Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems最新文献

{"title":"Solar system science with the Single Aperture Large Telescope for Universe Studies space observatory","authors":"Carrie M. Anderson, Nicolas Biver, Gordon L. Bjoraker, Thibault Cavalié, Gordon Chin, Michael A. DiSanti, Paul Hartogh, Nathan X. Roth, Alexander Tielens, Christopher K. Walker","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.4.042302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.4.042302","url":null,"abstract":"Single Aperture Large Telescope for Universe Studies (SALTUS) is a NASA Astrophysics Probe Explorer (APEX)-class mission concept employing a robust far-infrared pointed space observatory. SALTUS comprises a 14-m inflatable reflector that provides 16× the sensitivity and 4× the angular resolution of Herschel, with a sunshield that radiatively cools the primary to 45 K, along with cryogenic detectors that collectively span the 34 to 660 μm far-infrared spectral range at high and moderate spectral resolutions. The high sensitivity and high spectral resolving power of the SALTUS heterodyne receivers enable both submillimeter and far-infrared observations of trace compounds comprising water and its isotopologues, hydrogen deuteride (HD), and a plethora of molecular species containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, or sulfur (CHNOPS), all of which are obscured by the Earth’s atmosphere. The high sensitivity and broadband spectral coverage of the SALTUS far-infrared grating spectrometer enables far-infrared observations of the lattice vibrational spectral signatures of ices and mineral grains contained within a wide variety of solar system targets, including comets, planetary atmospheres, near Enceladus’ plumes, and on the surfaces of icy moons, Jupiter trojans, centaurs, and Kuiper Belt objects. A key objective of SALTUS is to measure HDO/H2O in both Jupiter family and Oort cloud comets. Additional observations will allow us to characterize the water torus around Saturn generated by its icy moon Enceladus, determine the source of stratospheric water in the giant planets, ascertain the time evolution of water on Venus, and search for H2O plumes on Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. SALTUS will measure HD/H2 in all four giant planets to constrain models of their origin. SALTUS can also measure the abundance of CHNOPS-containing molecules and halides in the atmosphere of Venus and in the comae of comets. We review the extensive amount of solar system science achievable with SALTUS for both the Guaranteed Time Observation and the Guest Observer APEX mission observing programs.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Milky Way and nearby galaxy science with the SALTUS space observatory","authors":"Rebecca C. Levy, Alexander Tielens, Justin Spilker, Daniel P. Marrone, Desika Narayanan, Christopher K. Walker","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.4.042304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.4.042304","url":null,"abstract":"We present an overview of the Milky Way (MW) and nearby galaxy science case for the Single Aperture Large Telescope for Universe Studies (SALTUS) far-infrared (IR) NASA probe-class mission concept. SALTUS offers enormous gains in spatial resolution and spectral sensitivity over previous far-IR missions due to its cold (<40 K) 14-m primary mirror. Key MW and nearby galaxy science goals for SALTUS focus on understanding the role of star formation in feedback in the local universe. In addition to this science case, SALTUS would open a new window to galactic and extragalactic communities in the 2030s, enabling fundamentally new questions to be answered, and would be a far-IR analog to the near- and mid-IR capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope. We summarize the MW and nearby galaxy science case and plans for notional observing programs in both guaranteed and guest (open) times.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, implementation, and performance of the primary reflector for SALTUS","authors":"Jonathan W. Arenberg, Leon K. Harding, Bob Chang, Steve Kuehn, Dave Oberg, Michaela N. Villarreal, Arthur L. Palisoc, Christopher K. Walker, Daewook Kim, Zach Lung, Dave Lung","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.4.042306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.4.042306","url":null,"abstract":"The Single Aperture Large Telescope for Universe Studies (SALTUS) is a mission concept for a far-infrared observatory developed under the recent Astrophysics Probe Explorer opportunity from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The enabling element of the program is a 14-m diameter inflatable primary mirror, M1. Due to its importance to SALTUS and potentially other space observatories, we focus entirely on M1. We present a historical overview of inflatable systems, illustrating that M1 is the logical next step in the evolution of such systems. The process of design and manufacture is addressed. We examine how M1 performs in its environment in terms of the operating temperature, interaction with the solar wind, and shape change due to non-penetrating particles. We investigate the longevity of the inflatant in detail, show that it meets mission lifetime requirements with ample margin, and discuss the development and testing to realize the flight M1.