Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach最新文献

{"title":"Mechanisms and Trends in Women's Lacrosse Head and Musculoskeletal Injuries: A 15-Year Review of National Injury Data.","authors":"Avanish Yendluri, Katrina S Nietsch, Nikan K Namiri, Grant Gonsalves, John J Corvi, Joseph Herrera, Christopher J Nowinski, Robert L Parisien","doi":"10.1177/19417381241287520","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241287520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Head injury rates in lacrosse may be higher among women compared with men. Understanding these trends can guide appropriate injury prevention for female athletes.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>Injuries most commonly involve the head, with no significant decline over the study period; contact with other players would be the most common injury mechanism.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Descriptive epidemiological.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was queried (January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2022) for women's lacrosse injuries presenting to United States (US) emergency departments (EDs). Patient demographics, injury diagnosis, body part injured, disposition, and clinical narrative were extracted. The provided narrative identified the mechanism of injury. Linear regression analysis assessed trends over time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An estimated 57,635 women's lacrosse injuries occurred during the study period extrapolated from 1899 evaluated NEISS cases. The mean age was 15.81 ± 5.35 years, with 68.3% of injuries sustained by high school (14- to 18-year-old) players. Over one-third of all injuries were to the head (national estimate [NE], 19,358; 33.6%), followed by the ankle (NE, 10,475; 18.2%), then the knee (NE, 6969; 12.1%). Strain/sprains were most common (NE, 19,402; 33.7%) followed by closed head injury (CHI)/sports-related concussion (SRC) (NE, 11,794; 20.5%) and contusion/abrasion (NE, 10,605; 18.4%). ED presentations of CHIs/SRCs and fractures remained elevated with no significant decline over the study period (<i>P</i> <i>></i> 0.05), despite a significant decrease in strains/sprains and contusions/abrasions (<i>P</i> < 0.01 and <i>P</i> = 0.01, respectively). The most common injury mechanism was collision/contact with another player (NE, 10,664; 18.5%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An estimated one-third of women's lacrosse players in the study sample had a head injury. CHIs and SRCs accounted for 20.5% of all injuries.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Given the high proportion of contact-related head injuries, headgear mandates and improved player safety protocols may be warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"703-709"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556560/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142480731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shoulder Injury Incidence and Epidemiology in Youth, High School, and Collegiate Fastpitch Softball Players: A Systematic Review and Future Research Perspectives.","authors":"Matthew Como, Gabrielle Fatora, Stephanie A Boden, Rajiv P Reddy, Confidence Njoku-Austin, Ehab M Nazzal, Albert Lin","doi":"10.1177/19417381241276018","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241276018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Fastpitch softball is one of the most popular sports in the United States among young female athletes. Softball players regularly subject their shoulders to extreme range of motion and high velocity movements. To date, no systematic review has reported on the epidemiology and incidence of shoulder injuries in softball players.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the incidence and epidemiology of softball-related shoulder injuries in youth, high school, and collegiate female softball players.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for relevant English language articles from 1980 to 2023.</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>Studies selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. Studies were required to be available full text, in English.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Systematic review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>A preliminary screening was performed based on study title and abstract. In the subsequent screening, the full text versions of the remaining articles were evaluated by 2 reviewers for the fulfillment of the inclusion criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 7 articles met criteria for inclusion. All studies evaluated injuries among softball players for at least 1 season. In total, there were 1107 softball-related shoulder injuries reported in the 7 studies included in this systematic review. Of the 3 studies that included a shoulder injury rate, a mean rate of 4.01 shoulder injuries per 10,000 athlete-exposures was calculated. The 2 most common shoulder injuries were shoulder muscle-tendon strains (297) and shoulder/biceps tendinitis (220).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>High-level prospective studies reporting injury incidence and risk factors among female softball players are extremely limited. Only 2 studies eligible for inclusion in this systematic review were prospective in nature, with neither of these reporting the specific injury rate for shoulder injuries among softball players.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"759-765"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569513/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142114774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Prevalence of Shoulder and Elbow Pathology in Major League Baseball Prospects From the Dominican Republic.","authors":"Thomas A Fortney, Andrew J Luzzi, Zachary M Tenner, Kevin Ma, Brandon L Rogalski, Christopher S Ahmad","doi":"10.1177/19417381241277790","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241277790","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rates of shoulder and elbow pathology are well documented among competitive baseball players in the United States; however, little is known about the prevalence of these pathologies in the Dominican Republic (DR).</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report the epidemiology of shoulder and elbow pathology among participants at a Major League Baseball scouting event in Santo Domingo, DR.