Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach最新文献

{"title":"Effectiveness of Percutaneous Needle Tenotomy for Tendinopathies: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Logan Maag, Susan Linder, Loren Hackett, Matthew Mitchkash, Tyler Farley, Duncan Lamar, Nolan Fisher, Ben Burnham","doi":"10.1177/19417381241275659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381241275659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Tendinopathy is a disease state characterized by tendon disorder with pain or decreased function that can cause significant disability. Multiple treatment modalities exist; however, no single treatment is superior. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle tenotomy (PNT) and TENEX are emerging as promising treatment options for tendinopathy.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To review the current literature of reported outcomes for PNT, TENEX, and TENJET, for the treatment of tendinopathy, including pain relief, change in function, and patient-reported outcomes.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>A comprehensive search was conducted from database inception to September 2023 in Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, and Cochrane Library.</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>Keywords and index terms related to tendon injury, ultrasound, and tenotomy were used in combination to identify relevant literature that included ultrasound-guidance, treatment of tendinopathy, and treatment with PNT, TENEX, or TENJET. Covidence Systematic Review Software used to screen for relevant studies. Only English-language studies were included.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Systematic Review using PICO framework as defined and registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO ID CRD42022321307).</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4 (evidence from a systematic review graded to the lowest level of study included).</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Type and region of tendinopathy studied, outcome measures, and complications were recorded. Clinical and self-reported outcomes data were compared across studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 10 studies, representing 11 tendon sites, were included. The studies overall report improvements in pain, function, and quality of life after undergoing PNT or TENEX, with minimal adverse effects. Mean risk of bias assessment scores were 8.35 out of 10 assessing internal and external validity for included studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PNT and TENEX are safe, beneficial, and minimally invasive treatment option for patients, especially for conditions refractory to more conservative treatments options.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Ketogenic Diets and Ketone Supplements on the Aerobic Performance of Endurance Runners: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Kexin Sun, Yee Tung Choi, Clare Chung Wah Yu, Edmund Anthony Severn Nelson, Jorming Goh, Siyu Dai, Lai Ling Hui","doi":"10.1177/19417381241271547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381241271547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Ketogenic diets and ketone supplements have gained popularity among endurance runners given their purported effects: potentially delaying the onset of fatigue by enabling the increased utilization of the body's fat reserve or external ketone bodies during prolonged running.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review was conducted to evaluate the effects of ketogenic diets (>60% fat and <10% carbohydrates/<50 g carbohydrates per day) or ketone supplements (ketone esters or ketone salts, medium-chain triglycerides or 1,3-butadiol) on the aerobic performance of endurance runners.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Pro Quest, and Science Direct for publications up to October 2023.</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>Human studies on the effects of ketogenic diets or ketone supplements on the aerobic performance of adult endurance runners were included after independent screening by 2 reviewers.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Systematic review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>Primary outcomes were markers of aerobic performance (maximal oxygen uptake [VO₂max], race time, time to exhaustion and rate of perceived exertion).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VO₂max was assessed by incremental test to exhaustion. Endurance performance was assessed by time trials, 180-minute running trials, or run-to-exhaustion trials; 5 studies on ketogenic diets and 7 studies on ketone supplements involving a total of 132 endurance runners were included. Despite the heterogeneity in study design and protocol, none reported benefits of ketogenic diets or ketone supplements on selected markers of aerobic performance compared with controls. Reduction in bodyweight and fat while preserving lean mass and improved glycemic control were reported in some included studies on ketogenic diets.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review did not identify any significant advantages or disadvantages of ketogenic diets or ketone supplements for the aerobic performance of endurance runners. Further trials with larger sample sizes, more gender-balanced participants, longer ketogenic diet interventions, and follow-up on metabolic health are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Intensity Accelerations and Decelerations During Intercounty Camogie Match Play.","authors":"John D Duggan, Paul J Byrne, Shane Malone, Stephen-Mark Cooper, Jeremy Moody","doi":"10.1177/19417381241276016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381241276016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to compare acceleration and deceleration demands of intercounty Camogie players, and differences across playing positions and halves of play.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>The middle 3 positions will have greatest accelerations and decelerations variables across match play and halves of play.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Nonrandomized, repeated measures design.