Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach最新文献

{"title":"Associations of Sport Participation and Training Volume With Overuse Injuries in Japanese Male Youth Soccer Players: Implications for Early Sport Specialization.","authors":"Naoto Nakaichi, Dai Sugimoto, Daisuke Numa, Ryosuke Kotani, Hayato Nakamura, Kei Akiyama, Norikazu Hirose","doi":"10.1177/19417381241275658","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241275658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sport specialization is associated with increased risk of overuse injuries. However, the effects of sport specialization on the risk of overuse injury may differ by specific sport and sociocultural parameters. This study aimed to determine the associations of sport participation and training volume with previous overuse injuries in Japanese male youth soccer players.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Being highly specialized before the age of 12 years and high training volume relative to participant age would be associated with a history of serious overuse injury.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Survey data were collected from male youth soccer players (seventh-ninth grade) during midseason of the 2020-2021 academic year. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding their status of sport participation (single- and multisport athletes), weekly sports volume in first- sixth grade and injury history in the previous year. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated to identify associations of specialization and training volume with a history of serious overuse injury.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 841 players (mean age, 13.7 ± 0.9 years) participated; 11% reported serious overuse injury in the previous year, and 64% participated in other sports before the age of 12 years. Players who participated in other sports at <12 years old (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.09-2.94; <i>P</i> = 0.02) and those who trained for more weekly hours than their age in fifth to sixth grade (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.07-2.72; <i>P</i> = 0.03) had greater odds of reporting serious overuse injuries.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Multisport athletes and high training volume in fifth-sixth grade were associated with previous serious overuse injuries.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Coaches and parents of male youth soccer players should be aware of the increased risk of serious overuse injury participating in multiple sports simultaneously, and youth athletes should adhere to age-appropriate volume recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"744-751"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569542/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimal Detectable Change Scores and Factors Associated With Dynamic Exertion Test (EXiT) Performance After Sport-Related Concussion.","authors":"Dean Gomes, Aaron Sinnott, Aaron J Zynda, Victoria L Kochick, Sarah Ostop, Alicia M Trbovich, Abigail Feder, Michael W Collins, Anthony P Kontos","doi":"10.1177/19417381241298284","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241298284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Factors associated with performance outside of a normative range on dynamic exertion test (EXiT) after sport-related concussion (SRC) remain unknown. This study examined the role of demographic and medical history factors on performance using minimal detectable change (MDC) cutoff scores in athletes being cleared to return to sport (RTS) from SRC.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Older age, being female, and body mass index (BMI) ≥50th percentile would be associated with worse EXiT performance and with increased likelihood of falling outside the normative MDC score range.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Demographic factors, physiological metrics, performance metrics, symptoms, and ratings of perceived exertion were collected from 55 participants (age, 16.5 ± 2.3 years, 31.5% female) initially evaluated within 14 days of SRC who completed EXiT at medical clearance for RTS. Chi-square analyses, logistic and ordinal regressions, and 1-way analyses of variance examined factors associated with EXiT performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most participants fell within the MDC score range on aerobic (71.2-100%), dynamic (75.8-100%), and change-of-direction (36.5-98.0%) tasks, and symptoms (96.2-100%). Older age was associated with better performance on Box Drill Shuffle (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and lower heart rate (HR) outcomes after Ball Toss (<i>P</i> = 0.04), Box Drill Shuffle (<i>P</i> < 0.01), Box Drill Carioca (<i>P</i> = 0.04), and Pro Agility (<i>P</i> < 0.01). Greater BMI was associated with higher HR_%max after Ball Toss (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and worse posttreadmill aerobic performance (<i>P</i> < 0.01). Motion sickness history was associated with longer Zig Zag completion time (<i>P</i> = 0.036).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Most athletes presenting for clearance from concussion performed within MDC score ranges on EXiT metrics.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>EXiT is accurate and effective in assessing response to dynamic exertion after SRC, and MDC scores can inform RTS decisions. Clinicians should consider age, BMI, and history of motion sickness when assessing EXiT performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"678-688"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11653372/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142848054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Repetitive Pitching on the Control of Lower Extremity Joints and Center of Mass in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers.","authors":"Shiu-Min Wang, Tsun-Shun Huang, Szu-Hua Chen, Yuh-Renn Wu, Wei-Li Hsu","doi":"10.1177/19417381241273264","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241273264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Repetitive motion can alter joint angles and subsequently affect the control of the center of mass (CoM). While the CoM has been studied as a fatigue indicator in various sports, the control of the whole-body CoM during repetitive pitching in baseball pitchers has not been examined. This study aimed to investigate changes in lower-extremity joint angles and CoM control in collegiate baseball pitchers after repetitive pitching.