Environmental Monitoring and Assessment最新文献

{"title":"Impact of climate change on the distribution range and niche dynamics of Himalayan Aconites: a highly important medicinal plant species of the higher Himalayan range","authors":"Jaidev Chauhan,&nbsp;Vijay Kant Purohit,&nbsp;Babita Patni,&nbsp;Bipin Charles,&nbsp;Pratti Prasad","doi":"10.1007/s10661-025-13848-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-025-13848-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Alpine vegetation found in mountainous areas is reportedly sensitive to the expected heat caused by climate change. Aconitum species, which is an indicator species for monitoring the signal of climate change, also falls under this range. <i>Aconitum heterophyllum</i> and <i>Aconitum balfourii</i> thrive among diverse plant communities and serve as key species marking the onset of the alpine range. The current study uses the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) program to estimate the geographic distribution of <i>Aconitum</i> taxa for the present and the future (RCPs 2.6–8.5 encompassing 2050). The final model that was obtained had an area under the ROC curve AUC of 0.95, demonstrating the model’s resilience. Species distribution modeling (SDM) toolbox was used to evaluate changes in the habitat appropriateness, area expansion, and contraction based on the MaxEnt model. Future forecasts indicate that the Eastern Himalayas would be a more favorable environment for both <i>Aconitum</i> species when compared to the Western Himalayas. According to our best knowledge, this package was used for the first time in the study to evaluate the dynamics of the climatic niches of two critically endangered <i>Aconitum</i> species for the Indian Himalayan ranges. The climatic niche of this alpine species is expected to shift in the future due to alterations in its habitat regions. The <i>Aconitum</i> niche is in danger under scenarios of future climate change, according to the AUC and Jackknife values. The findings of the current study contribute substantially to understanding how climate change affects the Himalayas and have broad implications for the development of scientifically sound adaptation and mitigation measures, as the major factors influencing its distribution are altitude, snow cover, chilling hours for both seeds and tubers, temperature, and rainfall patterns.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal patterns in urban nutrient and suspended sediment loads and stream response to watershed management implementation","authors":"Aaron J. Porter","doi":"10.1007/s10661-025-13917-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-025-13917-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, local governments have invested heavily in management practices to reduce nutrient and sediment loads. These practices provide localities with nutrient and sediment regulatory reduction credits; however, their effects on water quality are poorly understood at the watershed scale. Long-term watershed-scale monitoring is essential for assessing progress toward water-quality goals, yet it has historically been lacking in urban watersheds. Since 2007, Fairfax County, Virginia, has partnered with the US Geological Survey to monitor and evaluate water-quality conditions in 20 small urban streams. This study assessed nutrient and suspended sediment loads, trends in concentration, and trends in load. Trends in load are affected by streamflow-induced variability that must be removed through a process called “flow-normalization;” however, existing methods have neither been applied to small urban watersheds nor to loads computed on a sub-daily timestep. In this study, four such methods also were assessed, and an adaptation of the weighted regressions on time, discharge, and season approach was found to be most effective. Loads, concentrations, and trends in load were spatially and temporally variable. Differences were attributed to physical watershed features such as geology, soils, and channel geomorphology, as well as urban sources such as turfgrass fertilization and septic infrastructure. Most notably, flow-normalized suspended sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus loads decreased in two watersheds with completed stream restorations and increased in those with few implemented practices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10661-025-13917-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the amount of toxic metals and metalloids in silt loading using neural networks","authors":"Dimitrinka Ivanova,&nbsp;Aleksandar Dimitrov,&nbsp;Yordanka Tasheva,&nbsp;Sotir Sotirov,&nbsp;Evdokia Sotirova,&nbsp;Milka Atanasova,&nbsp;Marina Dimitrova,&nbsp;Krassimir Vassilev","doi":"10.1007/s10661-025-13941-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-025-13941-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Material deposited on road surfaces, called road dust, are