Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach最新文献

{"title":"Molecular Basis and Practical Applications of Training, Nutrition and Recovery for Maximum Gains in Lean Muscle Mass: A Narrative Review for Optimizing Muscular Hypertrophy.","authors":"Álvaro A Vergara Nieto, Andrés Halabi Diaz, Millaray Hernández Millán, Daniel Sagredo Oyarzo","doi":"10.1177/19417381261438760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381261438760","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is a key determinant of strength, athletic performance, and functional capacity across the lifespan, and is clinically relevant to sarcopenia and chronic disease. This review integrates molecular mechanisms (e.g., mechanotransduction and mTORC1 signaling) with practical training, nutrition, and recovery variables to support evidence-informed hypertrophy programming.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>Literature was searched in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar (January 2010 to March 2024) using Boolean combinations of terms related to hypertrophy, resistance training variables and techniques, protein/macronutrients, sleep, and recovery. Included evidence prioritized randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews/meta-analyses, and mechanistic studies relevant to training, nutrition, and recovery; case reports/editorials and endurance-only or unrelated populations/outcomes were excluded.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Clinical narrative review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hypertrophy is maximized when resistance training provides sufficient mechanical tension and effective fiber recruitment, with weekly volume as a central driver. Practical synthesis supports ~10 to 20 sets per muscle group per week, near-failure efforts (repetitions in reserve ~0-2), and distributing volume across multiple weekly sessions to maintain training quality and recovery. Nutritional support centers on adequate protein intake (≈1.6 g/kg/day; often 1.6-2.2 g/kg/day in trained athletes), with meal distribution (≈3-4 meals/day, ~0.4-0.5 g/kg/meal) as a practical strategy to sustain anabolic signaling. Energy availability and carbohydrate intake support training performance and glycogen-dependent workload (≈3-6 g/kg/day), and a moderate caloric surplus (~200-500 kcal/day) may aid lean mass gain while limiting excess adiposity. Recovery, particularly sleep, modulates hormonal homeostasis and protein metabolism; adequate sleep duration (7-9 h/night) is emphasized as foundational for adaptation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An integrative approach to training, nutrition and rest offers the most actionable framework to maximize hypertrophy and strength while managing fatigue and individual recovery capacity.Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT):• Training and Nutritional (SOR A/B): most recommendations are based on Level 1 evidence.• Recovery and rest aspects (SOR B/C): Mechanistic evidence is high. More Level 1 evidence needed with hypertrophy-related outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"19417381261438760"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147845742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aligning Self-Perceived Shoulder and Elbow Function With Risk Factors for Shoulder and Elbow Injury in Baseball Athletes.","authors":"William C Smoot, Xavier A Becsey, Ramsa Kazi, John E Conway, Amanda J Arnold, J Craig Garrison, Sean M Kennedy, Natalie L Myers","doi":"10.1177/19417381261437777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381261437777","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Kerlan Jobe Orthopaedic Clinical Shoulder and Elbow Score (KJOC) is a responsive outcome for monitoring self-perceived shoulder and elbow function in baseball athletes. While clinically useful, barriers regarding its implementation subject the KJOC to limitations. The ability to delineate variables that predict KJOC scores by identifying metrics associated with poor self-perceived function in baseball athletes would prove beneficial.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>At least one risk factor for shoulder or elbow injury would significantly explain a portion of the variance in KJOC scores.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 379 baseball athletes completed the KJOC at initial evaluation for either a shoulder or elbow injury. Demographic information and a series of clinical objective measures were collected. A total of 18 variables, most of which have been associated previously with injury risk in baseball athletes, were entered in stepwise fashion into a linear regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the final model, 13% of the variance in KJOC scores can be explained by 5 significant predictors. Age explained 6.4%, normalized rotational strength differences explained 1.6% to 2.5%, humeral retrotorsion-corrected glenohumeral internal rotation explained 1.3%, and height explained 0.9% of the total variance in KJOC scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Five variables significantly predicted a portion of the variance in KJOC scores in injured baseball athletes. While the overall variance explained by the model was modest, these findings demonstrate several key demographic and clinical objective measures that may provide meaningful insight into athletes' self-perceived shoulder and elbow function.