dominant influence factors for interannual and seasonal drought variability, and the influence with an obvious interannual transition. Multiple regression analysis illustrated the NAO, ENSO3.4, and IOD had an explanatory power of 15.9%, 12.2%, and 10.7% to drought variations at interannual scale, and the ENSO3.4, AO, and IOD had an explanatory power of 24.1%, 21.3%, and 14.7% to seasonal drought variations, respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 17","pages":"10836 - 10854"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of liming using Lithothamnium calcareum on atrazine and S-metolachlor leaching and persistence in soil","authors":"Gabriella Francisco Pereira Borges de Oliveira,&nbsp;Rita de Cássia Silva,&nbsp;Gabriela de Souza da Silva,&nbsp;Ana Carolina Oliveira Chapeta,&nbsp;Lucas Rêgo Mendonça Marinho,&nbsp;Monique Macedo Alves,&nbsp;Jonathan Almeida Santos Simões,&nbsp;Everaldo Zonta,&nbsp;Camila Ferreira de Pinho","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36334-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36334-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil liming using <i>Lithothamnium calcareum</i> in comparison to dolomitic limestone and unlimed soil on leaching and persistence of atrazine and S-metolachlor herbicides in soil. The highest atrazine concentration was obtained between 0 and 20 cm in the unlimed soil, between 30 and 40 cm in the dolomitic limestone-treated soil, and between 10 and 20 cm in soil treated with <i>L. calcareum</i>. The highest S-metolachlor concentration was obtained between 20 and 30 cm in the unlimed soil, between 10 and 20 cm in the soil treated with dolomitic limestone, and between 0 and 10 cm in the soil treated with <i>L. calcareum</i>. The half-life of atrazine was 8.3 days in unlimed soil and 7.9 days in limed soil. The half-life of S-metolachlor was 12.1 days in unlimed soil, 13.5 days in soil using dolomitic limestone, and 11.6 days in soil using <i>L. calcareum</i>. Cucumber plants were controlled up to 90 days after application (DAA) of atrazine for all soil treatments. Sorghum plants were controlled up to 15 DAA of S-metolachlor for the unlimed soil and up to 30 DAA for the limed soil. Soil liming and type of soil improver influence atrazine e S-metolachlor leaching and persistence in soil, which may affect crops and adjacent areas and surface and groundwater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 15","pages":"9985 - 9999"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143762525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cumulative potential of Lactuca sativa L. and physiological and anatomical damage when exposed to lead","authors":"Antonio Rodrigues da Cunha Neto,&nbsp;Tainara Bettiol Westin,&nbsp;Alexandra dos Santos Ambrósio,&nbsp;João Vitor Barbosa Calvelli,&nbsp;Breno Régis Santos,&nbsp;Thiago Corrêa de Souza,&nbsp;Marília Carvalho,&nbsp;Sandro Barbosa","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36339-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36339-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lead on the cultivation of <i>Lactuca sativa</i> L. in a hydroponic system, elucidating the effects of lead on physiological processes, anatomy, and its bioaccumulation capacity. Lettuce plants were grown in a greenhouse under a hydroponic system containing lead nitrate (50, 100, 250, 500 μM), with Hoagland solution as a negative control, for a period of 42 to 70 days. Plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry matter, leaf area, chloroplastic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, anatomical parameters, and lead content were evaluated. The results demonstrated that growth parameters were affected according to lead concentration. The 500-μM concentration caused the greatest reduction in stem height (30.28%) and leaf area (88.07%). A significant decrease in the number of leaves, ranging from 20 to 90.47%, was observed at all concentrations on the 70th day. Chloroplastic pigment content was statistically reduced at all concentrations, reflecting a sharp decline of 58.82% in the photochemical quenching and 45.22% in the vitality index. The root morpho-anatomy was also altered, with the proportion of vascular bundle area decreasing by 43.50% and a 501.47% increase in aerenchyma formation. Lead accumulation in the roots was 21.54 times higher at the highest concentration compared to the lowest, highlighting the cumulative potential of this organ, while the metal was not detected in the aerial part, indicating the absence of translocation. Despite the negative effects on biomass and physiological parameters, <i>Lactuca sativa</i> L. demonstrated tolerance to lead and potential for rhizofiltration, making it a promising candidate for application in hydroponic systems aimed at treating contaminated wastewater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 15","pages":"9975 - 9984"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Searching ways to safely dispose of stale monazite enrichment tailings","authors":"Nikita Markin,&nbsp;Sergey Ivannikov,&nbsp;Evgenii Shamraj,&nbsp;Anna Matskevich,&nbsp;Eduard Tokar’,&nbsp;Andrei Egorin,&nbsp;Larisa Zemskova","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36301-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36301-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Majority enterprises for the extraction of uranium and thorium-containing minerals have inherent problem of increased background radiation level at production sites, in particular, tailings dumps. The Baley town of Russian Federation is a typical example of an area with unfavorable radioecological indicators due to the activities of an enterprise for thorium-containing monazite extraction. Based on dosimetry and gamma spectrometry data the paper presents the results of an assessment of the current radiation situation at the enterprise’s tailings dump including the results of field and laboratory cases. The composition of the samples was investigated by granulometric, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray phase analytical methods. Possible ways of tailings processing were considered. It was shown that using simple enrichment methods (sieving, magnetic, and gravitational separation), it is possible not only to reduce the radioactive waste volume by four to five times, but to obtain economic benefits by recovery concentrates of monazite, rutile, and ilmenite.