known to contain different toxic elements. According to particle size, there are different fractions. Particles with an aerodynamic size less than or equal to 75 µm are called silt loading. As a result of exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from motor vehicles, silt loading deposited on the road surface contains toxic metals, non-metals, and metalloid like Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Co, Cd, Pb, and As. Through different pathways, these toxic elements can easily get into the soil, surface and ground water, plants, animals, and the human body. The high risk of contamination and the extent of toxic effects determine the need for their control and health regulation and systematic monitoring. Specific laboratory equipment is used to perform multiple measurements of toxic metal ions. The procedure is heavy and time-consuming due to the difficulties associated with stopping road traffic during sampling in large settlements and the standard elemental analysis technique ICP-MS that is usually applied. The paper proposes a method for predicting the amount of toxic elements in silt loading using artificial intelligence. The paper proposes the use of neural networks, using previously collected experimental data as a training base. The high prediction accuracy that is obtained (As—95.304%, Cd—99.616%, and Pb—98.832%) shows that the proposed prediction could successfully replace the standard elemental analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital twin comprehensive models: a study of ancient tree ecological environment quality assessment based on a cyber-physical system","authors":"Yansheng Chen,&nbsp;Huazhi Huang,&nbsp;Jie Li,&nbsp;Zejiong Zheng,&nbsp;Fengjun Gao,&nbsp;Xiaoge Han,&nbsp;Yanglin Gao","doi":"10.1007/s10661-025-13923-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-025-13923-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study leverages cyber-physical system (CPS) technology to create a digital twin model for assessing the ecological quality of ancient trees. Integrating multi-source data and machine learning, our model provides tailored conservation strategies, supports ecological restoration, and enhances disaster response capabilities. Key findings illustrate that the model is precise in monitoring tree health, managing water resources, and predicting the impacts of natural disasters. This innovative approach provides significant advantages in real-time monitoring and long-term ecological management, ensuring the sustainability of ancient tree ecosystems. Our results highlight the model’s potential to transform ecological conservation practices and offer a reliable tool for researchers and practitioners in environmental science.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sugarcane cultivation reduces charcoal C and Al/Fe-bound OC in selected Ferralsols","authors":"Nontokozo Pertunia Mkhonza,&nbsp;Pardon Muchaonyerwa","doi":"10.1007/s10661-025-13924-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-025-13924-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Long-term sugarcane cultivation, with pre-harvest burning, may add recalcitrant charcoal carbon (C) to soil organic carbon (OC) in Ferralsols, whereas aluminium/iron-organic matter (Al/Fe-OM) complexes may dominate the mineral-associated OC in these soils. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of sugarcane cultivation relative to wattle forest on soil OC in charcoal C form and Al/Fe-OM complexes on two selected Ferralsols. Total C, charcoal C, and Al/Fe-OC were analysed in samples collected from the two sites under forest and sugarcane cultivation to a depth of 100 cm, and the data were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance. At both sites, sugarcane cultivation reduced charcoal C and Al/Fe-bound OC when compared to forest. The Al/Fe-bound OC in sugarcane soils accounted for 48.7 and 72.2% of the total OC at Eston and Wartburg sites, respectively. In forest soils, the Al/Fe-bound OC accounted for 45.6 and 44.4% of the total OC at Eston and Wartburg, respectively. Charcoal C accounted for 8.42 and 4.07% of the total OC in sugarcane soils, at Eston and Wartburg, respectively. Overall, charcoal C concentration decreased with increase in soil depth, while its stocks only decreased with depth in soil under sugarcane. The Al/Fe-bound OC decreased with an increase in soil depth for both land uses, while Alp and Alp + Fep concentrations were not affected by sampling depth. These findings demonstrate that OC in Al/Fe-OC complexes and charcoal C contribute to the high OC concentrations, with Al/Fe-bound OC fraction being the primary mechanism of OC stabilisation in these Ferralsols, while sugarcane cultivation reduces these concentrations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10661-025-13924-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of ecological health using benthic macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical parameters in Gilgel Abay River, Ethiopia","authors":"Endalh Mekonnen,&nbsp;Getachew Beneberu,&nbsp;Wubneh Belete","doi":"10.1007/s10661-025-13935-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-025-13935-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biomonitoring is currently given due attention as it appropriately reflects the health of aquatic ecosystems. There is little research on the Gilgel Abay River to assess its ecological status using biological organisms. The aim of this study was to assess the ecological health of the Gilgel Abay River using benthic macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical parameters. Five sampling sites were selected based on major stressors and accessibility of the sites for sampling. In situ physico-chemical parameters measurement and nutrient analyses were conducted in 2023. Benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected following a multi-habitat sampling approach and identified to the family level except Chironomidae were species level. Highest concentrations of NO₃⁻ (4.25 mg/L) and TSS (0.065 mg/L) were recorded at the Telifa site, while lowest levels of NO₃⁻ (1.23 mg/L) and NO₂⁻ (0.008 mg/L) and highest concentration of dissolved oxygen (7.74 mg/L) were recorded at the slightly impacted site. Absence of pollution intolerant taxa, fewer numbers of tolerant taxa and collector-gatherer functional feeding groups are evident of the impacted sites. While sensitive to modestly tolerant taxa and scrapers functional feeding groups were frequently encountered in upstream sites. According to ETHbios; 2 (S1, S2) sites were classified as slight ecological disturbance, 3 (S3, S4, S5) as significant ecological degradation. Redundancy analysis indicated that pH, DO, CD, NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, and TSS significantly impacted the distribution of macroinvertebrates. This finding highlights the ecological degradation of the Gilgel Abay River, underscoring the need for watershed conservation and stabilization of riverbanks with active participation of local communities to safeguard the river’s health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can wastes and pesticides’ discharge into the soil affect the water quality of a water resource in Southern Brazil?","authors":"Gabriela Dias Dezorzi,&nbsp;Kelly Silva dos Santos,&nbsp;Tamiris Rosso Storck,&nbsp;Adriele Tassinari,&nbsp;Silvana Isabel Schneider,&nbsp;Marlon de Castro Vasconcelos,&nbsp;Júlia Antunes de Oliveira,&nbsp;Renato Zanella,&nbsp;Osmar Damian Prestes,&nbsp;Gustavo Brunetto,&nbsp;Tadeu Luis Tiecher,&nbsp;Barbara Clasen","doi":"10.1007/s10661-025-13966-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-025-13966-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ineffective or absent sewage treatment poses risks to human and animal health, as untreated sewage often contains metals and pharmaceuticals discharged into nearby water bodies. Similarly, pesticide use near water resources is a major cause of environmental contamination, leading to water pollution and quality degradation. This study assessed the contamination potential of a site exposed to wastewater and pesticide discharge. Physical–chemical and microbiological analyses were conducted on wastewater and water resources near the sewage discharge point. Additionally, metal levels in water and waste, as well as pharmaceuticals and pesticides’ concentrations in water, were also assessed. Results revealed metals such as potassium (15.73 mg L⁻¹), calcium (2.37 mg L⁻¹), magnesium (3.81 mg L⁻¹), copper (0.4097 mg L⁻¹), zinc (0.6248 mg L⁻¹) in surface water. Pesticides, including clomazone (0.225 µg L⁻¹), 2,4-D (0.208 µg L⁻¹), carbendazim (0.076 µg L-1), imazethapyr (0.076 µg L-1), and picoxystrobin (&lt; LOQ) were present at all sampling points. Pharmaceuticals such as caffeine (69.361 µg L⁻¹), diclofenac (0.229 µg L⁻¹), and paracetamol (23.630 µg L⁻¹) were also prevalent. The findings indicate that metal contamination results from natural processes and anthropogenic activities, while pesticides are associated with agricultural practices and pharmaceuticals are linked to improper waste management. These pollutants contribute to site degradation, emphasizing the role of wastewater discharge and runoff in contaminant transport. The study highlights the urgent need for effective waste treatment to mitigate contamination and protect environmental and human health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial risk profiling and strategic chlorination for cholera control in Urban drinking water supply. A case study from Karachi, Pakistan","authors":"Ghulam Murtaza Arain,&nbsp;Hifza Rasheed,&nbsp;Nazia Sattar,&nbsp;Nabeel Ali Khan,&nbsp;Sumaira Khatoon,&nbsp;Zafar Fatmi,&nbsp;Javed Mustaquim","doi":"10.1007/s10661-025-13958-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-025-13958-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A