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>These results support the continued use of patient-reported outcome measures, such as the KJOC, while encouraging the development of objective screening procedures to complement clinical integration. Identifying associated clinical and objective variables that explain self-perceived shoulder and elbow function may allow for improved selection of screening measures for shoulder and elbow injury risk in baseball athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"19417381261437777"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147845739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-Powered Monitoring of the Acute: Chronic Workload Ratio: Interpretable Injury Risk Prediction in Soccer Players.","authors":"Deyu Meng, Meiqi Wei, Shichun He, Zongnan Lv, Guang Yang, Ziheng Wang","doi":"10.1177/19417381261435557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381261435557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study proposes a model for monitoring the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR).</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Historical training data are able to predict a soccer player's future ACWR.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We propose a timeseries model built upon a Transformer-based foundation model -Tabular Probabilistic Forecasting Network for Time Series-based on historical training data from soccer players, incorporating sensor data (such as Global Positioning System or accelerometers) and athletes' subjective feedback. We leveraged prompt engineering and large language models to enhance the model's predictive capability, extracting previous knowledge-based artificial features from the DeepSeek model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our model achieved an average mean absolute error of 0.119, an average mean squared error of 0.029, an average root mean square error of 0.149, and an average <i>R</i>² of 0.564 in ACWR prediction. In addition, in ACWR_RISK prediction, the model achieved an accuracy of 87.12%, precision of 85.91%, recall of 87.12%, and an F1 score of 85.27%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the model predicts the future injury risk of soccer players effectively, helping players regulate workload fluctuations and maintain their training state and injury risk within an optimal zone.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The proposed model provides a practical tool for monitoring and predicting athletes' workload dynamics, enabling early identification of elevated injury risk associated with abnormal ACWR fluctuations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"19417381261435557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147846274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor Imagery and Action Observation-Based Plyometric Training as a Potential Alternative to Traditional Methods in Female Volleyball Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Elif Aleyna Yazgan, Uğur Cavlak, Begüm Kara Kaya","doi":"10.1177/19417381261438752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381261438752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Plyometric training (PT) improves jump performance, change of direction (CoD), balance, and reaction time (RT) in volleyball. Motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO) activate motor control networks and may induce similar neuromotor adaptations with lower mechanical load. This study compared static and dynamic MI+AO-based PT added to regular volleyball training with traditional PT in female volleyball players.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Static and dynamic MI+AO-based PT would significantly improve RT, jump performance, CoD, and balance, with outcomes comparable with those of traditional PT.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Randomized controlled trial.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 2.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 45 female volleyball players were allocated randomly to static MI+AO (Group A), dynamic MI+AO (Group B), or traditional (Group C) PT. Interventions were performed twice weekly for 8 weeks. RT was assessed using BlazePod; vertical jump test (VJT) and single-leg horizontal jump test (SLHJT) using My Jump 2, CoD via the T-test, and balance with the Y balance test (YBT).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At baseline, RT was slower in Group A than in Groups B (<i>P</i> = 0.001) and C (<i>P</i> = 0.004), while other variables were comparable (<i>P</i> > 0.05). All groups demonstrated significant within-group improvements in all outcomes (<i>P</i> < 0.05) with large effect sizes. No between-group differences were found for YBT (<i>P</i> > 0.05). Significant group effects were observed for VJT (η² = 0.198), SLHJT-L (η² = 0.176), SLHJT-R (η² = 0.214), and T-Test performance (η² = 0.242) (all <i>P</i> < 0.05). VJT improved similarly in Groups B and C, both exceeding Group A. For SLHJT, Group C showed the greatest gains, followed by Group B; both outperformed Group A. CoD improvements were greater in Group C than in Groups A and B. Although RT improved in all groups, analysis of covariance revealed no post-test between-group differences after baseline adjustment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MI+AO-based PT appears to be a complementary, load-efficient strategy to support neuromotor performance when mechanical loading must be limited, rather than a substitute for traditional PT.