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Global positioning systems (GPS) (10 Hz) collected data from 28 participants during 18 competitive matches across 2 seasons; 206 individual player datasets were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Half-backs (<i>P</i> < 0.05; effect size [ES], -1.75) and midfielders (<i>P</i> < 0.05; ES, -1.68) covered significantly greater total number of accelerations than full-forwards. In acceleration zone 4, midfielders (<i>P</i> < 0.05; ES, = -1.67) and half forwards covered a significantly greater number than full-forwards (<i>P</i> < 0.01; ES, = -1.41). Midfielders accumulated a significantly greater distance in acceleration zone 4 than full-backs (<i>P</i> < 0.05; ES, = -0.57). Significant decrements were observed between halves in total number of accelerations (<i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, = 0.49), accelerations in zones 1 to 4 (<i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, 0.16-0.43), total distance of accelerations, and acceleration distance in zones 2 to 4 (<i>P <</i> 0.05; ES, 0.25; <i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, 0.45; <i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, 0.38). There were significant decrements in the total number of decelerations (<i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, 0.43), number of decelerations in zones 2 (<i>P <</i> 0.05; ES, 0.25), 3 (<i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, 0.45), and 4 (<i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, 0.38), and total deceleration distance (<i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, 0.16).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Half-backs and midfielders covered significantly greater total number of accelerations than full-forwards. Significant decrements in several acceleration and deceleration variables were observed between halves.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Players competing in intercounty Camogie should receive progressive exposure to acceleration and deceleration-based movement demands to prepare players for intercounty Camogie match play.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of Sport Participation and Training Volume With Overuse Injuries in Japanese Male Youth Soccer Players: Implications for Early Sport Specialization.","authors":"Naoto Nakaichi, Dai Sugimoto, Daisuke Numa, Ryosuke Kotani, Hayato Nakamura, Kei Akiyama, Norikazu Hirose","doi":"10.1177/19417381241275658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381241275658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sport specialization is associated with increased risk of overuse injuries. However, the effects of sport specialization on the risk of overuse injury may differ by specific sport and sociocultural parameters. This study aimed to determine the associations of sport participation and training volume with previous overuse injuries in Japanese male youth soccer players.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Being highly specialized before the age of 12 years and high training volume relative to participant age would be associated with a history of serious overuse injury.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Survey data were collected from male youth soccer players (seventh-ninth grade) during midseason of the 2020-2021 academic year. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding their status of sport participation (single- and multisport athletes), weekly sports volume in first- sixth grade and injury history in the previous year. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated to identify associations of specialization and training volume with a history of serious overuse injury.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 841 players (mean age, 13.7 ± 0.9 years) participated; 11% reported serious overuse injury in the previous year, and 64% participated in other sports before the age of 12 years. Players who participated in other sports at <12 years old (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.09-2.94; <i>P</i> = 0.02) and those who trained for more weekly hours than their age in fifth to sixth grade (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.07-2.72; <i>P</i> = 0.03) had greater odds of reporting serious overuse injuries.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Multisport athletes and high training volume in fifth-sixth grade were associated with previous serious overuse injuries.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Coaches and parents of male youth soccer players should be aware of the increased risk of serious overuse injury participating in multiple sports simultaneously, and youth athletes should adhere to age-appropriate volume recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Repetitive Pitching on the Control of Lower Extremity Joints and Center of Mass in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers.","authors":"Shiu-Min Wang, Tsun-Shun Huang, Szu-Hua Chen, Yuh-Renn Wu, Wei-Li Hsu","doi":"10.1177/19417381241273264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381241273264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Repetitive motion can alter joint angles and subsequently affect the control of the center of mass (CoM). While the CoM has been studied as a fatigue indicator in various sports, the control of the whole-body CoM during repetitive pitching in baseball pitchers has not been examined. This study aimed to investigate changes in lower-extremity joint angles and CoM control in collegiate baseball pitchers after repetitive pitching.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Baseball pitchers would exhibit significant increase in lower-extremity flexion angles, CoM position, and CoM variability after repetitive pitching.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Descriptive laboratory study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 23 pitchers from the Collegiate Baseball League were recruited. A motion analysis system was employed to assess lower-extremity joint angles and CoM position during the simulated game, while pitching accuracy and velocity were also recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed a significant forward and downward shift in CoM position (<i>P</i> < 0.05), along with increased CoM variability in all directions (<i>P</i> < 0.05) after the simulated game. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in flexion angles of the knee and hip (<i>P</i> < 0.05); however, pitching velocity and accuracy did not demonstrate significant changes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Repetitive pitching leads to kinematic changes that should be monitored to prevent sports injuries.