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective descriptive study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All pitchers and position players who attended the 2021 scouting event were reviewed. Those with complete medical history, physical examination, imaging series, and radiology reports were included. All participants underwent shoulder and elbow radiography, while pitchers also underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All pathologic findings on imaging studies were recorded and compared among position players and pitchers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-five participants (average age, 17.9 years) were reviewed (42 position players, 33 pitchers); 72% and 32% had ≥1 abnormal finding on elbow and shoulder radiographs, respectively. Position players had significantly higher numbers of elbow radiographic findings compared with pitchers (81% vs 57.6%, <i>P</i> = 0.03) but similar numbers on shoulder radiograph (28.6% vs 33.3%, <i>P</i> = 0.66). Position players had high numbers of acromioclavicular separation (14.3%) and little leaguer's shoulder (14.3%) on shoulder radiograph, with olecranon osteophytes (23.8%) and medial epicondyle nonunions (11.9%) prevalent on elbow radiograph. Pitchers had high numbers of rotator cuff pathology (93.9%), labral tears (75.8%), and Bennett lesions (51.5%). On elbow imaging, pitchers had high numbers of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) abnormalities (81.8%), olecranon osteophytes (69.7%), osteochondral lesions (18.2%), and medial epicondyle nonunions (12.1%). Two pitchers had complete UCL disruption (6.1%), while 8 had partial tears (24.2%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dominican baseball prospects had high numbers of asymptomatic shoulder and elbow pathology on imaging studies. Knowledge of the prevalence of these pathologies can guide injury prevention programs in Dominican youth baseball.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"766-774"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569671/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bigger Than Ever.","authors":"Edward M Wojtys","doi":"10.1177/19417381251346360","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381251346360","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":"17 4","pages":"655-656"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12181715/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144337261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Activity Levels in Persons With Patellofemoral Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Sungwan Kim, Yin Wu, Neal R Glaviano, Linda S Pescatello","doi":"10.1177/19417381241264494","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241264494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Pain and symptoms of patellofemoral pain (PFP) are often exacerbated during daily activities, which may result in reduced overall physical activity levels.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To summarize the evidence for physical activity levels among persons with PFP compared with pain-free controls.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>PubMed, Embase, CINHAL, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus were searched from January 1, 2000 to February 22, 2024.</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>Peer-reviewed studies published in English that measured physical activity subjectively or objectively in persons with PFP and pain-free controls.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Systematic review with meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 1.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>Standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI are reported based on Hedges' <i>g</i> effect sizes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 23,745 records, 41 studies met the eligibility criteria. There was high-to-moderate-certainty evidence that persons with PFP reported higher physical activity levels compared with pain-free controls using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (SMD, 0.27; 95% CI 0.03, 0.51), whereas lower physical activity levels compared with pain-free controls using the Tegner Activity Scale (SMD, -0.31; 95% CI -0.57, -0.04). There was low-to-moderate-certainty evidence that there was no group difference in physical activity levels using the Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire (SMD, 0.17; 95% CI -0.09, 0.44) or self-reported sports participation duration (SMD, -0.46; 95% CI -0.98, 0.05). There was high-certainty evidence that runners with PFP reported shorter running distances compared with pain-free runners (SMD, -0.36, 95% CI -0.57, -0.14). No data pooling was possible for objectively measured physical activity levels due to device heterogeneity (ie, different algorithms used to quantify the intensity of physical activity).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Self-reported physical activity levels among persons with PFP were inconsistent depending on the physical activity measurement tool used or which specific physical activity was measured. Clinicians should integrate multiple physical activity assessment tools to determine the extent to which PFP influences physical activity levels.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>PROSPERO #CRD42022314598.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"804-814"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141918106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CNS and Thorax Injury and Associated Risks Factors in Equestrian Sports.","authors":"Anna E Crawford, Lauren K Picken, Fernanda D Gabriel, Jonathan Quade, Sara Gould","doi":"10.1177/19417381241275655","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241275655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Equestrian sports continue to gain popularity in the United States and are associated with a high injury rate, especially involving the central nervous system and thorax. Due to this high rate of injury and the potential for long-term consequences associated with participation, an understanding of the unique risks of this sport is needed.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe severe injury in equestrian sports and review the role that protective gear plays in injury mitigation.