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This low-risk MI+AO approach may help maintain neuromuscular performance during recovery, rehabilitation, or restricted training periods.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"19417381261438752"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147845818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Lingering Pelvic Floor Musculoskeletal Injuries in the Postpartum Athlete: Are We Adequately Addressing Them?","authors":"Jennifer LaCross, John O L DeLancey, Mariana Masteling, Fernanda Pipitone, James A Ashton-Miller","doi":"10.1177/19417381261435618","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381261435618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although vaginal birth has the highest risk of musculoskeletal injury per hour of exposure of any natural human activity, the resulting injuries often go unrecognized - sometimes for decades. The types of tissues injured during a difficult vaginal birth are similar to those involved in other musculoskeletal injuries. It is not widely appreciated that multiple structures can be injured, including pubic bone stress fractures, injury to the nerve innervating the right or left levator ani (LA) muscle, stretch injuries of the LA muscles themselves, and/or passive tissue stretch injuries to the perineal body (PB), perineal membrane (PM), and endopelvic fascia. Complicating the issue further is the possibility that each structure can be injured to differing extents, and the injuries can occur in a variety of combinations. As a contribution to the existing literature, the relevant information is tabulated for the first time in a pelvic floor musculoskeletal injury classification system, supported by illustrations for easy reference. Because early identification and interventions can help reduce, and even prevent, long-term symptoms, it is important to screen postpartum athletes and refer them to pelvic health specialists when appropriate. This will help benefit these athletes by fostering appropriate interdisciplinary collaboration with their sports medicine care team.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"19417381261435618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13149340/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147845813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Muscle Performance in Volleyball and Football Players: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Dayong Qiu, Jiahan He, Boming Li, Pinshi Ni, Zhengyang Zhao, Rong Lv, Fanghui Li","doi":"10.1177/19417381251372977","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381251372977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>The use of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) as an adjunct to improve muscle performance and accelerate recovery in high-level volleyball and football players remains controversial.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine whether PBMT improves skeletal muscle performance in ball sports athletes, and whether there are differences in the improvement of skeletal muscle performance by PBMT between volleyballers and footballers.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>A comprehensive search of the Web of Science, Medline, Scopus, and PubMed databases was conducted through April 10, 2025.</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>Eligible studies included those explicitly categorized as randomized controlled trials (RCT) of PBMT interventions for high-level volleyballers and/or footballers; 14 studies met the inclusion criteria.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 2.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>The primary outcome measures included maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC), number of repetitions, and creatine kinase (CK) levels. Means and standard deviations for each variable of interest were used to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The active laser had no significant effect on MVC (mean difference [MD], 19.67; 95% CI, 7.36 to 31.72; <i>P</i> = 0.31)]; however, it significantly increased the number of repetitions (SMD, 0.58; 95% CI, -0.05 to 1.21; <i>P</i> = 0.04) and significantly decreased CK levels (MD, -45.37; 95% CI, -55.52 to -35.22; <i>P</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PBMT can delay muscle fatigue onset and reduce CK levels in ball sports athletes. The improvement in skeletal muscle performance induced by PBMT showed differences between volleyballers and footballers, as there was a significant increase the number of repetitions in volleyball players, whereas a significant decrease in CK levels was noted in footballers.