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Telescope control software and proto-model siderostat for the SDSS-V Local Volume Mapper","authors":"Hojae Ahn, Florian Briegel, Jimin Han, Mingyu Jeon, Thomas M. Herbst, Sumin Lee, Woojin Park, Sunwoo Lee, Inhwan Jung, Tae-Geun Ji, Changgon Kim, Geon Hee Kim, Wolfgang Gaessler, Markus Kuhlberg, Hyun Chul Park, Soojong Pak, Nicholas P. Konidaris, Niv Drory, José R. Sánchez-Gallego, Cynthia S. Froning, Solange Ramirez, Juna A. Kollmeier","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.3.037001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.3.037001","url":null,"abstract":"The fifth Sloan Digital Sky Survey Local Volume Mapper (LVM) is a wide-field integral field unit survey that uses an array of four 160 mm fixed telescopes with siderostats to minimize the number of moving parts. An individual telescope observes the science or calibration field independently and is synchronized with the science exposure. We developed the LVM Acquisition and Guiding Package (LVMAGP)-optimized telescope control software program for LVM observations, which can simultaneously control four focusers, three K-mirrors, one fiber selector, four mounts (siderostats), and seven guide cameras. This software is built on a hierarchical architecture and the SDSS framework and provides three key sequences: autofocus, field acquisition, and autoguide. We designed and fabricated a proto-model siderostat to test the telescope pointing model and LVMAGP software. The mirrors of the proto-model were designed as an isogrid open-back type, which reduced the weight by 46% and enabled reaching thermal equilibrium quickly. In addition, deflection due to bolting torque, self-gravity, and thermal deformation was simulated, and the maximum scatter of the pointing model induced by the tilt of optomechanics was predicted to be 4′.4, which can be compensated for by the field acquisition sequence. We performed a real sky test of LVMAGP with the proto-model siderostat and obtained field acquisition and autoguide accuracies of 0″.38 and 1″.5, respectively. It met all requirements except for the autoguide specification, which will be resolved by more precise alignment among the hardware components at Las Campanas Observatory.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141930887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adjustable X-ray optics: thin-film actuator measurement and figure correction performance","authors":"Kenneth Buffo, Casey DeRoo, Paul Reid, Vladimir Kradinov, Vanessa Marquez, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Nathan Bishop, Thomas N. Jackson, Quyen Tran, Hanyuan Liang, Mohit Tendulkar","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.3.039003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.3.039003","url":null,"abstract":"Several proposed future X-ray missions will require thin (≤0.5 mm thick) mirrors with precise surface figures to maintain high angular resolution (≤0.5 arcsec). To study methods of meeting these requirements, adjustable X-ray optics have been fabricated with thin-film piezoelectric actuators to perform figure correction. The fabrication and actuator performance for an adjustable X-ray mirror that forms a conical approximation to a Wolter-I telescope are reported. The individual responses of actuator cells were measured and shown to induce a figure change of 870 nm peak-to-valley on average. These measured responses were compared with predicted responses generated using a finite-element analysis algorithm. On average, the measured and predicted cell responses agreed to within 60 nm root mean square. A set of representative mirror distortions and the measured cell responses were used to simulate figure corrections and calculate the half-power diameter (HPD, single reflection at 1 keV) achieved. These simulations showed an improvement in 4.5 to 9 arcsec mirrors to 0.5 to 1.5 arcsec HPD. The disagreements between the predicted and measured cells’ performance in actuation and figure correction were attributed to a high spatial frequency metrology error and differences in mirror bonding considerations between the finite-element analysis model and the as-built mirror mount.