Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach最新文献

{"title":"Athletes and Sleep Issues: New Insights Into Translating Laboratory Findings in a Real-World Setting.","authors":"Petros G Botonis, Maria Grammenou, Argyris G Toubekis","doi":"10.1177/19417381251329917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381251329917","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":"17 3","pages":"435-437"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12035355/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144059961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preventing Exertional Heat Stroke in Football: Time for a Paradigm Shift.","authors":"Scott A Anderson, E Randy Eichner, Scott Bennett, Barry P Boden, Bob Colgate, Ron Courson, Jon K Davis, Gregory A Elkins, Lawrence W Judge, Mike Krueger, Kristen L Kucera, Karissa Niehoff, Yvette Rooks, James B Tucker, William O Roberts","doi":"10.1177/19417381241260045","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241260045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Among American sports, football has the highest incidence of exertional heat stroke (EHS), despite decades of prevention strategies. Based on recent reports, 100% of high school and college EHS football fatalities occur during conditioning sessions. Linemen are the at-risk population, constituting 97% of football EHS deaths. Linemen heat up faster and cool down slower than other players.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>Case series were identified from organized, supervised football at the youth, high school, and collegiate levels and compiled in the National Registry of Catastrophic Sports Injuries. Sources for event occurrence were media reports and newspaper clippings, autopsy reports, certificates of death, school-sponsored investigations, and published medical literature. Articles were identified through PubMed with search terms \"football,\" \"exertional heat stroke,\" and \"prevention.\"</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Clinical review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 5.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Football EHS is tied to (1) high-intensity drills and conditioning that is not specific to individual player positions, (2) physical exertion as punishment; (3) failure to modify physical activity for high heat and humidity, (4) failure to recognize early signs and symptoms of EHS, and (5) death when cooling is delayed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To prevent football EHS, (1) all training and conditioning should be position specific; (2) physical activity should be modified per the heat load; (3) understand that some players have a \"do-or-die\" mentality that supersedes their personal safety; (4) never use physical exertion as punishment; (5) eliminate conditioning tests, serial sprints, and any reckless drills that are inappropriate for linemen; and (6) consider air-conditioned venues for linemen during hot practices. To prevent EHS, train linemen based on game demands.Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy:n/a.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"484-490"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141318997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interval Throwing Programs for Baseball Players: Methodological Assessment of the Quality and Construct of Publicly Available Programs.","authors":"Alexander M Boos, Namit Sambare, Matthew V Smith, Michael T Freehill, Eric N Bowman, Brandon J Erickson, Peter N Chalmers, Aaron Sciascia, Christopher L Camp","doi":"10.1177/19417381241237011","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241237011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>The quality and interprogram variability of publicly available throwing programs have not been assessed.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To (1) identify publicly available interval throwing programs, (2) describe their components and structure, and (3) evaluate their quality, variability, and completeness.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Google, Bing, Yahoo; keyword: \"interval throwing program.\"</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>Baseball-specific publicly available programs.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Systematic review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>Independent evaluation by 2 authors using a novel 21-item Quality Assessment Rubric (QAR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 99 included programs, 54% were designed for return from injury/surgery; 42% explicitly stated no expected timeline for completion, and approximately 40% did not provide criteria to initiate the program. Program construction was highly variable. There were broad-ranging shortest (mean: 40±8 ft, range: 20-45 ft) and longest (mean: 150±33 ft, range: 90-250 ft) long toss distances, and variable maximum numbers of mound pitches thrown before returning to game play (range: 40-120, mean: 85). Only 63% of programs provided guidelines for handling setbacks, and standardized warm-ups, arm care, and concomitant training were absent in 32%, 63%, and 47% of programs, respectively. Mean QAR completion rate and QAR item response rate were low (62 ± 4% [range, 24-91%], 62 ± 24% [range, 7-99%], respectively). Finally, only 20 (20%) programs provided at least 1 peer-reviewed reference, most of which were published >10 years ago.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Publicly available interval throwing programs are readily available but demonstrate significant interprogram heterogeneity across multiple areas including target audience, program construction, progression, and execution. The quality and consistency of publicly available interval throwing programs is poor at this time, which may limit their utility and effectiveness for baseball players attempting to return to competition. This work identifies a multitude of deficiencies in currently available throwing programs that should be targets of future improvement efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"451-459"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569571/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140307880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of 12-Week Core Stability Training on Postural Balance in Soccer Players With Groin Pain: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.","authors":"Fatma Chaari, Sébastien Boyas, Haithem Rebai, Abderrahmane Rahmani, Sonia Sahli","doi":"10.1177/19417381241259988","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241259988","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Core stability training (CST) is effective in improving postural balance, core endurance, and self-reported outcomes in different populations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of CST in soccer players with groin pain (GP).