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"496-506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12463863/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145139591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonographic Assessment of Posterior Shoulder Capsule Thickness in Baseball Pitchers: A Validation Study.","authors":"Ryan W Paul, Suzanne S Long, Carlo Coladonato, Justin Ahrens, Aaron Hoback, Paul Buchheit, Joseph Rauch, Michael G Ciccotti, Steven B Cohen, Brandon J Erickson, Stephen J Thomas","doi":"10.1177/19417381251401904","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381251401904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A thickened posterior shoulder capsule may increase injury risk in baseball pitchers due to maladaptive shoulder biomechanics such as altered arthrokinematics, decreased internal rotation range of motion (ROM) and increased scapular upward rotation. While diagnostic ultrasound offers a reliable method of measuring posterior capsule thickness (PCT), it is currently unclear whether PCT thus measured is valid.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Diagnostic ultrasound is a valid method for measuring PCT compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Asymptomatic baseball pitchers recently drafted into professional baseball from a single organization were enrolled during the 2021 to 2024 seasons. Pitchers underwent both diagnostic ultrasound and shoulder MRI on the same day to minimize any acute changes in PCT. All shoulder ultrasounds were performed with a 15-MHz linear transducer. Posterior capsule was identified as the tissue immediately lateral to the tip of the labrum between the humeral head and rotator cuff. PCT was measured on axial MRI scans by a musculoskeletal radiologist blinded to the ultrasound measurements. Agreement between modalities was evaluated through Pearson correlations and Bland-Altman analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 25 drafted pitchers were included. PCT obtained via diagnostic ultrasound had a mean of 2.4 ± 0.6 mm while PCT obtained via MRI scan had a mean of 2.4 ± 0.8 mm. Ultrasound PCT and MRI PCT were strongly positively correlated (<i>R</i> = 0.945, <i>R</i>² = 0.892, <i>P</i> < 0.001). The Bland-Altman plot demonstrated 95% limits of agreement of 0.55 mm between diagnostic ultrasound and MRI measurements of PCT.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Measuring PCT with diagnostic ultrasound is a valid technique compared with the gold standard of MRI.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Clinicians who wish to evaluate PCT in baseball pitchers may use this validated technique to quantify PCT and evaluate for potential contributors to glenohumeral internal rotation deficit.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"592-596"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12714549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145776490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroimaging Analysis of Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Pain-Driven Inhibition of Return to Sports.","authors":"Yuwen Zhang, Xiao'ao Xue, Guangpu Yang, Huan Wang, Rong Lu, He Wang, Yinghui Hua","doi":"10.1177/19417381251411817","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381251411817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fear of pain and reinjury significantly hinders return to sports (RTS) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). However, the neural basis of this psychological barrier remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>ACLR patients will exhibit structural and functional brain changes in regions related to pain and emotion, influencing their psychological readiness to RTS.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited 36 ACLR patients and 36 healthy controls, collecting visual analog scale (VAS) scores for knee pain, Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) scores, and structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant smaller gray matter (GM) volume was observed in the thalamus (effect size, -0.813), periaqueductal gray (PAG) (effect size, -0.737), and prefrontal cortex (PFC) (effect size, -0.690) in ACLR patients. We also found weakened functional connectivity between the PAG and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). GM volume in the thalamus was correlated positively with ACL-RSI scores (<i>r</i> = 0.362). Notably, the effect of VAS scores on ACL-RSI was mediated by the reduced FC between PAG and ACC (direct effect, -2.071, indirect effect, -0.826).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reveals that the psychological readiness to RTS after ACLR may be due to peripheral nociceptive input causing changes in pain-related brain structures and functions.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Recognizing these neuropsychological changes may guide comprehensive rehabilitation strategies post-ACLR, emphasizing the need for interventions targeting central neural mechanisms alongside physical recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"608-618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12880925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146127603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Muscle-Damaging Exercise in the Heat on Sleep.","authors":"Marcos S Keefe, Ryan A Dunn, Casey R Appell, Nigel C Jiwan, Hui-Ying Luk, Jan-Joseph S Rolloque, Yasuki Sekiguchi","doi":"10.1177/19417381261423565","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381261423565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sleep is negatively affected by muscle-damaging exercise, but it remains unknown whether hot environmental conditions further affect sleep.