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Baseball pitchers would exhibit significant increase in lower-extremity flexion angles, CoM position, and CoM variability after repetitive pitching.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Descriptive laboratory study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 23 pitchers from the Collegiate Baseball League were recruited. A motion analysis system was employed to assess lower-extremity joint angles and CoM position during the simulated game, while pitching accuracy and velocity were also recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed a significant forward and downward shift in CoM position (<i>P</i> < 0.05), along with increased CoM variability in all directions (<i>P</i> < 0.05) after the simulated game. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in flexion angles of the knee and hip (<i>P</i> < 0.05); however, pitching velocity and accuracy did not demonstrate significant changes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Repetitive pitching leads to kinematic changes that should be monitored to prevent sports injuries.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Baseball pitchers have the ability to modify the control of their CoM and angles of their lower-extremity joints to sustain their pitching performance. It is crucial to monitor compensatory strategies closely to avoid shoulder and elbow injuries among these pitchers.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"783-791"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569518/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Adaptation of the Coracohumeral Space and Subscapularis Tendon in Professional Baseball Pitchers.","authors":"Matthew R Schofield, Ryan W Paul, Paul Buchheit, Joseph Rauch, Stephen J Thomas","doi":"10.1177/19417381241270359","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241270359","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pitchers frequently experience anterior shoulder pain, possibly associated with coracohumeral impingement; however, whether the coracohumeral distance (CHD) and/or subscapularis tendon adapt chronically (bilateral difference) due to pitching, and whether clinical measures are associated with CHD and subscapularis tendon organization have not been evaluated in professional pitchers.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>The authors hypothesized that dominant arm CHD would be smaller than the nondominant arm, dominant subscapularis tendon would have increased spatial frequency (ie, be more disorganized), and humeral retroversion (HR) would predict CHD and subscapularis tendon organization.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Healthy professional baseball pitchers were recruited during their preseason physical examination. Bilateral diagnostic ultrasound measured CHD, HR, and posterior capsule thickness (PCT), and quantified subscapularis tendon organization. External rotation, neutral, and crossbody CHD was measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 52 healthy professional baseball pitchers participated. The dominant arm of pitchers demonstrated a significantly narrower CHD in all 3 positions (<i>P</i> < 0.01), increased scapular protraction (163 vs 156 mm; <i>P</i> < 0.01), and increased spatial frequency of the subscapularis tendon (1.8 vs 1.6 peaks/mm; <i>P</i> < 0.01). HR was associated with CHD in 30° of external rotation (<i>R</i>² = 0.12; <i>P</i> < 0.01), neutral rotation (<i>R</i>² = 0.11; <i>P</i> < 0.01), and the crossbody position (<i>R</i>² = 0.28; <i>P</i> < 0.01). PCT was associated with CHD in 30° of external rotation (<i>R</i>² = 0.16; <i>P</i> = 0.05). HR and CHD in 30° of external rotation was associated most strongly with subscapularis tendon organization (<i>R</i>² = 0.11; <i>P</i> = 0.03).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The dominant shoulder of professional pitchers presents with a smaller CHD, more scapular protraction, and more subscapularis tendon disorganization than the nondominant shoulder.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Professional pitchers demonstrate chronic CHD and subscapularis tendon adaptations, which may increase their risk for anterior shoulder pain and subscapularis tendon injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"752-758"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141977176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concussion Assessment and Management Self-efficacy Among Irish Clinicians.","authors":"Anna P Postawa, Siobhán O'Connor, Enda F Whyte","doi":"10.1177/19417381241287209","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241287209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study explored concussion assessment and management self-efficacy and practices of allied healthcare professionals in Ireland.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>(1) Self-efficacy levels and practices vary across different concussion assessment and management skills, (2) the ability to practice skills impacts self-efficacy most.