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 15","pages":"9884 - 9900"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of resorcinol and oxidation of pineapple waste to improve the energy potential through microbial fuel cells","authors":"Mohammed B. Alshammari,&nbsp;Akil Ahmad,&nbsp;Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim,&nbsp;Nur Faezah Binti Rosli","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36300-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36300-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) offer a promising approach to remediate organic pollutants while generating energy. Despite significant advancements, generating electrons remains a major challenge for MFCs. This study addresses the electron production challenges in MFCs using pineapple waste as an organic substrate and resorcinol as a pollutant and carbon source. At a constant 1000 Ω external resistance, the maximum power density (PD) achieved was 2.69 mW/m². Electrochemical studies, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), indicated efficient oxidation and reduction of the substrate, with a specific capacitance of 1.36 × 10⁻⁷ F/g, suggesting gradual biofilm formation. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) findings confirmed efficient electron transport and resorcinol biodegradation reached 84.66%. Bacterial identification revealed that <i>Proteus vulgaris</i>, <i>Hafnia alvei</i>, and <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> significantly contributed to resorcinol degradation and energy generation. Optimal MFC operation was observed at pH 7 and temperatures of 25–30 °C. Overall, pineapple substrates, with their polysaccharide composition, maintained stability for 40 days. The study concludes by highlighting future challenges and potential improvements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 15","pages":"9926 - 9944"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and applications of a walk-in-type mud test house for radioactive gas studies","authors":"Rajat Parkash,&nbsp;Manish Joshi,&nbsp;Rosaline Mishra,&nbsp;Sandeep Kanse,&nbsp;Neetika Chauhan,&nbsp;Rishi Pal Chauhan","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36305-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36305-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A mud test house has been constructed at NIT Kurukshetra, Haryana, India, for facilitating studies requiring controlled dispersion of radon/thoron gases and decay products at relatively higher concentration. This manuscript discusses the design specifications, characteristics, and the projected applications for this test house. With a total internal volume of 7.5 m³ appropriate for a walk-in configuration, it serves as a compact yet functional facility ensuring high and stable concentrations of radon/thoron gases while maintaining cost effectiveness and easy parametric control. Dry mud bricks have been used in the construction after ascertaining their higher radioactivity content and radon exhalation rate in comparison to other available options. In the closed configuration, test house can provide radon concentration up to ≈ 250 Bq m⁻³ which is approximately 5 times higher than the ambient levels of the same location. This corresponds to maximum equivalent equilibrium radon concentration of 52 ± 1.45 Bq m⁻³. Maximum thoron and equivalent equilibrium thoron concentration measured by passive technique at 71 ± 8 and 4 ± 1.70 Bq m⁻³ respectively makes it suitable for thoron dynamic studies as well. The test house has been designed to manifest different levels of ventilation rate and aerosol concentration, tuned for different kinds of studies requiring diverse experimental conditions. Results of characterization experiments performed on radon/thoron gases and decay products as a function of a few chosen aerosol and ventilation rate characteristics have been presented in this work. Levels of parameters and their control make the test house a reliable and adaptable geometry, ideal for studying the dynamics of radon/thoron gas and decay products, serving as an experimental facility to validate theoretical estimates and acting as a calibration chamber.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 15","pages":"9872 - 9883"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Acute effects of air pollution on spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, and stillbirth in Ahvaz, Iran: a time-series study","authors":"Maryam Dastoorpoor,&nbsp;Esmaeil Idani,&nbsp;Gholamreza Goudarzi,&nbsp;Narges Khanjani","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36238-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36238-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 15","pages":"10019 - 10019"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}