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>The PubMed Database was searched using the search terms \"equestrian\" and \"horse\" combined with \"spinal cord injury,\" \"head injury,\" \"traumatic brain injury,\" \"experience levels,\" and \"demographics.\"</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>A total of 53 papers were selected based on their relevance of epidemiology, risk factors, and management of injuries sustained during equestrian activities. Case studies, randomized controlled trials, prospective studies, and retrospective studies were all included for further review.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Systematic review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>None.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Injuries to the thorax, including fractures, pneumothoraces, internal organ contusions, and crush injuries, have been cited in multiple national and international trauma registries as the most prevalent injury location in equestrians; however, head and neck injuries, high cervical spine fractures, and closed head injuries are reported to be associated with the highest rates of mortality. Helmets provide protection against skull fracture and traumatic brain injury. Vests were not associated with diminished rates of spinal cord injuries; however, they may provide protection to the thorax. Riding experience also plays a role in reducing the prevalence of injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Equestrian-related activities are associated with a high risk of injury despite protective measures. Protective gear can mitigate some injury risk but does not protect against spinal injury. Continued investigation into improving protective equipment, rider education, and preventative strategies to mitigate this risk is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"697-702"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569656/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142114772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimal Detectable Change Scores and Factors Associated With Dynamic Exertion Test (EXiT) Performance After Sport-Related Concussion.","authors":"Dean Gomes, Aaron Sinnott, Aaron J Zynda, Victoria L Kochick, Sarah Ostop, Alicia M Trbovich, Abigail Feder, Michael W Collins, Anthony P Kontos","doi":"10.1177/19417381241298284","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241298284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Factors associated with performance outside of a normative range on dynamic exertion test (EXiT) after sport-related concussion (SRC) remain unknown. This study examined the role of demographic and medical history factors on performance using minimal detectable change (MDC) cutoff scores in athletes being cleared to return to sport (RTS) from SRC.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Older age, being female, and body mass index (BMI) ≥50th percentile would be associated with worse EXiT performance and with increased likelihood of falling outside the normative MDC score range.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Demographic factors, physiological metrics, performance metrics, symptoms, and ratings of perceived exertion were collected from 55 participants (age, 16.5 ± 2.3 years, 31.5% female) initially evaluated within 14 days of SRC who completed EXiT at medical clearance for RTS. Chi-square analyses, logistic and ordinal regressions, and 1-way analyses of variance examined factors associated with EXiT performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most participants fell within the MDC score range on aerobic (71.2-100%), dynamic (75.8-100%), and change-of-direction (36.5-98.0%) tasks, and symptoms (96.2-100%). Older age was associated with better performance on Box Drill Shuffle (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and lower heart rate (HR) outcomes after Ball Toss (<i>P</i> = 0.04), Box Drill Shuffle (<i>P</i> < 0.01), Box Drill Carioca (<i>P</i> = 0.04), and Pro Agility (<i>P</i> < 0.01). Greater BMI was associated with higher HR_%max after Ball Toss (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and worse posttreadmill aerobic performance (<i>P</i> < 0.01). Motion sickness history was associated with longer Zig Zag completion time (<i>P</i> = 0.036).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Most athletes presenting for clearance from concussion performed within MDC score ranges on EXiT metrics.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>EXiT is accurate and effective in assessing response to dynamic exertion after SRC, and MDC scores can inform RTS decisions. Clinicians should consider age, BMI, and history of motion sickness when assessing EXiT performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"678-688"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11653372/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142848054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of Sport Participation and Training Volume With Overuse Injuries in Japanese Male Youth Soccer Players: Implications for Early Sport Specialization.","authors":"Naoto Nakaichi, Dai Sugimoto, Daisuke Numa, Ryosuke Kotani, Hayato Nakamura, Kei Akiyama, Norikazu Hirose","doi":"10.1177/19417381241275658","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241275658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sport specialization is associated with increased risk of overuse injuries. However, the effects of sport specialization on the risk of overuse injury may differ by specific sport and sociocultural parameters. This study aimed to determine the associations of sport participation and training volume with previous overuse injuries in Japanese male youth soccer players.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Being highly specialized before the age of 12 years and high training volume relative to participant age would be associated with a history of serious overuse injury.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Survey data were collected from male youth soccer players (seventh-ninth grade) during midseason of the 2020-2021 academic year. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding their status of sport participation (single- and multisport athletes), weekly sports volume in first- sixth grade and injury history in the previous year. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated to identify associations of specialization and training volume with a history of serious overuse injury.