José López-García, Gustavo Manuel Cruz-Bello, Lilia de Lourdes Manzo-Delgado
{"title":"A long-term analysis, modeling and drivers of forest recovery in Central Mexico","authors":"José López-García, Gustavo Manuel Cruz-Bello, Lilia de Lourdes Manzo-Delgado","doi":"10.1007/s10661-024-13584-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-024-13584-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to evaluate the changes in forest cover from 1994 to 2015, identify the key drivers of forest recovery, and predict future trends. Using high-resolution remote sensing data, we mapped forest canopy density into detailed categories (closed > 50%, open 10–50%, and deforested < 10%) to differentiate processes like degradation, deforestation, densification, reforestation, and afforestation. A multinomial logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between the forest processes and socioeconomic, proximity, planning, and policy potential drivers. Future trends were modeled using the Land Change Modeler. The analysis showed that 81.5% of the area remained unchanged, 14% experienced recovery, and 4.5% faced disturbances. Factors such as elevation, proximity to roads, and participation in payment for environmental services (PES) programs significantly influenced recovery trends. Predictive modeling for 2035 suggests forest cover will increase by 7%, reaching 77% coverage of the study area, and closed forest areas will rise by 12% compared to 1994. The findings underscore the effectiveness of conservation efforts and natural regeneration in enhancing forest cover, offering valuable insights for global forest management and policy-making efforts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10661-024-13584-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fred Sifuna Wanyonyi, Francis Orata, Ponnadurai Ramasami, Emily Ngeno, Victor Shikuku, Robert O. Gembo, Gershom Kyalo Mutua, Anthony Pembere
{"title":"Unlocking the adsorptive effectiveness of naturally occurring heulandite zeolite for the removal of PO43− and NO3− anions from wastewater","authors":"Fred Sifuna Wanyonyi, Francis Orata, Ponnadurai Ramasami, Emily Ngeno, Victor Shikuku, Robert O. Gembo, Gershom Kyalo Mutua, Anthony Pembere","doi":"10.1007/s10661-024-13522-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-024-13522-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The mitigation of high levels of phosphate (PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup>) and nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) ions in water bodies, particularly in agricultural wastewater, holds paramount importance in curbing eutrophication within aquatic ecosystems. Herein, using experimental and computational techniques, the study explored the potential of naturally occurring South Africa heulandite (HEU) zeolite for the removal of PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> ions from synthetic wastewater in batch mode. The percentage removal of PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> was 59.15% and 51.39%, respectively, whereas the corresponding maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was 0.0236 and 0.0206 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics of both anions by HEU fitted well in the pseudo-first-order (PFO) kinetic model indicating a physisorption-mediated rate-determining step. It was revealed that the adsorption process was multi-mechanistic spontaneous and exothermic. Molecular simulations using Monte Carlo (MC) and density functional theory (DFT) methods also provided insights into the adsorption mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marguerite C. Pelletier, James S. Latimer, Brenda Rashleigh, Christine Tilburg, Michael A. Charpentier
{"title":"Monitoring data compilations can be leveraged to highlight relationships between estuarine and watershed factors influencing eutrophication in estuaries","authors":"Marguerite C. Pelletier, James S. Latimer, Brenda Rashleigh, Christine Tilburg, Michael A. Charpentier","doi":"10.1007/s10661-024-13564-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-024-13564-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Estuaries have been adversely impacted by increased nutrient loads. Eutrophication impacts from these loads include excess algal blooms and low oxygen conditions. In this study, we leveraged data from 28 monitoring programs in the northeastern US to explore the relationships between eutrophication response variables and watershed and estuarine variables. Extensive effort was needed to locate, harmonize, and assure the quality of the data. Random forest regression allowed us to identify the most important variables that could predict summer total nitrogen (TN), chlorophyll (chl), and bottom dissolved oxygen (DO). Several different summaries of the data were assessed. The best models for TN and chl used data summarized by estuary and year, explaining > 70% and > 60% of the variation, respectively. The best model for DO used data that were averaged by estuary across all years and explained > 55% of the variation. All models showed the importance of variables related to nutrient loading, such as population density and % development, and variables related to flushing rate, such as tidal range, length:width at mouth, and estuary openness. Future work will examine the impacts of climate on eutrophication response variables. This study demonstrates the utility of combining data from multiple unrelated routine monitoring programs to understand eutrophication impacts at regional scales.