</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>CST would improve postural balance performance, core endurance, and self-reported outcomes in soccer players with GP.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Randomized controlled trial.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 2.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Soccer players with GP who met the selection criteria were assigned randomly to a CST (CSTG, n = 10) or a control (CG, n = 10) group. The CG undertook no additional physical activity program besides their usual training. The CSTG performed a 12-week CST comprising 76 ~75 min sessions. Static (force platform) and dynamic (Y-Balance test) postural balance, core endurance (McGill trunk endurance tests), and self-reported outcomes (Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score [HAGOS]) were assessed before and immediately after the 12-week CST.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant improvements were seen in dynamic postural balance (<i>P</i> = 0.04 to <0.01), HAGOS scores (<i>P</i> = 0.02 to <0.01), and core endurance measures (<i>P</i> < 0.01) in the CSTG in posttest compared with pretest session and compared with CG. Static bipedal postural balance measures showed significant improvements (eyes open, <i>P</i> = 0.02; eyes closed, <i>P</i> < 0.01) in the CSTG in posttest compared with pretest session. However, no significant differences (<i>P</i> > 0.05) were observed between CSTG and CG after the training period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A 12-week CST improved static (foam surface) and dynamic postural balance, core endurance measures, and HAGOS scores.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The beneficial effect of CST on improving postural balance, core endurance, and self-reported outcomes in soccer players with GP suggests that this training would be an important feature of rehabilitation programs for these players. Coaches and clinicians should prioritize CST training when designing rehabilitation programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"533-544"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12059599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141789839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Additional Neuromuscular Training on Peri-Ankle Muscle Morphology and Function in Chronic Ankle Instability Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Khadijeh Kazemi, Khodabakhsh Javanshir, Feryal Saadi, Shahin Goharpey, Mohammad Jafar Shaterzadeh Yazdi, César Calvo-Lobo, Daniel López-López, Gholamhossein Nassadj","doi":"10.1177/19417381241258467","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241258467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lateral ankle sprain is one of the most common musculoskeletal issues during sports and activities of daily living. This study investigated the effect of combined neuromuscular training and conventional training (including strengthening, range of motion, and balance exercises) on muscle morphology, dynamic balance, perceived ankle instability, and functional capacity in persons with chronic ankle instability (CAI).</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>The combination of neuromuscular and conventional training programs might result in additional benefits on the morphology of muscle, dynamic balance, and functional capacity in subjects with CAI.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>A single-blind parallel-arm randomized controlled trial.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 2.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 34 participants with CAI were divided randomly into experimental (EG) and control groups (CG). The EG received conventional and neuromuscular training, while the CG underwent conventional training. Cross-sectional areas of the peroneus longus and tibialis anterior muscles were measured using ultrasonography. Measurements included reaching direction distance, ankle instability, and the foot and ankle outcome score, all evaluated before and immediately after 12 intervention sessions and 4 weeks later in the follow-up phase.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant improvement in the EG, particularly in the cross-sectional area of the tibialis anterior muscle on the injured side and the posteromedial reaching direction displacement of the Y balance test. Moreover, the EG's foot and ankle outcome scores increased significantly compared with the CG (<i>P</i> < 0.05). However, the group effect size ranged from minor to moderate (Hedges <i>g</i>, 0.40-0.73).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Combining neuromuscular and conventional training programs yields greater benefits than conventional training alone regarding tibialis anterior muscle morphology, posteromedial dynamic balance, and functional capacity in persons with CAI.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The combination of neuromuscular and conventional training programs could enhance muscle morphology, dynamic balance, perceived ankle instability, and functional capacity in persons with CAI.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"572-584"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141428238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Return to Running for Postpartum Elite and Subelite Athletes.","authors":"Lisa Woodroffe, Tyler Slayman, Amanda Paulson, Natalie Kruse, Abigail Mancuso, Mederic Hall","doi":"10.1177/19417381241256973","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241256973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>There is little evidence to guide elite athletes who desire returning to competition after giving birth to a child. Ultimately, this can result in decreased performance and increased risk of injury. This paper addresses aspects that must be considered when building and monitoring a return to running program for a postpartum elite or subelite athlete, including pelvic floor and core stability, progressive reloading of the musculoskeletal system, monitoring of nutritional parameters, and considerations for lactation.