Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie最新文献

{"title":"Tracking the dynamics of antibody production against the SARS-CoV-2 virus after two doses of the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2.","authors":"M Malý, A Fialová, H Zákoucká, V Němeček, H Orlíková, J Kynčl, R Limberková","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139686","DOIUrl":"10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>An observational study was conducted from 2021 to 2022 to track the dynamics of the production of IgG antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 S protein in individuals vaccinated with two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 (Comirnaty). The study included a group of volunteers without any previous signs of SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as a group with a history of natural COVID-19 infection. The primary objective was to monitor antibody levels up to 12 months after the second dose and determine the proportion of vaccinated individuals who underwent seroconversion. The study also evaluated cases of vaccine failure within 13 months post-vaccination.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Before the vaccination began, participants had laboratory tests for IgG antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, and their medical history related to COVID-19 was taken. Based on negative test results, a cohort of immunologically naïve individuals was formed and subsequently vaccinated with two doses of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty). Venous blood samples were collected at six time points: before the first dose, 2-3 weeks after the first dose, one month after the second dose, 3-4 months after the second dose, 6 months after the second dose, and 12 months after the second dose. A supplementary cohort included volunteers with positive antibody findings or confirmed COVID-19 infection. In some of these individuals, the dynamics of post-vaccination antibody response was also monitored. Participants filled out monthly questionnaires about respiratory infection symptoms to detect vaccine failure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 166 participants who did not have SARS-CoV-2 S protein antibodies prior to vaccination. The median age was 52 years, with a higher proportion of women (71.1%). After the first and second doses of the vaccine, antibody levels showed a significant increase, followed by a gradual decline over 12 months. Seroconversion occurred in all participants except for one immunosuppressed individual. The vaccine failure rate against COVID-19 within 12 months was 13.3%. The second cohort included 60 participants with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this group, post-vaccination antibody levels increased significantly, more than in individuals without prior infection. The second dose did not result in further statistically significant increase in antibody levels for this cohort.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study confirmed that the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine induces a strong antibody response, with the majority of participants experiencing seroconversion after the first dose. Older individuals exhibited a lower antibody response, highlighting the importance of booster doses. In individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, antibody levels were significantly higher after the first vaccine dose than in naïve individuals. These findings add to understanding antibody response dynamics and suggest the need for further resea","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 1","pages":"44-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blastocystis in the human gastrointestinal tract - commensal or \"silent\" pathogen?","authors":"S Kühnelová, L Rožnovský, J Doležílková, R Maďar","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6492/20250428/140419","DOIUrl":"10.61568/emi/11-6492/20250428/140419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blastocystis is a unicellular anaerobic microorganism inhabiting the human and animal gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It is the most abundant representative of eukaryotes reported in human feces and found in approx. a billion people worldwide. Despite the common occurrence, its direct pathogenicity and status among other, more significant, GIT parasites remain unclear. Blastocystis colonization is associated with various non-specific clusters of symptoms, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence, or nausea and is often diagnosed in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, or urticaria. Controversy persists mainly because of the detection of Blastocystis even in asymptomatic patients and the unclear mechanism of its potential pathogenicity. Also, for the reasons mentioned above, no treatment guidelines are available.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 2","pages":"118-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144762338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination in pregnancy - a study in maternity hospitals of the Pilsen Region, Czech Republic.","authors":"P Pazdiora, H Jelínková, M Kozerovský, P Hubáček","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6568/20250808/141315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61568/emi/11-6568/20250808/141315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Vaccination in pregnancy is an important preventive measure against a number of infections. Since the vaccination coverage data for pregnant women in the Czech Republic are scarce, a study was carried out in the Pilsen Region.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In the 6-week Postpartum Care Centres of the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Clinic of the Pilsen University Hospital and the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Departments of the Klatovy and Domažlice Hospitals, between 1 October and 31 December 2024, postpartum mothers were asked to fill out printed questionnaires to collect basic data on an anonymous basis (age group, education level, region of residence, information about the possibility of vaccination against influenza, COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections, and pertussis, its completion during pregnancy, and specialty of the informing health professional). Questionnaire data were entered into the Epi-Info database to be analysed. The χ2 test was used for statistical testing at a significance level of 5%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the three-month study period, 836 women gave birth at the above-listed clinics and 313 (37.4%) of them completed the questionnaire. Of the total number of respondents, 85 women (27.2%) were vaccinated with at least one of the four vaccines during pregnancy, varying from 21.9 to 28.3% between centres. Receiving influenza vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine and RSV vaccine, and pertussis vaccine was reported by 1.6%, 1.3%, and 25.9% of postpartum mothers, respectively. The highest vaccination coverage was found in the 30-39 year age group and in women with tertiary education. Pertussis vaccine was recommended to pregnant women most often (47.6%) in comparison with COVID-19 vaccine mentioned least often. Of the 85 vaccinated women, 76 (24.3%) had at least 1 vaccine on recommendation. Information about the possibility of vaccination was most often provided by gynaecologists and adult general practitioners. Vaccination against the listed respiratory infections was reported quite rarely by women without prior information: only nine pregnant women (2.9%) did so.