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Baseball pitchers have the ability to modify the control of their CoM and angles of their lower-extremity joints to sustain their pitching performance. It is crucial to monitor compensatory strategies closely to avoid shoulder and elbow injuries among these pitchers.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shoulder Injury Incidence and Epidemiology in Youth, High School, and Collegiate Fastpitch Softball Players: A Systematic Review and Future Research Perspectives.","authors":"Matthew Como, Gabrielle Fatora, Stephanie A Boden, Rajiv P Reddy, Confidence Njoku-Austin, Ehab M Nazzal, Albert Lin","doi":"10.1177/19417381241276018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381241276018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Fastpitch softball is one of the most popular sports in the United States among young female athletes. Softball players regularly subject their shoulders to extreme range of motion and high velocity movements. To date, no systematic review has reported on the epidemiology and incidence of shoulder injuries in softball players.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the incidence and epidemiology of softball-related shoulder injuries in youth, high school, and collegiate female softball players.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for relevant English language articles from 1980 to 2023.</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>Studies selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. Studies were required to be available full text, in English.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Systematic review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>A preliminary screening was performed based on study title and abstract. In the subsequent screening, the full text versions of the remaining articles were evaluated by 2 reviewers for the fulfillment of the inclusion criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 7 articles met criteria for inclusion. All studies evaluated injuries among softball players for at least 1 season. In total, there were 1107 softball-related shoulder injuries reported in the 7 studies included in this systematic review. Of the 3 studies that included a shoulder injury rate, a mean rate of 4.01 shoulder injuries per 10,000 athlete-exposures was calculated. The 2 most common shoulder injuries were shoulder muscle-tendon strains (297) and shoulder/biceps tendinitis (220).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>High-level prospective studies reporting injury incidence and risk factors among female softball players are extremely limited. Only 2 studies eligible for inclusion in this systematic review were prospective in nature, with neither of these reporting the specific injury rate for shoulder injuries among softball players.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142114774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test With a Physiologically Informed Cycle Test: Calgary Concussion Cycle Test.","authors":"Lauren N Miutz, Joel S Burma, Patrice Brassard, Aaron A Phillips, Carolyn A Emery, Jonathan D Smirl","doi":"10.1177/19417381231217744","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381231217744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sport-related concussions are a complex injury requiring multifaceted assessment, including physical exertion. Currently, concussion testing relies primarily on a treadmill-based protocol for assessing exertion-related symptoms in persons after concussion. This study compared a modified cycle protocol (Calgary Concussion Cycle Test [CCCT]) with the clinically adopted standard, the Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test (BCTT), across multiple physiological parameters.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Treadmill and cycle matched workload protocols would produce similar results for cerebral blood velocity, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (P_ETCO₂), but heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO₂) would be higher on the treadmill than the cycle modality.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Crossover study design.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 17 healthy adults (8 men, 9 women; age, 26 ± 3 years; body mass index, 23.8 ± 2.7 kg/m²) completed the BCTT and CCCT protocols, 7 days apart in a randomized order. During both exertional protocols, the physiological parameters measured were middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCAv), MAP, P_ETCO₂, VO₂, and HR. Analysis of variance with effect size computations, coefficient of variation, and Bland-Altman plots with 95% limits of agreement were used to compare exercise tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The BCTT and CCCT produced comparable results for both male and female participants with no significant differences for average MCAv, MAP, and P_ETCO₂ (all <i>P</i> > 0.05; all generalized eta squared [η²_G] < 0.02 [negligible]; <i>P</i> value range, 0.29-0.99) between stages. When accounting for exercise stage and modality, VO₂ (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and HR (<i>P</i> < 0.01) were higher on the treadmill compared with the cycle. Aside from the final few stages, all physiology measures displayed good-to-excellent agreeability/variability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The CCCT was physiologically similar to the BCTT in terms of MCAv, P_ETCO₂, and MAP; however, HR and VO₂ differed between modalities.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Providing a cycle-based modality to exertional testing after injury mayincrease accessibility to determine symptom thresholds in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11346228/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139040909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weightlifting Induced Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy and Winged Scapula: A Case Report.","authors":"Adnine Anass, Taik Fatima Zahrae, Aharrane Fatima Zahra, Takhrifa Nihad, Fadel Hicham, Abourazzak Fatima Ezzahra","doi":"10.1177/19417381231219218","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381231219218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Winged scapula is a rare musculoskeletal condition with numerous etiologies including spinal accessory nerve (SAN) palsy. Sport activities are rarely implicated with few scattered case reports. We report a case of an 18-year-old bodybuilder who suffered SAN palsy secondary to weightlifting exercises. Physical examination revealed winged scapula with painful mobility of the shoulder. A scapular magnetic resonance imaging scan and electromyography of the trapezius muscle were performed and confirmed the diagnosis of SAN palsy. Through this case, we review the literature of common and rare causes of SAN palsy and outline accepted treatment options.