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10661-024-13564-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigating land cover changes and their impact on land surface temperature in Tay Ninh province, Vietnam","authors":"Bui Bao Thien, Vu Thi Phuong, Do Thi Viet Huong","doi":"10.1007/s10661-024-13519-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-024-13519-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Land surface temperature (LST) serves as a crucial indicator for evaluating the effects of different environmental factors on the ecosystem, including alterations in land use, climate variations, and emissions of greenhouse gases. This comprehensive study used remote sensing data to analyze changes and effects of land use/land cover (LULC) on LST in Tay Ninh province, Vietnam, from 1988–2023. Landsat satellite images in 1988, 2004, and 2023 were preprocessed and supervised classification on ArcGIS 10.8 software. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and LST in the study area were determined using the Landsat image data. The classification results showed a decrease in the area of agricultural land, barren land, and forest classes by 8.30%, 8.82%, and 15.93%, respectively, from 1988 to 2023. Conversely, the area of built-up and waterbodies classes indicated an increase of 33.00% and 0.06%, respectively, during the same period. In terms of LST, the study area exhibited temperature ranges of approximately 19.75 °C—35.28 °C, 26.26 °C—46.33 °C, and 21.05 °C—40.60 °C in 1988, 2004, and 2023, respectively. Contribution Index (CI) and multiple regression analysis evaluated the relationship between land cover, LST, NDVI, and NDBI. The regression analysis preliminary showed a negative correlation between NDVI and LST, while a positive correlation was observed between NDBI and LST. The CI of built-up areas has increased from 0.01 in 1988 to 0.77 in 2023, which shows that this coating has contributed to rising temperatures in the study area. Meanwhile, the forest and water body classes have consistently negative CI throughout the period 1988–2023, which has contributed to the decrease in temperature. This comprehensive study provides policymakers with valuable information regarding LULC and LST, instilling confidence in developing effective policies for land resource management.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boddu Sudhir Kumar, B. Raghuram Kadali, Venkaiah Chowdary
{"title":"Assessing the impact of railway noise on human health and daily life: a structural equation model approach for transportation and environmental planning","authors":"Boddu Sudhir Kumar, B. Raghuram Kadali, Venkaiah Chowdary","doi":"10.1007/s10661-024-13571-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-024-13571-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rapid urbanization has led to unplanned settlements near railway lines, exposing residents to continuous noise pollution with potential adverse effects on health. This study focuses on the environmental monitoring and assessment of railway noise pollution in urban areas and its impact on human health and daily activities. Noise levels were quantified across different residential zones using precise sound level meters, and a detailed human perception survey was conducted to assess the relationship between noise exposure, annoyance, and health disturbances. By employing structural equation modelling (SEM), the study integrates environmental monitoring data with epidemiological and health data to assess the risk of noise pollution to individuals residing near railway lines. The results indicate that railway noise frequently exceeds regulatory limits, with passenger trains contributing more significantly to pollution than freight trains. The findings also reveal that noise exposure is a significant predictor of annoyance and health effects, with proximity to the railway line being a critical factor. The study emphasizes the need for improved noise monitoring systems and risk assessment strategies in transportation planning to mitigate health risks. These insights contribute to the development of sustainable noise management practices and the design of more efficient monitoring systems, enhancing the understanding of pollution risks at both individual and population levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carla A. Costamagna, Marcos A. Orellana Benítez, Marc Benedetti, Raúl S. Lavado, Fernando V. Molina
{"title":"Arsenic(V) and vanadium(V) fractionation after its incorporation into a sandy loam soil from Pampas region, Argentina","authors":"Carla A. Costamagna, Marcos A. Orellana Benítez, Marc Benedetti, Raúl S. Lavado, Fernando V. Molina","doi":"10.1007/s10661-024-13575-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-024-13575-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Arsenic is a well-known toxic substance, widely distributed, whereas vanadium is a pollutant of emerging interest. Both have been found to correlate positively in groundwaters, thus concern arises on the effect of these pollutants on crops, if such waters are used for irrigation. We conducted a study on the effect of aging with a typical crop soil mimicking soils initially irrigated with water containing As and V. Afterwards, the soil was subjected to wet/dry cycles. The