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SmallSat Technology Accelerated Maturation Platform-1: a proposal to advance ultraviolet science, workforce, and technology for the Habitable Worlds Observatory","authors":"Kevin France, Jason Tumlinson, Brian Fleming, Mario Gennaro, Erika Hamden, Stephan R. McCandliss, Paul Scowen, Evgenya Shkolnik, Sarah Tuttle, Carlos J. Vargas, Allison Youngblood","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.3.034004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.3.034004","url":null,"abstract":"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Great Observatories Maturation Program (GOMAP) will advance the science definition, technology, and workforce needed for the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) with the goal of a phase A start by the end of the current decade. GOMAP offers long-term cost and schedule savings compared with the “technology readiness level (TRL) 6 by preliminary design review” paradigm historically adopted by large NASA missions. Many of the key technologies in the development queue for HWO require the combined activities of (1) facility and process development for validation of technologies at the scale required for HWO and (2) deployment in the “real-world” environment of mission integration and test prior to on-orbit operations. We present a concept for the SmallSat Technology Accelerated Maturation Platform (STAMP), an integrated facility, laboratory, and instrument prototype development program that could be supported through the GOMAP framework and applied to any of NASA’s future Great Observatories (FGOs). This brief describes the recommendation for the first entrant into this program, “SmallSat Technology Accelerated Maturation Platform-1 (STAMP-1),” an ESPA Grande-class mission advancing key technologies to enable the ultraviolet capabilities of HWO. STAMP-1 would advance new broadband optical coatings, high-sensitivity ultraviolet detector systems, and multi-object target selection technology to TRL 6 with a flight demonstration. STAMP-1 advances HWO technology on an accelerated timescale, building on current research opportunities in space and earth sciences (ROSES) strategic astrophysics technology (SAT) + astrophysics research and analysis (APRA) programs, reducing cost and schedule risk for HWO while conducting a compelling program of preparatory science and workforce development with direct benefits for HWO mission implementation in the 2030s.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FIREBall-2 UV balloon telescope in-flight calibration system","authors":"Jessica S. Li, Nazende I. Kerkeser, Aafaque R. Khan, Simran Agarwal, Olivia Jones, Erika Hamden, Trenton Brendel, Haeun Chung, Vincent Picouet, David Schiminovich, Drew M. Miles, Keri Hoadley, Ignacio Cevallos-Aleman, Meghna Sitaram, Zeren Lin, Harrison Bradley, D. Christopher Martin, Marty Crabill, Fernando Cruz Aguirre, Charles-Antoine Chevrier, Philippe Balard, Patrick Blanchard, Nicolas Bray, Greyson Davis, Xihan Deng, Fabien Harmand, Catherine Hourtolle, Gillian Kyne, Nicole Melso, Johan Montel, Shouleh Nikzad, Alain Peus, Julie Richard, Jared Termini, Jean-Noel Valdivia, David Valls-Gabaud, Didier Vibert, Matthew Werneken","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.3.035002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.3.035002","url":null,"abstract":"We present the integration of a new calibration system into the Faint Intergalactic-medium Redshifted Emission Balloon-2 (FIREBall-2), which added in-flight calibration capability for the recent September 2023 flight. This system is composed of a calibration source box containing zinc and deuterium lamp sources, focusing optics, electronics, sensors, and a fiber-fed calibration cap with an optical shutter mounted on the spectrograph tank. We discuss how the calibration cap is optimized to be evenly illuminated through non-sequential modeling for the near-UV (191 to 221 nm) for spectrograph slit mask position calibration, electron multiplying charged-coupled device (EMCCD) gain amplification verification, and wavelength calibration. Then, we present the pre-flight performance testing results of the calibration system and their implications for in-flight measurements. FIREBall-2 flew in 2023, but did not collect calibration data due to early termination of the flight.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141930718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daytime turbulence strength profile measurement at Kodaikanal Observatory","authors":"Saraswathi Kalyani Subramanian, Sridharan Rengaswamy, Prasanna Gajanan Deshmukh, Binukumar G. Nair, S. Mahesh Babu","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.3.039004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.3.039004","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian Institute of Astrophysics is developing a Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics system for the Kodaikanal Tower Telescope. In this context, we measured the daytime turbulence strength profile at the Kodaikanal Observatory. The first method based on wavefront sensor images, called solar differential image motion monitor+, was