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study in maternity hospitals in the Pilsen Region confirmed low vaccination coverage in pregnancy. At the same time, information on the importance of vaccination appeared to be inadequate, especially regarding the prevention of RSV and COVID-19 infection. Gynaecologists are currently the most frequent source of information. The unfavourable situation can be improved by joint expert opinion of medical societies and by raising awareness of the general population on this issue.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 3","pages":"158-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145240431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological characteristics of human leptospirosis in Slovak Republic, 2008-2019.","authors":"J Perželová, M Kotrbancová, M Fulová, A Bražinová","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6568/20250808/141313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61568/emi/11-6568/20250808/141313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim of study: </strong>The purpose of this study was observation of some epidemiological characteristics of human leptospirosis in Slovakia during 2008-2019.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Patients' data analysed in this work were obtained from laboratory diagnostic and trawling questionnaires. The diagnosis of acute leptospirosis was confirmed by the serological examination in the micro-agglutination test in accordance with clinical and epidemiological data. Statistical analyses were performed by software STATA version 18 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Average annual incidence rate in Slovakia in the study period was 0.185/100,000 population. Case-fatality rate was 2.48% due to three fatal cases. The infection affected more men (80.16%) than women (19.84%) mostly in the age of 20-69 years old with the peak in 50-59 years old. Almost three quarters of affected persons were people without professional exposure. The highest number of cases was recorded in the period from June to November, peaking in August (25.62%). The most cases of infections were reported from administrative regions Košice (23.14%) and Trenčín (22.31%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Incidence rate of human leptospirosis maintains the declining character in the study period, which has been present in recent decades in Slovakia. The numbers are most likely underreported, due to the misdiagnosing of leptospirosis cases caused by broad spectrum of clinical manifestations and low awareness of clinicians of possible diseases etiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 3","pages":"141-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145240444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shigellosis: an update on the disease and analysis of human cases in the Czech Republic, 2018-2023.","authors":"M Špačková, J Košťálová, A Pierzynová, R Chlíbek","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139685","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Shigellosis is a highly contagious diarrheal disease, which could potentially be very serious. Considering the onethird increase in cases in 2023 compared to the previous year, we aimed to provide an update on the disease and to analyse data on reported cases of shigellosis in the Czech Republic (CZ).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We conducted a narrative search of the literature in Czech and English, particularly targeting European studies from 2018 onwards. We also analysed data reported under the diagnosis code A03 to the National Infectious Disease Reporting System (ISIN) in 2018-2023. We focused on the main epidemiological indicators, i.e. gender, age, geographical distribution, seasonality, and hospitalizations. Excel (version 2016), STATA (version 17), and Datawrapper GmbH were used.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 681 shigellosis cases were reported with an average annual incidence of 1/100,000 population: until 2021, the incidence was slightly higher in women, while from 2022 onwards, the trend was reversed. A significant decrease in cases was recorded in the pandemic years. In 2022 and 2023, the number of cases was slightly higher than in the pre-pandemic period. Most cases were detected in CZ in August and December each year. Of all shigella serotypes, S. sonnei was the most frequently detected (80%), followed by S. flexneri (15%). The incidence per 100.000 population was highest among children aged 5-9 years: 2.6 (boys 2.4 and girls 2.8), followed by 1-4-year-olds: 2.4 (2.2 and 2.6, respectively) and persons aged 25-34 years: 1.8 (males 1.8 and females 1.7). Within individual age group, the average annual specific incidence rates were highest in the Moravian-Silesian and Olomouc regions and the capital city Prague. Hospitalizations accounted for 27% of cases, with the highest numbers in the 25-34 and 5-9 age groups (both 17.9%). The proportion of hospitalized cases was highest in the age groups 75+ (69%), 1-4, 5-9, and 65-74 (32-37%). A 52-year-old man was reported to have die in relation to the disease. Eleven percent of cases were reported in outbreak settings. Thirty-nine percent of reported cases were imported.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;In CZ, shigellosis is a relatively rare gastrointestinal disease, with nearly 40% of cases being imported. At present, the threat to public health is posed mainly by the global spread of multi-resistant strains linked to increasing tourism and free sexual practices. Children, immunocompromised persons (including the elderly), and men who have sex with men remain risk groups. Vaccination is not available in Europe. Compliance with basic hygiene rules, especially in collectives and when working with food, is still a key concern. Emphasis should also be placed on the health education, including instructions before traveling abroad. A thorough medical history, early tracing, surveillance, and rational choice of antibiotic therapy if appropriate a","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 1","pages":"31-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxoplasmosis - seroprevalence and trend over 10 years.","authors":"J Ficik","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Determination of the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in patients tested in the network Unilabs Slovakia Ltd over 10 years (2011-2020).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In the study period, 142,088 patients from all over Slovakia underwent targeted serological screening for toxoplasmosis. Serum samples were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies by electrochemiluminescence assays. A total of 469,824 of tests were performed during the study period in three central laboratories of the Alpha Medical company (now Unilabs Slovakia Ltd) located in Bratislava, Ružomberok-Likavka, and Stropkov.