Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Section B最新文献

{"title":"Analyzing the Use of Medicinal Herbs During the First Wave and Second Wave of COVID-19.","authors":"Tanvi Singh,&nbsp;Arti Nigam,&nbsp;Rachna Kapila","doi":"10.1007/s40011-021-01303-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-021-01303-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>India has confronted the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, in the form of first wave and again in first half of 2021 in the form of second wave. To combat the persistent transmission of the coronavirus, Indian Government has started the vaccination in the country since January 2021. The immunity conferred by the vaccine can be more effective with sound immune health. In India, medicinal herbs are preferred dietary habits to enhance the immunity intrinsically. A web-based survey of herbal medicinal plants was carried out to identify the consumption trend of the medicinal herbs as an effective immune booster to reduce the spread of COVID-19. The selected herbs are ingredients of regular Indian cuisine and practiced under Ayurveda. The present study revealed that people are aware of selected medicinal herbs and consumed intentionally to boost their immunity. This type of study can be helpful in retaining the local people's knowledge on traditional medicine practices which has been vanishing.</p>","PeriodicalId":54564,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Section B","volume":"92 1","pages":"219-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8753947/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39914972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SAR and QSAR of COVID-19 Main Protease-Inhibitor Interactions of Recently X-ray Crystalized Complexes.","authors":"Hussein M Ali,&nbsp;Ahmed G Soliman,&nbsp;Hala G A G Elfiky","doi":"10.1007/s40011-021-01338-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-021-01338-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>COVID-19 is still widespread worldwide and up to now there is no established antiviral able to control the disease. Main protease is responsible for the viral replication and transcription; thus, its inhibition is a promising route to control virus proliferation. The present study aims to examine detail interactions between main protease and recently reported ninety-seven inhibitors with available X-ray crystallography to define factors enhance inhibition activity; thirty-two of most potent inhibitors were examined to identify sites and types of interaction. The study showed formation of covalent bond, H-bond and hydrophobic interaction with key residues in the active side. Covalent bond is observed in seventeen complexes, all of them by attack of the 145Cys thiol group on Michael acceptor, aldehyde or its hydrate, α-ketoamide, double bond or acetamide methyl group; the latter type requires H-bonding between acetamide carbonyl oxygen and at least one of 143Gly, 144Ser or 145Cys. Potent inhibitors, disulfiram and ebselen docked in the same binding site. Accordingly, factors identify inhibition include forming covalent bond and existing terminal hydrophobic groups and amidic or peptidomimetic structure. Binding affinity was found correlated with topological diameter up to 24 bond, molecular size, branching, polar surface area up to 199 Ų and hydrophilicity.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40011-021-01338-8.</p>","PeriodicalId":54564,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Section B","volume":"92 2","pages":"281-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8831015/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39945300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In-Silico</i> Identification of Natural Compounds from Traditional Medicine as Potential Drug Leads against SARS-CoV-2 Through Virtual Screening.","authors":"Sai Mithilesh,&nbsp;Divya Raghunandan,&nbsp;P K Suresh","doi":"10.1007/s40011-021-01292-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-021-01292-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The novel coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2 is the virus responsible for the recent global health crisis, as it causes the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in humans. Due to its high rate of spreading and significant fatality rates, the situation has escalated to a pandemic, which is the cause of immense disruption in daily life. In this study, we have taken a docking-based virtual screening approach to select natural molecules (from plants) with possible therapeutic potential. For this purpose, AUTODOCK Vina-based determination of binding affinity values (blind and active-site oriented) was obtained to short-list molecules with possible inhibitory potential against the main Mpro in SARS-CoV-2 (PDB ID 6Y2F -the monomeric form). The 4 molecules selected were Chebuloside (-8.2; -8.2), Acetoside (-8.0; -8.0), Corilagin (-8.1; -7.7) and Arjunolic Acid (-8.0; -7.6) (blind and active-site oriented docking scores (Kcal/mol) in parenthesis, respectively). Further, a comparative search, with FDA-approved drugs, has shown that Ouabain was comparable to Chebuloside with a similarity score of 0.227. This in silico finding with respect to Ouabain is significant, since this polycyclic glycoside has been shown to treat COVID-19 positive patients with a cardiovascular disease. Hydrocortisone was similar to Arjunolic acid with a score of 0.539. Again, this likeness is worthy of mention, since hydrocortisone has been used earlier for the treatment of SARS-CoV1 and MERS. However, further experimentation and validation of the results, in suitable biological model systems, are necessary to gain more insight and relevance as well as provide corroborative evidence for our <i>in-silico</i> findings.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40011-021-01292-5.