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 841 players (mean age, 13.7 ± 0.9 years) participated; 11% reported serious overuse injury in the previous year, and 64% participated in other sports before the age of 12 years. Players who participated in other sports at <12 years old (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.09-2.94; <i>P</i> = 0.02) and those who trained for more weekly hours than their age in fifth to sixth grade (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.07-2.72; <i>P</i> = 0.03) had greater odds of reporting serious overuse injuries.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Multisport athletes and high training volume in fifth-sixth grade were associated with previous serious overuse injuries.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Coaches and parents of male youth soccer players should be aware of the increased risk of serious overuse injury participating in multiple sports simultaneously, and youth athletes should adhere to age-appropriate volume recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"744-751"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569542/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Repetitive Pitching on the Control of Lower Extremity Joints and Center of Mass in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers.","authors":"Shiu-Min Wang, Tsun-Shun Huang, Szu-Hua Chen, Yuh-Renn Wu, Wei-Li Hsu","doi":"10.1177/19417381241273264","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241273264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Repetitive motion can alter joint angles and subsequently affect the control of the center of mass (CoM). While the CoM has been studied as a fatigue indicator in various sports, the control of the whole-body CoM during repetitive pitching in baseball pitchers has not been examined. This study aimed to investigate changes in lower-extremity joint angles and CoM control in collegiate baseball pitchers after repetitive pitching.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Baseball pitchers would exhibit significant increase in lower-extremity flexion angles, CoM position, and CoM variability after repetitive pitching.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Descriptive laboratory study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 23 pitchers from the Collegiate Baseball League were recruited. A motion analysis system was employed to assess lower-extremity joint angles and CoM position during the simulated game, while pitching accuracy and velocity were also recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed a significant forward and downward shift in CoM position (<i>P</i> < 0.05), along with increased CoM variability in all directions (<i>P</i> < 0.05) after the simulated game. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in flexion angles of the knee and hip (<i>P</i> < 0.05); however, pitching velocity and accuracy did not demonstrate significant changes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Repetitive pitching leads to kinematic changes that should be monitored to prevent sports injuries.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Baseball pitchers have the ability to modify the control of their CoM and angles of their lower-extremity joints to sustain their pitching performance. It is crucial to monitor compensatory strategies closely to avoid shoulder and elbow injuries among these pitchers.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"783-791"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569518/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Adaptation of the Coracohumeral Space and Subscapularis Tendon in Professional Baseball Pitchers.","authors":"Matthew R Schofield, Ryan W Paul, Paul Buchheit, Joseph Rauch, Stephen J Thomas","doi":"10.1177/19417381241270359","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241270359","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pitchers frequently experience anterior shoulder pain, possibly associated with coracohumeral impingement; however, whether the coracohumeral distance (CHD) and/or subscapularis tendon adapt chronically (bilateral difference) due to pitching, and whether clinical measures are associated with CHD and subscapularis tendon organization have not been evaluated in professional pitchers.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>The authors hypothesized that dominant arm CHD would be smaller than the nondominant arm, dominant subscapularis tendon would have increased spatial frequency (ie, be more disorganized), and humeral retroversion (HR) would predict CHD and subscapularis tendon organization.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Healthy professional baseball pitchers were recruited during their preseason physical examination. Bilateral diagnostic ultrasound measured CHD, HR, and posterior capsule thickness (PCT), and quantified subscapularis tendon organization. External rotation, neutral, and crossbody CHD was measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 52 healthy professional baseball pitchers participated. The dominant arm of pitchers demonstrated a significantly narrower CHD in all 3 positions (<i>P</i> < 0.01), increased scapular protraction (163 vs 156 mm; <i>P</i> < 0.01), and increased spatial frequency of the subscapularis tendon (1.8 vs 1.6 peaks/mm; <i>P</i> < 0.01). HR was associated with CHD in 30° of external rotation (<i>R</i>² = 0.12; <i>P</i> < 0.01), neutral rotation (<i>R</i>² = 0.11; <i>P</i> < 0.01), and the crossbody position (<i>R</i>² = 0.28; <i>P</i> < 0.01). PCT was associated with CHD in 30° of external rotation (<i>R</i>² = 0.16; <i>P</i> = 0.05). HR and CHD in 30° of external rotation was associated most strongly with subscapularis tendon organization (<i>R</i>² = 0.11; <i>P</i> = 0.03).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The dominant shoulder of professional pitchers presents with a smaller CHD, more scapular protraction, and more subscapularis tendon disorganization than the nondominant shoulder.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Professional pitchers demonstrate chronic CHD and subscapularis tendon adaptations, which may increase their risk for anterior shoulder pain and subscapularis tendon injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"752-758"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141977176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}