used to estimate the higher altitude turbulence up to a height of 5 to 6 km. The second method used balloon-borne temperature sensors to measure the near-Earth turbulence up to 350 m. We also carried out simulations to validate the performance of our system. We report the first-ever daytime turbulence strength profile measurements at the observatory. We identified the presence of a strong turbulence layer ∼3 km above the observatory. The measured near-Earth turbulence matches the trend that is expected from the model for a daytime component of turbulence and gives an integrated r0 of ∼4 cm at 500 nm. This is consistent with earlier seeing measurements. This shows that a low-cost setup with a small telescope and a simple array of temperature sensors can be used for estimating the turbulence strength profile at the site.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141930888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-redshift extragalactic science with the Single Aperture Large Telescope for Universe Studies (SALTUS) space observatory","authors":"Justin Spilker, Rebecca C. Levy, Daniel P. Marrone, Stacey Alberts, Scott C. Chapman, Mark Dickinson, Eiichi Egami, Ryan Endsley, Desika Narayanan, George Rieke, Antony A. Stark, Alexander Tielens, Christopher K. Walker","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.4.042305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.4.042305","url":null,"abstract":"We present an overview of the high-redshift extragalactic science case for the Single Aperture Large Telescope for Universe Studies (SALTUS) far-infrared (IR) National Aeronautics and Space Administration probe-class mission concept. Enabled by its 14-m primary reflector, SALTUS offers enormous gains in spatial resolution and spectral sensitivity over previous far-IR missions. SALTUS would be a versatile observatory capable of responding to the scientific needs of the extragalactic community in the 2030s and a natural follow-on to the near- and mid-IR capabilities of JWST. The key early-universe science goals for SALTUS focus on understanding the role of galactic feedback processes in regulating galaxy growth across cosmic time and charting the rise of metals and dust from the early universe to the present. We summarize these science cases and the performance metrics most relevant for high-redshift observations.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SALTUS probe class space mission: observatory architecture and mission design","authors":"Leon K. Harding, Jonathan W. Arenberg, Benjamin Donovan, Dave Oberg, Ryan Goold, Bob Chang, Christopher Walker, Dana Turse, Jim Moore, Jim C. Pearson Jr., John N. Kidd Jr., Zach Lung, Dave Lung","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.4.042303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.4.042303","url":null,"abstract":"We describe the space observatory architecture and mission design of the Single Aperture Large Telescope for Universe Studies (SALTUS) mission, a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrophysics Probe Explorer concept. SALTUS will address key far-infrared science using a 14-m diameter <45 K primary reflector (M1) and will provide unprecedented levels of spectral sensitivity for planet, solar system, and galactic evolution studies and cosmic origins. Drawing from Northrop Grumman’s extensive NASA mission heritage, the observatory flight system is based on the LEOStar-3 spacecraft platform to carry the SALTUS Payload. The Payload is comprised of the inflation control system, sunshield module (SM), cold corrector module (CCM), warm instrument electronics module, and primary reflector module (PRM). The 14-m M1 is an off-axis inflatable membrane radiatively cooled by a two-layer sunshield (∼1000 m2 per layer). The CCM corrects for residual aberration from M1 and delivers a focused beam to two instruments—the High-Resolution Receiver (HiRX) and SAFARI-Lite. The CCM and PRM reside atop a truss-based composite deck that also provides a platform for the attitude control system. The SALTUS 5-year mission lifetime is driven by a two-consumable architecture: the propellant system and the inflation control system. The core interface module (CIM), a multi-faceted composite truss structure, provides a load path with high stiffness, mechanical attachment, and thermal separation between the Payload and spacecraft. The SM attaches outside the CIM with its aft end integrating directly to the bus. The spacecraft maintains an attitude off M1’s boresight with respect to the Sun line to facilitate the <45 K thermal environment. SALTUS will reside in a Sun–Earth halo L2 orbit with a maximum Earth slant range of 1.8 million km, thereby reducing orbit transfer delta-v. The instantaneous field of regard provides two continuous 20 deg viewing zones around the ecliptic poles, resulting in full sky coverage in 6 months.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}