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Sleep quality would decline, but sleep quantity would be longer after experiencing both heat exposure and EIMD.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Crossover study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a randomized, counterbalanced order, 10 healthy males (mean ± SD: age, 23 ± 3 years; body mass, 78.7 ± 11.5 kg; height, 176.9 ± 5 cm; lactate threshold [LT], 9.7 ± 1.0 km h^-1) performed 30 min of downhill running (DHR) at -10% gradient at the LT in control (ambient temperature [<i>T</i>_amb], 20°C; relative humidity [RH], 20%) and hot conditions (<i>T</i>_amb, 35°C; RH, 40%). Seven days later, participants performed a flat 45-min run in the heat at LT. Sleep parameters were collected from a wearable device the night after DHR, the following 6 nights, and the night of the 45-min flat run. Differences in sleep parameters between conditions following DHR, the subsequent 6 nights, and the night of the 45-min run were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following DHR, total sleep time (6.7 ± 0.7 h vs 5.2 ± 1.8 h; <i>P</i> = 0.040), rapid eye movement (REM; 1.7 ± 0.6 h vs 1.2 ± 0.7 h; <i>P</i> = 0.046), and slow-wave sleep (SWS; 1.6 ± 0.4 h vs 1.2 ± 0.5 h; <i>P</i> = 0.015) were greater in the hot condition. However, REM% and SWS% did not differ (<i>P</i> > 0.05), indicating increases reflected longer sleep duration rather than altered architecture. Sleep efficiency, light sleep, resting heart rate, heart rate variability, and respiratory rate were also unchanged (<i>P</i> > 0.05). No differences were observed across the subsequent 6 nights or after the flat run (<i>P</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sleep duration increased on the night after muscle-damaging exercise in hot conditions, with greater REM and SWS reflecting longer sleep rather than altered architecture.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Individuals from various populations, including athletes, military, occupational workers, and the general public may participate in exercise under heat stress, requiring awareness of potential sleep disturbances following exercise in hot conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"543-552"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12948710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147312428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking Lower Extremity Limb Dominance: A Comparison of Performance-Based and Self-Selected Measures.","authors":"Anne Leung, Julie Dyke, Ryan Zarzycki, J Todd Lawrence, Theodore Ganley, Elliot Greenberg","doi":"10.1177/19417381251343085","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381251343085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Limb dominance implies preferential or asymmetrical performance between limbs. There is currently no consensus regarding limb dominance definition for the lower extremity. Previous work described several methods of subjective reporting for lower extremity limb dominance; however, the correlation between objective performance and subjective perception of limb dominance is poorly understood, particularly among adolescent athletes. The purpose of this study was to test the agreement between objective performance and self-selected limb dominance in 3 different single-leg hopping tasks.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>There will be a positive association between self-selected limb dominance and objective performance.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional cohort study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Self-selected limb dominance was determined by asking, \"Which leg would you use to kick a ball as far as you could?\" Participants performed a series of single-leg hops, and 3-trial means of the single hop (SH), timed hop (TH), and vertical hop (VH) were used for analysis. Paired samples <i>t</i> test or Wilcoxon-signed rank test identified differences in limb performance for each hop test. Chi-square analysis evaluated associations between self-selected limb dominance and objective performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 352 healthy youth athletes (55% male; mean age, 11.1 ± 1.7 years) participated. There was a small statistically significant difference between limbs on all hop tests. Chi-square analysis revealed no associations (<i>P</i> > 0.05) between self-selected limb dominance and objective performance across all hop test constructs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A single limb performed better on all hop tests by a small and not clinically relevant difference. Perceived limb dominance did not predict performance regardless of hopping task.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Symmetrical performance on the SH, TH, and VH is normal in uninjured athletes. When returning injured athletes to sport, clinicians should aim for restoring hop test symmetry regardless of whether the injured limb is the perceived dominant limb.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"553-558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12171090/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144303581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}