Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie最新文献

{"title":"The role of endogenous retroviruses in the human body.","authors":"M Mazúrová,&nbsp;P Kabát","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are genetic elements that were integrated into the host genome more than 100 million years ago. Their integration took place in germ cells, ensuring their vertical transmission in the human population. They are currently thought to make up to 8 % of the human genome. During evolution, various mutations have accumulated in endogenous retroviruses, leading to their dysfunction, and were therefore considered as junk DNA in the past. However, in recent years it has turned out that they are not completely dysfunctional. With more data becoming available from human genome analyses, their potential roles in the human body are being revealed.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"72 3","pages":"140-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49694008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in oncological patients: a 19-year study.","authors":"V Boldiš,&nbsp;F Ondriska,&nbsp;Ľ Kováč,&nbsp;J Steinhübel,&nbsp;M Bastlová","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>In the past, Pneumocystis jirovecii belonged to the Protozoa group, but is currently taxonomically included in the kingdom Fungi. P. jirovecii is an opportunistic pathogen, responsible for pneumocystis pneumonia with frequent complications of immunocompromised patients. Delayed initiation of appropriate therapy increases the risk of death in immunocompromised patient. The aim of this work was to determine and evaluate the reliability of methods of laboratory diagnosis of pneumocystosis used in routine laboratories as well as the occurrence of this disease in patients from Slovakia during 19 years.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The diagnosis is based on microscopic examination (Giemsa- and Gram-Weigert-staining) and detection of parasite DNA by classical or real-time PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage and sputum.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pneumocysts were detected in 190 persons (5.7%) from the whole group of patients. Cancer patients represented the riskiest group in terms of pneumocystosis, which was confirmed by the highest percentage (57.9%) of individuals infected with P. jirovecii. Compared with the PCR, 33.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity of microscopy was calculated by using a binary classification test. Molecular methods are more sensitive in the detection of P. jirovecii compared to microscopic evidence and currently represent a reliable detection system in the diagnosis of pneumocystosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In view of the increasing number of immunocompromised persons, diagnostics of P. jirovecii in patients with pulmonary complications is essential. This was also confirmed in our study, where the number of examinations and detection of this opportunistic pathogen increased over the years.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"72 2","pages":"93-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9730417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary prevention of lung cancer in the Czech Republic - pitfalls, risks, benefits.","authors":"D Horáková,&nbsp;L Štěpánek,&nbsp;J Ševčíková,&nbsp;R Durďáková,&nbsp;J Vlčková","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the Czech Republic, the prevalence of which is steadily increasing. There is scientific evidence that LC screening through low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) reduces the risk of death from LC. No systematic LC screening strategy has been currently in place in the Czech Republic. Since the beginning of 2022, the methodology of early detection of LC using LDCT has been piloted to test the feasibility of the screening program. The primary purpose of the project is an early and accurate diagnosis of the disease, which, in combination with follow-up treatment, will lead to a reduction in LC mortality. The pilot data will definitely serve as a basis for an expert discussion of the acceptability of the program to the Czech population and its impact on the healthcare system. It is clear that by introducing such a screening program, we will join the countries that, based on scientific data, enable the population to profit from an actively implemented LC prevention strategy. Public awareness of the benefits of early non-invasive LC detection can contribute to higher compliance of at-risk persons and their willingness to participate in the program. The key role in the entire process is played by general practitioners and/or outpatient pulmologists who address at-risk individuals and can positively influence their involvement in the program.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"72 2","pages":"120-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10032665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibody levels following vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 during an 11-month follow-up.","authors":"E Miková,&nbsp;K Szabóová,&nbsp;M Bunčák,&nbsp;E Tibenská,&nbsp;V Štiglincová","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The primary aim of our monitoring was to determine the duration of persistence of antibody levels following administration of the Comirnaty (Pfizer/BioNTech) mRNA vaccine. The second aim was to analyse the effect of selected factors on the level of antibodies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study cohort consisted of 250 employees of the Medirex JSC laboratories. For the quantitative determination of specific IgG anti-S1 and anti-S2 antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, chemiluminescence immunoassay was used. Twenty-nine subjects were excluded from the analysis due to extreme values of antibody levels in individual measurements. The effect of gender, age, BMI, comorbidity, and adverse reactions after vaccination with the Comirnaty (Pfizer/BioNTech) mRNA vaccine on antibody levels was analysed. Comparisons were made for five samples collected from two weeks after the 1st dose to 36 weeks after the 2nd dose of the mRNA vaccine. After the fifth sampling, the cohort was divided into two groups. Group 1 received the 3rd dose, and Group 2 were controls. We performed the last (sixth) sample collection two weeks after booster administration in Group 1and 11 months after the 2nd dose of the vaccine in controls. Between months 8 and 10 after the 2nd dose, we performed a cellular immunity test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Altogether 99.6% of the participants had a positive antibody level at week 36. Antibodies were still present in controls at month 11 after the 2nd dose. Significantly higher antibody levels were found in females, younger subjects, and those with selected adverse reactions. Reactive specific T lymphocytes were present in 65.6% of the subjects between weeks 36 and 44.