risk assessment of <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> contamination in Karachi's drinking water revealed alarming levels of bacterial presence across five districts, based on 1,468 analyzed samples. Total coliforms (TC) were detected in 62% to 92.3% and fecal contamination, indicated by <i>E. coli</i>, were found in 36.7% to 74% of samples with the highest levels in district Korangi. Most concerning was the presence of <i>V. cholerae</i>, the cholera-causing bacterium, in 8% to 24% of the samples. Notably, all samples prior to the disinfection activities lacked free residual chlorine (FRC), a critical disinfectant, underscoring the heightened risk of pathogen transmission. To mitigate this crisis, secondary chlorination using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was introduced at 16 water pumping stations and one reservoir in high-risk areas. The intervention targeted FRC levels of 1.0–2.5 mg/L at the source and 0.1–0.5 mg/L at the consumer end to ensure effective disinfection. Post-intervention analysis showed a dramatic decrease in contamination. All samples displayed the presence of FRC and tested negative for <i>V. cholerae</i>. Pre-chlorination, contamination was highest in Korangi (total coliforms median: 1236 cfu/100 mL, <i>E. coli</i> median: 611.5 cfu/100 mL) and Malir (total coliforms median: 1154 cfu/100 mL, <i>E. coli</i> median: 40 cfu/100 mL). Post-chlorination, bacterial levels dropped to near zero across all districts. These findings underscore the critical role of chlorination in reducing cholera risks and safeguarding Karachi's drinking water, providing a scalable model for urban water safety interventions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced dye removal performance of yellow stone waste powder via cadmium iron oxide coating and study of its mechanism","authors":"Rabia Shaheen,&nbsp;Muhammad Asif Hanif","doi":"10.1007/s10661-025-13913-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-025-13913-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rapid growth of the global population has led to an increased demand for various industrial products, resulting in a significant escalation of synthetic dye usage in industries. The persistence of stable dyes poses a severe environmental threat. Conventional wastewater treatment methods face limitations, emphasizing the need for efficient and cost-effective solutions to tackle the high organic pollution, toxicity, and aesthetic issues caused by dye contamination. An abundantly available yellow stone powder (YSP) in its original and calcinized yellow stone powder (CYSP) was used effectively in dye removal. A good dye removal capacity was observed at optimized conditions. At optimized pH 5, dose of 0.005 g/10 mL, dye concentration of 50 ppm and temperature of 40 °C, the obtained adsorption capacities were 97.8 and 98.5 mg/g for the original and CYSP, respectively. To enhance dye removal capacity further, CYSP and iron cadmium oxide composite (CYSP-FeCdO composite) having magnetic properties and porous structure was prepared. The study emphasized the need to adopt low-cost, sustainable adsorbents for efficient acid green dye removal, addressing the critical issue of industrial water pollution. The findings pave the way for environmentally responsible measures to prevent water pollution, promote a healthy environment, and protect valuable water resources.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceutical waste management through microbial bioremediation","authors":"Kishore Srinivasan,&nbsp;Raghu Chandrashekar Hariharapura,&nbsp;Subrahmanyam Volety Mallikarjuna","doi":"10.1007/s10661-025-13912-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-025-13912-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pharmaceuticals play a significant role in enhancing the quality of life. However, pharmaceutical products (PPs) manufacturing presents challenges, particularly in terms of waste generated, posing a risk to the ecosystem. Existing physical and chemical remediation methods are expensive and are not directly applicable for pharmaceutical remediation. Bioremediation using various microbial consortia has the potential to become a cost-effective solution when applied optimally. This review highlights the various pharmaceutical products, their occurrence in the environment, and their associated health risks. Further, various microorganisms employed in the bioremediation process and the techniques utilized to degrade diverse categories of pharmaceutical pollutants are discussed. Finally, the review highlights the limitations of using bioremediation for treating pharmaceutical waste and discusses alternative sustainable green pharmacy approaches to reduce the impact of pharmaceutical contaminants on the environment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10661-025-13912-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}