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11346222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139418576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Healthy Athletes: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses.","authors":"Alec A Warrier, Eric N Azua, Luke B Kasson, Sachin Allahabadi, Zeeshan A Khan, Enzo S Mameri, Hasani W Swindell, John M Tokish, Jorge Chahla","doi":"10.1177/19417381231197389","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381231197389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Many clinicians, trainers, and athletes do not have a true understanding of the effects of commonly used performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) on performance and health.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To provide an evidence-based review of 7 commonly used pharmacological interventions for performance enhancement in athletes.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>PubMed and Scopus databases were searched on April 8, 2022.</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>Systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) assessing the performance-enhancing effects of the following interventions were included: androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS), growth hormone (GH), selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), creatine, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors, recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO), and cannabis.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Umbrella review of SRs and MAs.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>Primary outcomes collected were (1) body mass, (2) muscle strength, (3) performance, and (4) recovery. Adverse effects were also noted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 27 papers evaluating 5 pharmacological interventions met inclusion criteria. No studies evaluating SARMs or ACE-inhibitors were included. AAS lead to a 5% to 52% increase in strength and a 0.62 standard mean difference in lean body mass with subsequent lipid derangements. GH alters body composition, without providing a strength or performance benefit, but potential risks include soft tissue edema, fatigue, arthralgias, and carpel tunnel syndrome. Creatine use during resistance training can safely increase total and lean body mass, strength, and performance in high-intensity, short-duration, repetitive tasks. Limited evidence supports rHuEPO benefit on performance despite increases in both VO₂max and maximal power output, and severe cardiovascular risks are documented. Cannabis provides no performance benefit and may even impair athletic performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In young healthy persons and athletes, creatine can safely provide a performance-enhancing benefit when taken in controlled doses. AAS, GH, and rHuEPO are associated with severe adverse events and do not support a performance benefit, despite showing the ability to change bodily composition, strength, and/or physiologic measures. Cannabis may have an ergolytic, instead of ergogenic, effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11346223/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10189386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Maximal Mechanical Capacities Through the Load-Velocity Relationship in Elite Versus Junior Male Volleyball Players.","authors":"Andrés Baena-Raya, David M Díez-Fernández, Antonio García-de-Alcaraz, Alberto Soriano-Maldonado, Alejandro Pérez-Castilla, Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez","doi":"10.1177/19417381231208706","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381231208706","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Physical testing is crucial for athlete monitoring, talent identification, optimizing training, and tailoring programs to enhance game-performance in elite competitions.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Load-velocity (L-V) relationship variables discriminate between elite and junior volleyball players, correlate with volleyball-specific performance, and are generalizable across lower- and upper-body exercises.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 9 elite and 11 junior volleyball players were assessed for the L-V relationship (load-axis intercept [<i>L</i>₀], velocity-axis intercept [<i>v</i>₀], and area under the L-V relationship line [<i>A</i>_line]) during the countermovement jump (CMJ) and bench press throw (BPT) exercises. Block and spike jump height, as well as standing and jumping spike speed were assessed 24 hours later.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Elite players presented greater magnitude in the L-V variables (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.03; effect size [ES] ≥ 1.06) and higher volleyball-specific performance (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.03; ES ≥ 1.09) than juniors (except for CMJ <i>v</i>₀ and <i>A</i>_line). The L-V relationship variables were significantly associated with the block and spike jump height and jumping spike speed only in elite players (<i>r</i> ≥ 0.703 and <i>P</i> ≤ 0.04 in 11 out of 18 correlations). No significant associations were observed between CMJ and BPT for any L-V relationship variable (<i>r</i> ≤ 581; <i>P</i> ≥ 0.08, except for <i>A</i>_line in junior players).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The L-V relationship is a practical procedure to assess volleyball players' maximal mechanical capacities, which are associated with volleyball-specific performance in elite players. However, these data should not be used interchangeably between playing standards or exercises.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This information might help strength and conditioning coaches to prescribe more effective training programs that focus on developing the specific physical capacities necessary for players to potentially advance to elite status.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11346240/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72211909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}