fractionation of both elements at different times from the addition (onset of the experiment) was determined by a modified European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) method. It is found that the greater part of V is located in the most stable fraction from the onset of the experiment. This is attributed to interaction with amorphous and clay minerals and the precipitation of Ca(VO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, which is predicted by speciation modeling. The remaining fractions show the expected behavior: the most labile fraction decreases over time, that associated to oxidizable increases with time, whereas the fraction associated to reducible components stays approximately constant. Arsenic shows a lower proportion in the most stable fraction compared with V, and a higher proportion in the most labile, but otherwise shows similar tendencies. The results suggest a low availability of V and a higher one of As. No competence was observed between As and V in the experimental conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Basit Raza, Siba Prasad Datta, Debasis Golui, Mandira Barman, Prasenjit Ray, Devi Upadhyay, Rahul Mishra, Arkaprava Roy, Amit K. Dash
{"title":"Enhancing soil arsenic immobilization with organic and inorganic amendments: insights from sorption–desorption study","authors":"Md Basit Raza, Siba Prasad Datta, Debasis Golui, Mandira Barman, Prasenjit Ray, Devi Upadhyay, Rahul Mishra, Arkaprava Roy, Amit K. Dash","doi":"10.1007/s10661-024-13492-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-024-13492-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The retention and mobility of arsenic (As) in soil depend on various physical and chemical factors. The knowledge of the sorption–desorption chemistry of As in soil is necessary for predicting the fate and behavior of As in soil environments. Therefore, this study assessed different organic (sugarcane bagasse and vermicompost) and inorganic amendments (steel slag and fly ash) for their impact on sorption–desorption of As in texturally different contaminated soils (of sandy clay (SC) and sandy clay loam (SCL) texture) to understand the effect of amendments on As retention and mobility. The results showed that the sorption data fitted well with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. The As sorption capacity was significantly enhanced with the application of all amendments. At 30 °C, the adsorption maxima (<i>q</i><sub>max</sub>) of SC soils enhanced to a greater extent following the order: steel slag (278 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) > sugarcane bagasse (264 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) > vermicompost (246 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) > fly ash (242 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>). Whereas, in SCL, the order of <i>q</i><sub>max</sub> was steel slag (145 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) > sugarcane bagasse (132 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) > fly ash (120 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) > vermicompost (118 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>). Desorption index (DI) was invariably to > 1 at both temperatures with the application of amendments indicating hysteretic desorption of As. The free energy change (Δ<i>G</i>°) was negative in all treatments and soils (indicating a favorable sorption process) with positive entropy change (Δ<i>S</i>°) values. The study recommends steel slag as the most effective amendment for enhancing As (V) retention in contaminated soils, due to its higher sorption capacity compared to other amendments like sugarcane bagasse, vermicompost, and fly ash. The amendments generally improved As sorption in both soils, reducing As mobility and potentially limiting its environmental spread.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sumit Sagwal, Sandeep Panda, Dipanwita Sengupta, Mohd Shahrukh, Sohan Kumar, Anil Kumar, Som Dutt
{"title":"Flash flood dynamics in the foothills of the NW Himalayas: insights into hydrological and morphological controls","authors":"Sumit Sagwal, Sandeep Panda, Dipanwita Sengupta, Mohd Shahrukh, Sohan Kumar, Anil Kumar, Som Dutt","doi":"10.1007/s10661-024-13541-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-024-13541-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Himalayas experiences several cloudburst events due to its varied physiographical, geomorphological, and geological conditions and high rainfall. Uttarakhand is one of the Indian states circumscribed by the Himalayan ranges and has experienced a rise in the number of cloudburst catastrophes in the last few decades. These events cause substantial loss of life and property; however, very few studies have characterized these unpredictable cloudburst-induced flash floods in different regions of Uttarakhand. This study examines the geological and hydrological factors associated with the Raipur-Kumalda cloudburst event that occurred from 20 to 21 August 2022 in the Dehradun district of Uttarakhand. The resulting flash flood caused significant damage to roads, bridges, and settlements across the valley. The study aims to understand the geological and geomorphological controls of the event by analyzing the peak discharge and various flood parameters. The basin geomorphometry and rainfall intensity of the region reveal poorly developed drainage networks with low drainage density, steep slopes, rapid peak flows, a sharp peak hydrograph, and intense, concentrated rainfall, all of which worsen the impact of the flood. Various flood indices, including the rising curve gradient (K), flood magnitude ratio (M), and flood response time (TP), indicate a discharge 50 to 100 times higher during the event compared to the average monsoonal discharge. This study also discusses the role of mountain topography, climate, regional geology, and irreversible land use–land cover (LULC) changes associated with urbanization in intensifying the destruction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammed Omar Faruque, Tariq Mohammed, Mohammad Mozahar Hossain, Shaikh Abdur Razzak