</p>","PeriodicalId":54564,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Section B","volume":"92 1","pages":"81-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8741561/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39825113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV/AIDS: Current Updates on the Disease, Treatment and Prevention.","authors":"Praveen Kumar Gupta,&nbsp;Apoorva Saxena","doi":"10.1007/s40011-021-01237-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-021-01237-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CCR5-delta 32 homozygous stem cell transplantation for HIV-infected individuals is being treated as a milestone in the global AIDS epidemic. Since 2008, when the second Berlin patient was cured from HIV after undergoing transplantation from a donor with delta-32 mutation, scientists are aiming for a long-term cure for the wider population. In 2019, a London patient became the second person to be free of HIV and came off the antiretroviral drugs completely. CCR5 gene is now being treated as a viable target for HIV treatment. It can be used in the treatment of HIV either through administration of drugs that bind to CCR5 and stop the receptor from working or through gene therapy to alter the CCR5 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 and prevent protein production. This review article aims to identify the obstacles and the need to overcome them in order to bridge the gap between current research and future potential cures for HIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":54564,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Section B","volume":"91 3","pages":"495-510"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40011-021-01237-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38914858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioefficacy of Lemongrass and Tea Tree Essential Oils Against House Fly, <i>Musca domestica</i>.","authors":"Jyoti M Chintalchere,&nbsp;Mudasir A Dar,&nbsp;Kishor D Raut,&nbsp;Radhakrishna S Pandit","doi":"10.1007/s40011-020-01220-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-020-01220-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The management of house fly, <i>Musca domestica</i> has become immensely important to prevent epidemics of many detrimental diseases. In view of this objective, the present study demonstrates the efficacy of lemongrass (LG) and tea tree essential oils (TTEOs) against <i>M. domestica</i>. The TTEO proved to be more lethal against larvae and adults of <i>M. domestica</i> depicting an LC₅₀ at 14.88 mg/ dm³ which was 17.19 mg/ dm³ for LGEO. In contrast, pupicidal effect of LGEO was much higher (LD₅₀, 14.49 µl/0.25L) as compared to TTEO. The LGEO drastically reduced the total body sugar, glycogen and protein contents by 3.29, 2.95 and 7.56 fold, respectively, contrasting with high influence of TTEO on lipid content of the late 3rd instar larvae. A considerable reduction in gut enzymes secretion was observed due to treatment of EOs thereby altering gut physiology of the insect. Moreover, significant inhibition of acetylcholine esterase (AchE) was also observed with LGEO at LC₅₀ concentration (5.33 mg/ml) inhibiting insect neurotransmission. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of the LGEO showed 12 major compounds dominated by Citral whereas TTEO contained only 5 major compounds. Further analysis by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed distortion and shrinkage of larval bodies caused by the treatment of EOs. These overall observations brand LG and TT-EOs as potential organic-insecticides against <i>M. domestica</i>.</p><p><strong>Graphic abstract: </strong></p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version of this article (10.1007/s40011-020-01220-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p>","PeriodicalId":54564,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Section B","volume":"91 2","pages":"307-318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40011-020-01220-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25395350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Elevated CO₂ and Temperature on Brown Planthopper Population in Rice Ecosystem.","authors":"G Guru Pirasanna Pandi,&nbsp;Subhash Chander,&nbsp;Madan Pal Singh,&nbsp;Himanshu Pathak","doi":"10.1007/s40011-016-0727-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-016-0727-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influence of elevated CO₂ (570 ± 25 ppm) and elevated temperature (≃3 °C higher than ambient) on rice (<i>Oryza</i><i>sativa</i> L.) and brown planthopper (BPH), <i>Nilaparvata lugens</i> (Stal.) was studied in open top chambers during rainy season of 2013. Elevated CO₂ and temperature exhibited positive effect on BPH multiplication thus enhancing its population (55.2 ± 5.7 hoppers/hill) in comparison to ambient CO₂ and temperature (25.5 ± 2.1 hoppers/hill). Elevated CO₂ + temperature significantly reduced the adult longevity and nymphal duration by 17.4 and 18.5 % respectively, however elevated conditions increased BPH fecundity by 29.5 %. In rice crop, interactive effect of elevated CO₂ and temperature led to an increase in the number of tillers (20.1 %) and canopy circumference (30.4 %), but resulted in a decrease of reproductive tillers (10.8 %), seeds/panicle (10.9 %) and 1000-seed weight (8.6 %) thereby reducing grain yield (9.8 %). Moreover, positive effect of increased CO₂ concentration and temperature on BPH population exacerbates the damage (30.6) which in turn coupled with the plant traits to hampering production.</p>","PeriodicalId":54564,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Section B","volume":"88 1","pages":"57-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40011-016-0727-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35940612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Detection of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus by Reverse Transcriptase-Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification.","authors":"A Chandrasekar,&nbsp;A Raja,&nbsp;G Dhinakar Raj,&nbsp;A Thangavelu,&nbsp;K Kumanan","doi":"10.1007/s40011-015-0490-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-015-0490-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A reverse-transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was developed for rapid diagnosis of infectious bronchitis (IB) in poultry by targeting the spike protein 2 gene (S2). RT-LAMP primers were designed for IBV-S2 targets and optimized to run at 60 °C for 45 min. As compared with RT-PCR, RT-LAMP was 100 times more sensitive for IBV-S2 gene. RT-LAMP showed specific amplification with IB viral genome but not with other avian respiratory pathogens due to their mismatching with IBV-S2-RT-LAMP primers. RT-LAMP reaction products were visually detected by the addition of propidium iodide stain. Out of 102 field samples tested for detection of IBV, RT-LAMP detected IBV in 12 samples for S2 gene whereas RT-PCR detected IBV in six samples for S2 gene. The sensitivity of the RT-LAMP was 100 % and the specificity was 94 % for S2 gene. Since the developed RT-LAMP to detect IBV is simple, rapid, sensitive and specific, it can