</p><p><strong>Conslusion: </strong>The antibody response decreased with the time since the 2nd dose but was still present in the control group at week 48. The effect of booster on antibody levels was clearly demonstrated. We have not confirmed an association of cellular immunity with the level of antibodies or with the antibodies present.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"72 3","pages":"127-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49694001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycobacteriosis: the most common causative agents.","authors":"V Ulmann,&nbsp;R Kozel,&nbsp;I Tudík,&nbsp;I Pavlík","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The annual number of diagnosed diseases caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria in predisposed individuals remains constant in the Czech Republic. Their clinical characteristics vary depending on the properties of the causative species and its presence and quantity in the immediate environment of the patient. The most common clinically relevant species are Mycobacterium avium, M. kansasii, and M. xenopi. The most important source of M. avium is peat and products derived from it. M. avium may colonise warm water systems, posing a high risk of exposure to users (jacuzzi users in particular). M. kansasii is still present in waters of areas affected by industrial and mining activities. Its recently isolated genetic variants are mostly of no clinical significance but may be present as contaminants in medical preparations. M. xenopi permanently colonises most warm water systems, and its practical ubiquity makes difficult the interpretation of ambiguous findings on imaging. The antibiotic treatment, which may not always be successful, should be initiated after a comprehensive assessment of the patient's condition, imaging data, and disease progression. Similarly, the results of laboratory tests may not always be authoritative in decision making.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"72 3","pages":"151-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49694006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV-1 subtypes distribution and resistance to ART in HIV-infected persons in Slovakia (2019-2021).","authors":"A Kovářová, D Valkovičová Staneková, M Hábeková, M Takáčová","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of the study was to describe the prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes and HIV-1 strains resistant to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-positive persons newly diagnosed in Slovakia in 2019-2021.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study group consisted of 184 HIV-positive naïve patients newly diagnosed in Slovakia from 2019 to 2021. The viral HIV-1 RNA was isolated from plasma by the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Germany). For RT-PCR and sequencing of the HIV pol region, in-house procedures were used according to the ANRS AC11 protocol for RT (reverse transcriptase), PRO (protease), and IN (integrase) [ANRS AC11 Resistance Study Group, 2015]. Analysis of sequences was performed using Sequencing Analysis Software v5.3 (Applied Biosystems®). HIV sequences were manually edited using BioEdit (version 7.2.5), compared with consensus HIV-1 sequences in the Los Alamos Sequence Database (URL 2), aligned using CLUSTAL W [Labarga et al., 2007] and BioEdit software packages (version 7.2 .5) [Hall, 1999]. HIVDB Algorithm (version 9.0) of the Stanford HIV Drug resistance database (URL 1.) was used for sequence evaluation. For HIV-1 subtype analysis, the REGA HIV-1 Subtyping Tool [De Oliviera et al., 2005] and phylogenetic analysis MEGA X [Kumar et al., 2018] were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Phylogenetic analyses performed in samples of 184 persons revealed the most prevalent subtype B (129/184, 70.11%), detected to the greatest extent in the population of men who have sex with men (MSM) (96/129 74.42%). Concerning non-B subtypes (55/184, 29.89%), subtype A was found with the highest prevalence (48/184, 26.09%) compared to subtype F (F1) (3; 1.63%), C (1; 0.54%) and circulating recombinant forms CRF02_AG (2; 1.09%), CRF01_AE (1; 0.54%). In 9.24% (17/184) of samples, 25 mutations clinically relevant and associated with HIV resistance ART were detected, of which 7.07% (13/184) to reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 1.66% (3/181) to protease inhibitors and 1.32% (2/151) to integrase inhibitors. In addition, multiclass resistance was present in 1.63% (3/184) of patients. Mutations associated with HIV resistance to ART were found in 9.30 % of persons infected with subtype B.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study confirmed ongoing highest prevalence of subtype B with a slightly decreasing trend compared to last years. Detection of mutations causing HIV resistance to ART underlines the need for resistance testing in naïve patients even before the initiation of ART in Slovakia.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"72 4","pages":"203-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139501848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of meteorological factors on the risk of tick-borne encephalitis infection.","authors":"M Daniel,&nbsp;M Brabec,&nbsp;M Malý,&nbsp;V Danielová,&nbsp;T Vráblík","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this work was to analyze the relationship between new cases of clinical tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and various meteorological and seasonal predictors.