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis has shown a slightly upward trend (for IgM antibodies), remaining stable for IgG class antibodies, neither declining nor rising. An upward trend in positive IgM antibodies appeared not only in general, but also in pregnant women. When calculated per 100,000 population, the IgG seroprevalence has shown an upward 10-year trend for the whole of Slovakia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study have evidenced that toxoplasmosis is far from declining in Slovakia; just on the contrary, it can be reasonably assumed that its incidence is slowly rising, especially among pregnant women, which, from the point of view of public health, is worthy of further and more detailed investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 1","pages":"11-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial contamination of air filters of air conditioning system of urban buses.","authors":"D Obitková, C Čereiová, M Mráz, E Pavlík","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6492/20250428/140416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61568/emi/11-6492/20250428/140416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of HVAC in urban buses in developed countries increases the comfort and indoor air quality in the means of ground transportation. The microbial contamination was studied on outlet and inlet surfaces of 5 air filters removed from the urban buses HVAC during regular maintenance. To acquire samples from both the outlet and the inlet sides of the filters, dry swabbing technique was used. Cultivation was performed on different selective or selective-diagnostic agars, to cultivate viable bacteria. To identify the bacterial species, Gram stain and immerse microscopy was used. Selected colonies underwent the proteomic study (MALDI-TOF) as well. After identification, bacteria were quantified. The bacteria of the genus Bacillus - Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus flexus prevailed on both inlet and outlet surfaces of the filters. The members of genera Staphylococcus, Brevibacillus, Peribacillus or Paenibacillus were also identified. The quantification of colony forming units showed low contamination of the outlet surfaces of filters 1 and 2. The contamination of inlet and outlet sides of filters 3, 4, and 5 was comparable, revealed nearly the same contamination of inlet and outlet surfaces. In the case of filters 3, 4 and 5 we recommend more frequent filter changing or more efficient filter choice.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 2","pages":"107-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144762341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The first autochthonous case of diphyllobothriosis, caused by broad fish tapeworm (Dibothriocephalus latus), in the Czech Republic.","authors":"T Scholz, R Kuchta, J Brabec, V Pavelková, Z Lapáčková","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139689","DOIUrl":"10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diphyllobothriosis is a parasitic infection of humans caused by the broad fish tapeworm (Dibothriocephalus latus; synonym Diphyllobothrium latum). This disease is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere including Europe. Popular sport fish such as perch (Perca fluviatilis) and pike (Esox lucius) are the source of human infection. Here we document the first autochthonous case of diphyllobothriosis linked to the consumption of raw pike roe (caviar) originating from a popular tourist destination in South Bohemia. This is probably a recent introduction of the parasite into the Lipno Reservoir, which may represent a new focus of diphyllobothriosis, a zoonotic, fish-borne disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 1","pages":"76-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A lethal tick-borne encephalitis from an active endemic area in Slovakia.","authors":"S Litvová, M Štefkovičová, M Greždová, A Drľová, Z Krištúfková, M Kopilec Garabášová","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6492/20250428/140418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61568/emi/11-6492/20250428/140418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a neglected zoonotic neuroinvasive disease. Most cases of TBE have a mild course, but some patients with encephalitis develop long-term neurological or neuropsychic sequelae. We report a fatal case of TBE in a patient living in an endemic area. The case occurred in a middle-aged man with no epidemiological evidence of tick bites, no consumption of raw dairy products, and who was not vaccinated against TBE. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the need for better information of the risk factors associated with TBE with the long-term sequelae, to improve case management and to stimulate the development of new vaccination strategies. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of rare fatal TBE in a middle-aged man with no severe comorbidities in Slovakia.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 2","pages":"126-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144762292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pertussis surveillance data from the South Moravian Region, 2024.","authors":"V Šponiar Ovesná, R Ciupek, R Boháčová","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6568/20250808/141314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61568/emi/11-6568/20250808/141314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pertussis is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which still occurs in both the paediatric and adult population despite a continuous high vaccine coverage. In 2024, a significant increase in pertussis was found in the Czech Republic.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The aim was to describe the incidence of pertussis in the South Moravian Region (SMR) in 2024 based on data from the Infectious Disease Information System and to analyse basic epidemiological indicators including vaccination status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the South Moravian Region, 3,524 cases of pertussis (287.3/100,000) were reported in 2024, with the highest number of cases (20.1%) in the 15-19 age group. Although 89.2% of patients were vaccinated, active transmission of Bordetella pertussis persisted in the population, mainly due to immunity waning and frequent subclinical forms of the disease in adolescents and adults. The most severe course of the disease was observed in infants under 1 year of age, with a high proportion of hospital admissions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The dramatic increase in pertussis in 2024 was related to a combination of factors: a weakening protective effect of vaccines, genetic adaptation of the causative agent, improved laboratory diagnosis, increased awareness of both the professional and general public, and reduced circulation of pertussis in the population as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic control measures. For effective control of pertussis, it is essential to promote regular booster doses of pertussis vaccine, to improve diagnosis, and to raise awareness of the population on the importance of protecting the most vulnerable groups, especially infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 3","pages":"149-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145240439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}