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>PubMed and CINAHL (Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature) were searched with the following search strategy: (extreme sports OR elite athletes OR running OR exercise) AND (breastfeeding OR lactation OR bone density OR fetal weight OR gestational weight gain OR postpartum or post-partum OR postnatal OR post-natal OR pregnancy OR childbirth). The following information is based on best available evidence and clinical experience.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Clinical review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Due to the interplay between cardiovascular fitness, postpartum nutrition, lactation, and progressive reloading of the muscular and skeletal system, we propose a multimodal, multidisciplinary approach to safely and successfully allow an athlete to return to an elite level of competition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Return to running in the postpartum period is a highly individualized process that benefits from multidisciplinary, individualized care. This includes monitoring of nutrition, core and pelvic floor function, bone reloading, muscle and tendon reloading, and breastfeeding care when applicable.Strengh of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT):C.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"614-620"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141307427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UCL Throwing Injuries in Nonprofessional Baseball Players: A 14-Year Retrospective Study.","authors":"Jason L Zaremski, Marissa Pazik, Harold Hunt, William S Dodd, Binh K Nguyen, Kevin W Farmer, MaryBeth Horodyski","doi":"10.1177/19417381241238966","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241238966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study evaluated treatment modality (surgical vs nonoperative) of medial ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries in nonprofessional throwing baseball athletes by comparing type, severity, and location of UCL injury.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Baseball players with closed medial epicondyle physes and concomitant throwing-related UCL injury will be more likely to undergo surgical intervention than players with open medial epicondyle physes.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 5.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 119 baseball players with a mean age of 16.9 ± 2.5 years (range, 11-25 years) were included in the study. Datapoints included sex, age at time of injury, severity, and location of UCL injury, growth plate status, operative versus conservative management, and concomitant flexor forearm injury.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 75 players were treated conservatively; 43 underwent UCL reconstruction (UCL-R), and 1 had an unknown treatment outcome. No significant difference was found for age related to treatment type, UCL-R (17.2 ± 2.2) versus conservative treatment (16.8 ± 2.6). Athletes with closed medial epicondylar growth plates were more likely to undergo UCL-R than athletes with open medial epicondylar growth plates (<i>P</i> = 0.02). There were no significant differences between UCL injury location (42 distal, 37 proximal, 18 combined tear locations, 11 complete tears, and 11 intact UCLs with inflammation) by treatment type (<i>P</i> = 0.09). There was a significant difference for UCL severity (11 complete tears, 96 partial tears) by treatment type (<i>P</i> = 0.03).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nonprofessional athletes with closed medial epicondylar growth plates and throwing-related UCL injuries were more likely to be treated surgically. Baseball athletes with partial tears, if skeletally immature, require further long-term evaluation.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Continued knowledge gains in this area of throwing medicine will further improve our treatment algorithms in nonprofessional baseball players.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"445-450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569660/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140327414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal Relationships of Ligamentous Injuries in the Knee on Corticospinal Tract Structure: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis.","authors":"Le Yu, Weichu Tao, Zhengbiao Jin, Yi Li, Xiao'ao Xue, Ru Wang, Yinghui Hua","doi":"10.1177/19417381241255342","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241255342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The association between ligamentous knee injuries and corticospinal tract (CST) structure has attracted attention; however, any causal relationship remains uncertain. We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to identify the causal effects of ligamentous knee injuries on the CST.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Ligamentous knee injuries impair CST microstructure (ie, by reducing fractional anisotropy [FA] and increasing mean diffusivity [MD]).</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>MR analysis.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 2.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>MR uses genetic variants as instrumental variables to infer causal relationships between exposures and outcomes. Summary data for ligamentous injuries in knee and CST structure were obtained from genome-wide association study datasets. Significant and independent (5 × 10^-6; <i>r</i>² < 0.001; 10,000 kb) single-nucleotide polymorphisms were extracted for MR analysis. Three methods for MR analysis were used (hypothesis-driven 1-tailed inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger, and weighted median), and sensitivity analyses were conducted to test reliability and stability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results from 3 MR methods consistently demonstrated that ligamentous knee injuries increased MD of the right CST (β, 0.063; 90% CI, 0.003-0.123; <i>P</i> = 0.04), and weak statistical significance suggested increased MD of the left CST (β, 0.060; 90% CI, -0.002 to -0.121; <i>P</i> = 0.05). However, no significant causal relationships were observed in CST FA, and no significant pleiotropy or heterogeneity was observed. Sensitivity analysis utilizing 2-tailed tests had no significant associations between ligamentous knee injuries and changes in CST structure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is statistically weak genetic evidence that corticospinal pathway abnormalities may evolve after ligamentous knee injuries, which manifests as abnormally organized neurites.