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The modelling is based on national data from the Czech Republic for the period 2001-2016 in daily resolution, namely on average temperatures, average relative air humidity and the number of TBE cases classified according to the date of the first symptoms. Four variants of a negative binomial model from the generalized additive model class are used. The basic model relates the occurrence of TBE to the lagged ambient daily average temperature and daily average relative air humidity and their interaction with the lag reflecting the incubation period and other factors. The lag value was estimated via the optimization procedure based on Akaike information criterion. The model also includes the effect of the season and the effect of the day of the week. To increase the biological plausibility, the basic model has been expanded to account for possible time-varying effects of meteorological variables and to incorporate multiple lags.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most statistically significant effect is the within-year seasonality and then the interaction of the temperature and relative air humidity. The relationship of both meteorological factors and their interactions vary throughout the activities season of the hostquesting Ixodes ricinus. This also changes the conditions of occurrence of the new clinical cases of TBE. The time-varying effect of meteorological factors on the incidence of TBE shows non-trivial changes within a year. In the period before the middle of the calendar year (around the week 22) the effect decreases, then it is followed by an increase until the week 35.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Flexible models were developed with quantitatively characterized effects of temperature, air humidity and their interaction, with the delay of the effect estimated through the optimization process. Performance of the model with multiple lags was checked using independent data to verify the possibility of using the results to improve the prediction of the risk of clinical cases of TBE uprise.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"72 2","pages":"67-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10050258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome in industrialised nations: a systematic review of the literature.","authors":"C L T Ho, A S J Ting, P Oligbu, M Pervaiz, G Oligbu","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is a triad of haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and acute kidney injury. It is a leading cause of acute kidney injury in children and has a high rate of long-term sequelae. Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated HUS (SpHUS) is a rare complication from pneumococcal disease. This article aims to systematically review SpHUS following the global introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library from 1st January 2000 to 13th April 2022.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirteen studies were included in this review, involving a total of 7,177 children with HUS, of which 336 cases were associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae. SpHUS accounted for 4.8% of all HUS cases, in which most patients were younger than 24 months old. Nine studies (80.4%, 281) were during the country's PCV era, whereas 4 studies (19.6%, 66) were before the introduction of PCV into the national vaccination programme. Pneumonia was the commonest clinical presentation (77.3%; 75/97), followed by septicaemia (33.0%; 32/97), and meningitis (29.9%; 29/97). Most cases presenting with pneumonia were complicated by empyema or pleural effusion (54.4%, n=49/90). Only 5 studies reported the isolated serotypes, with the most prevalent serotype being 19A (44.4%, n=20/45), followed by serotype 3 (17.8%, n = 8/45) and 7F (6.7%, n = 3/45). Of those reporting fatality, there were 12 deaths with a fatality rate of 9.8% (n = 12/122).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SpHUS is rare, but commonly presents in children younger than 2 years old. There remains a high risk of long-term complications and relatively high mortality rate even in the era of conjugate vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"72 4","pages":"213-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139501942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular genotyping of Streptococcus agalactiae isolates with non-typeable serotype, Czech Republic, 2008–2020","authors":"S Vohrnová,&nbsp;J Kozáková","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The NRL for Streptococcal Infections performed serotyping of 1038 isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae from 972 patients by the latex agglutination method in 2008–2020.\u0000\u0000Forty-three isolates (4.4%) whose serotyping failed were classified as non-typeable. The aim of the present study was to determine the genotype of these non-typeable isolates using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR). Genotyping was successful in the entire set of 43 non-typeable isolates. The most common genotype was V (41.9%), followed by Ia (20.9%). The isolates serotyped by latex agglutination were predominantly assigned to serotype III (29.2%) and V (26.2%). Complete data were obtained on the prevalence of S. agalactiae serotypes/genotypes in the Czech Republic in 2008–2020. Monitoring the serotype and genotype distribution of the pathogen is a prerequisite for the introduction of a potential vaccine against S. agalactiae into clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"71 4","pages":"203-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10611203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indication criteria for monoclonal antibody treatment for COVID-19 in the era of vaccination: is an update needed?","authors":"Š Cimrman,&nbsp;J Pazderková,&nbsp;L Dvořáková,&nbsp;P Dlouhý,&nbsp;K Hašková","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study describes a cohort of 223 patients who received anti-S protein monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment for COVID-19 after having met the indication criteria set by the national guidelines in the Czech Republic at the time. The authors compare the vaccinated and unvaccinated subpopulations of this cohort. The results show that most of the patients (73.5%) already had significant circulating levels of anti-S antibodies detectable at the time of treatment. The authors confirm a positive correlation between number of vaccine doses and S-protein antibody levels. The data show, that vaccinated patients are overall less likely to be hospitalized than unvaccinated ones. The authors recommend a change in the national guidelines for mAb treatment in the Czech Republic.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"71 3","pages":"171-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40339877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}