{"title":"Bioremediation of dissolved organic compounds in produced water from oil and gas operations using Chlorella sorokiniana: a sustainable approach","authors":"Mohammed Omar Faruque, Tariq Mohammed, Mohammad Mozahar Hossain, Shaikh Abdur Razzak","doi":"10.1007/s10661-024-13543-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-024-13543-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The sustainable treatment of petroleum-derived produced water (PW), a significant byproduct of oil and gas extraction, presents a persistent problem due to the presence of organic pollutants. This study examines the potential of the microalga <i>Chlorella sorokiniana</i> (<i>C. sorokiniana</i>) for the bioremediation of dissolved organic pollutants in PW. The primary objectives were to evaluate the efficacy of <i>C. sorokiniana</i> in decreasing the levels of dissolved organic contaminants while examining its growth and survival in such a complex environment. The cultivation of <i>C. sorokiniana</i> in photobioreactors containing synthetic produced water (SPW), supplemented with synthetic municipal wastewater (SMW) to provide essential nutrients, was carried out under controlled laboratory conditions. Parameters such as biomass growth, lipid content, and the microalgae’s capacity to metabolize organic compounds are monitored over time. The results indicate that, except for 100% PW, maximum biomass output after 16 days ranged from 733 to 1077 mg/L. Total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency increased with rising PW concentrations, peaking at 85% for 50% PW. The cultivation period resulted in substantial nitrogen and phosphorus removal from the enriched PW media, achieving a maximum nitrogen removal of 87% at 10% PW and a phosphorus removal of 98.5% at 40% PW. Lipid content ranged from 12 to 16% during this period. In conclusion, <i>C. sorokiniana</i> offers a promising and sustainable approach for the bioremediation of dissolved organic compounds in PW. This method provides an eco-friendly option to reduce the ecological impact associated with petroleum-derived PW.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deema Bohlok, Malak Mezher, Bilal Houshaymi, Maria Fakhoury, Mahmoud I. Khalil
{"title":"Microbiological and physicochemical water quality assessments of the Upper Basin Litany River, Lebanon","authors":"Deema Bohlok, Malak Mezher, Bilal Houshaymi, Maria Fakhoury, Mahmoud I. Khalil","doi":"10.1007/s10661-024-13503-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-024-13503-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Abstract</h3><p>The Litany River has encountered severe environmental pollution. This study focused on assessing the pollution level in the upper basin of the Litany River by monitoring seasonal variation of water quality and testing physicochemical parameters and microbial qualities. A total of 72 freshwater samples were taken from six sites for 1 year during the four seasons. The microbiological parameters included total coliform, fecal coliform, and <i>Escherichia coli</i> counts. The physicochemical parameters comprised pH, total dissolved solids, nitrate, sodium, potassium, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. The microbiological quality of samples was evaluated by comparing the fecal pollution indicators loads to the SEQ-EAUX2003 standard for irrigation, and the physicochemical analyses were assessed according to Lebanese Standards Institution (LIBNOR) NL161: 2016 and the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Water Quality. The results revealed that most physicochemical parameters are not within the permitted limit of LIBNOR and WHO, especially in sites S2, S3, and S6 during the dry seasons. The pH ranged between 6 and 8.16. The total dissolved solids reached 1948 mg/L. The nitrate, sodium, and potassium ranged between 0 and 253 mg/L. The total nitrogen and total phosphorous reached 103 and 5.16 mg/L, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand reached 2210 mg/L, and the biochemical oxygen demand reached 732 mg/L. Concerning the microbiological analysis, fecal pollution was detected in all sites during all seasons, with detectable higher values during the dry seasons, and all samples were considered to be non-conforming, with significant spatiotemporal variation of most parameters. Our results highlight the need to take measures to prevent the high level of pollution. This could be achieved by monthly water quality monitoring of the upper basin and introducing appropriate guidelines to detect pathogens and toxic chemicals that affect the entire ecosystem and lead to severe public health issues.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}