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Ligamentous knee injuries require attention not only to damage to the structure of the knee joint itself but also to the process of maladaptive neuroplasticity that leads to structural and functional changes of the CST; novel interventions that target the corticospinal pathway may provide subsequent treatment of ligamentous knee injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"564-571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569687/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141322009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Incidence of Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in High School and Collegiate Softball Athletes: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Nichelle M Enata, Paul M Inclan, Robert H Brophy, Derrick Knapik, Matthew V Smith","doi":"10.1177/19417381241280643","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241280643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Despite increased youth and adolescent participation in fast-pitch softball and the reporting of upper extremity injuries, there remains a relative paucity of research examining shoulder and elbow injuries in high school and collegiate softball athletes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the reported incidence, setting, and positional factors associated with shoulder and elbow injuries in high school and collegiate fast-pitch softball players.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>PubMed, Ovid, Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Central, and Clinicaltrials.gov.</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>English-language articles reporting the incidence of shoulder and/or elbow injuries occurring in high school or collegiate fast-pitch softball players were included. Biomechanical studies, review articles, abstract only texts, previous systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were excluded.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Systematic review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>Two reviewers independently evaluated studies. Data related to the reported incidence of shoulder and elbow injuries, injury setting, position, and rate of return to play after injury were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 22 studies were identified. In high school athletes, shoulder injury rates ranged from 0.88 to 1.14 per 10,000 athletic exposures (AE), with elbow injury rates ranging from 0.41 to 0.71 per 10,000 AE. In collegiate athletes, reported injury rates ranged from 3.76 to 5.93 per 10,000 AE for shoulder and 1.5 to 3.39 per 10,000 AE for elbow injuries. Shoulder and elbow injuries were reported more commonly during competition in high school athletes, and with greater frequency in the practice setting in collegiate athletes. No association between injury incidence and position was appreciated at either the high school or collegiate level. Most (81%-96%) athletes were able to return to sport within 3 weeks of injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The incidence of shoulder and elbow injuries was greater in collegiate softball athletes than in high school athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"474-483"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556540/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142382429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing the Pronated Forearm Technique for Measuring Glenohumeral External Rotation in Baseball Players.","authors":"Aaron Sciascia, Michael Smith, Joseph Holstedt, Logan Mattingly, W Ben Kibler","doi":"10.1177/19417381241235225","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241235225","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alterations in glenohumeral internal rotation (GIR), glenohumeral external rotation (GER), and total range of motion (TROM) have been linked with increased injury risk. GER capacity has been measured routinely with the forearm in neutral rotation (GERN), but a recent study reported GERN was greater than GER with the forearm in pronation (GERP) in Minor League pitchers. This work has not yet been replicated or extended to other groups.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>GERP would be significantly less than GERN in Independent League baseball pitchers, and there would be no difference in GERP or GERN measurements between this new group and the previous group of Minor League pitchers.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Goniometric measurements were recorded for bilateral GIR, GERN, and GERP, and resulting TROM for 37 Independent League baseball pitchers. These data were compared with the previous study. All motions were compared individually between groups, between throwing and nonthrowing arm, and both within and between techniques (forearm neutral or pronated).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GERP was significantly less than GERN for both arms within each group tested (<i>P</i> < 0.01). Independent League pitchers had greater between arm differences for GIR (-16.9° vs -6.9°), GERN (+15.1° vs -0.6°), and GERP (+13.1° vs -5.9°) compared with Minor League pitchers. TROM for the Independent League pitchers was not statistically different for either measurement technique, while TROM for the throwing arm of the Minor League pitchers was statistically reduced with varying effect sizes (<i>d</i> = 0.35-0.99) compared with the nonthrowing arm (<i>P</i> < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study confirmed earlier findings that the pronated forearm resulted in decreased GER capacity, illustrating the adaptive response to throwing and the need to evaluate for this variable.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>GERP should be evaluated in all groups of pitchers, but there may be variations within tested groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"438-444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140159479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}