be a useful diagnostic tool for detection of IB in poultry in less equipped laboratories and in field conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54564,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Section B","volume":"85 3","pages":"815-820"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40011-015-0490-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37783976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Current Scenario in India.","authors":"Pragya D Yadav,&nbsp;Chandrashekhar G Raut,&nbsp;Deepak Y Patil,&nbsp;Triparna D Majumdar,&nbsp;Devendra T Mourya","doi":"10.1007/s40011-013-0197-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-013-0197-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>India is considered as a hot spot for emerging infectious diseases. In the recent past many infectious diseases of emerging and re-emerging nature have entered this subcontinent and affected a large number of populations. A few examples are Nipah, Avian influenza, Pandemic influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus and Chikungunya virus. These diseases have not only affected human and animal health but also economy of the country on a very large scale. During December 2010, National Institute of Virology, Pune detected Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus specific IgG antibodies in livestock serum samples from Gujarat and Rajasthan states. Subsequently, during January 2011 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus was confirmed in a nosocomial outbreak, in Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India. Retrospective investigation of suspected human samples confirmed that the virus was present in Gujarat state, earlier to this outbreak. This disease has a case fatality rate ranging from 5 to 80 %. Earlier presence of hemagglutination inhibition antibodies have been detected in animal sera from Jammu and Kashmir, the western border districts, southern regions and Maharashtra state of India. The evidences of virus activity and antibodies were observed during and after the outbreak in human beings, ticks and domestic animals (buffalo, cattle, goat and sheep) from Gujarat State of India. During the year 2012, this virus was again reported in human beings and animals. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the four isolates of 2011, as well as the S segment from specimen of 2010 and 2012 were highly conserved and clustered together in the Asian/Middle East genotype IV. The S segment of South-Asia 2 type was closest to a Tajikistan strain TADJ/HU8966 of 1990. The present scenario in India suggests the need to look seriously into various important aspects of this zoonotic disease, which includes diagnosis, intervention, patient management, control of laboratory acquired and nosocomial infection, tick control, livestock survey and this, should be done in priority before it further spreads to other states. Being a high risk group pathogen, diagnosis is a major concern in India where only a few Biosafety level 3 laboratories exist and it needs to be addressed immediately before this disease becomes endemic in India.</p>","PeriodicalId":54564,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Section B","volume":"84 1","pages":"9-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40011-013-0197-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37782938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Viral Infections in India.","authors":"Reeta S Mani,&nbsp;V Ravi,&nbsp;Anita Desai,&nbsp;S N Madhusudana","doi":"10.1007/s40011-011-0001-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-011-0001-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite an elaborate armamentarium to tackle microbes, emerging infectious diseases remain a crucial global challenge. Emerging infections can be defined as \"infections that have newly appeared in a population or have existed previously but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range.\" Several factors like increase in international travel and trade, human encroachment on wild-life habitats, changes in agricultural practices and wild-life trade have contributed to the emergence of pathogens. Emergence/re-emergence of several viral infections has been reported from India in the past few decades; some of the important emerging viral infections are discussed in this review. They include infection due to Nipah, Hantaviruses, Chikungunya, Human Enterovirus-71, Influenza, Chandipura, Crimean Congo, SARS Coronavirus, Buffalopox, Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis viruses. Creating increased awareness and training of clinical microbiologists/virologists for identification of new/emerging pathogens, and prompt reporting and management of outbreaks is essential to tackle the threat posed by emerging/re-emerging infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":54564,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Section B","volume":"82 1","pages":"5-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40011-011-0001-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37783972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-Viral Activity of Indian Plants.","authors":"B N Dhawan","doi":"10.1007/s40011-011-0016-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40011-011-0016-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants continue to be a major source for new chemical entities to develop novel therapeutic agents. Large number of plants has been shown to be active in vitro against a variety of human pathogenic viruses or their near congeners. In several cases the active compounds have been isolated and characterized. Very few of them, however, have been investigated in detail in vivo or taken to the clinic. Pure compounds like andrographolide, curcumin and glycyrrhizic acid as well as extracts of <i>Azadirachta indica</i> have shown activity against several viruses and should be investigated further for their therapeutic potential. An analysis of available data from several hundred species indicates that antiviral activity is more likely to be found in plants belonging to certain families. It is necessary to screen more plants of these families which are available in India to obtain further leads.</p>","PeriodicalId":54564,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Section B","volume":"82 1","pages":"209-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40011-011-0016-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37783975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}