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Survey of allied healthcare professionals (285 responders), investigating (1) demographics, (2) concussion assessment (immediate and office) and management (postconcussion advice and management/rehabilitation) self-efficacy levels and practices, and (3) factors affecting self-efficacy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Levels of self-efficacy among clinicians were 64.5 ± 26.6 (immediate assessment) and 56.6 ± 25.4 (postconcussion advice) (highest scores: concussion symptom checklist [80 ± 28.4], physical rest advice [80.1 ± 27.8]; lowest: Child Sport Concussion Assessment Tool [44.6 ± 41.2] and nutrition advice [34.1 ± 33.7]). Overall levels of self-efficacy among Certified Athletic Therapists and Chartered Physiotherapists were 51.5 ± 20.1 (assessment) and 62.1 ± 20.9 (management) (highest scores: history/clinical evaluation nonspecific to concussion [86.6 ± 16.2], physical rest advice [86.3 ± 20]; lowest: paper/pencil neuropsychological test [16.7 ± 28.6], advice on medication use [39.2 ± 35]). A strong positive correlation was observed between clinician self-efficacy and frequency of use of overall (<i>r</i> = 0.795; <i>P</i> < 0.01) and immediate (<i>r</i> = 0.728; <i>P</i> < 0.01) assessment, advice (<i>r</i> = 0.805; <i>P</i> < 0.01), and management (<i>r</i> = 0.812; <i>P</i> < 0.01) skills. Factors with greatest positive impact on clinician self-efficacy were the ability to practice skills during clinical placement (3.3 ± 0.9) and remaining emotionally (3.3 ± 0.8) and physically (3.3 ± 0.8) calm while practicing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Clinicians in Ireland had moderate self-efficacy in concussion care. Those who used concussion-relevant skills frequently in practice displayed higher self-efficacy for those skills.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Concussion-related self-efficacy can be enhanced through practice in a clinical environment and through experiencing composure while practicing.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"710-722"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making Sense of Topical Pain Relief Options: Comparing Topical Analgesics in Efficacy and Safety.","authors":"Andrew Clark Smith, M Seth Smith, Ryan P Roach, Bryan R Prine, Michael W Moser, Kevin W Farmer, James R Clugston","doi":"10.1177/19417381241280593","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241280593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>In patients with musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions, pain is the leading contributor to disability and significantly limits mobility and dexterity. This narrative review describes the efficacy and safety of topical analgesics in common use today.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>Secondary literature gained via a literature search using PubMed.gov and the Cochrane library were used.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Recent literature (2000-2023) on several major classes of topical analgesics and topical delivery systems were reviewed to provide strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT) levels. A total of 86 articles were reviewed.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cabbage leaf wraps (CLW) appear to be best suited for multiple types of acute MSK pain, and topical nitroglycerin is helpful when used specifically for rotator cuff pain in patients seeking relief while performing activities of daily living and willing to treat for long periods of time. For compounded topical formulations, it may be better to offer single agent creams based on patient preferences. Little data support the use of cryotherapy. Traumeel could be a promising natural analgesic that compares with diclofenac. Topical lidocaine appears best suited for postherpetic neuropathic pain. O24 is a reasonable alternative with a low risk profile to treat pain in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Choice of topical agents should be guided by current evidence accounting for type of pain, medication side effects, patient comorbidities, as well as patient preference, convenience, and cost.Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT):Of the topical analgesics and modalities reviewed, SORT level A evidence was found for topical NSAID use in decreasing MSK pain, topical lidocaine for postherpetic neuralgia, and nitroglycerin patches for treating rotator cuff pain if used for prolonged periods of time. Alternative treatments such as CLW and Traumeel show promising results (SORT level B).</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"843-852"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556579/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Percutaneous Needle Tenotomy for Tendinopathies: Response.","authors":"Logan Maag, Susan Linder, Loren Hackett, Matthew Mitchkash, Tyler Farley, Duncan Lamar, Nolan Fisher, Ben Burnham","doi":"10.1177/19417381251346155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381251346155","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":"17 4","pages":"872"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144337262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Drive Leg Impulse and Slope on Throwing Velocity and Kinematics in the Competitive Throwing Athlete.","authors":"Mark A Glover, Joseph A Mylott, Arlen Gaba, Andrew J Recker, Garrett S Bullock, Brian R Waterman, Kristen F Nicholson","doi":"10.1177/19417381241264502","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241264502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Multiple studies have analyzed pitching kinematics using motion analysis technology, but lower extremity drive leg impulse (DLI) and drive leg slope (DLS) are not as well characterized. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between DLI and DLS and pitch velocity as well as angular velocity of the pelvis, trunk, and humerus.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Increased DLI and DLS will be correlated positively with pitch velocity and associated with increased angular velocities in the humerus, trunk, and pelvis.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective case series.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three-dimensional motion analyses data from 174 pitchers (age, 17.0 ± 1.0 years; height, 1.82 ± 0.07 m; weight, 80.0 ± 11.3 kg) throwing combined 613 fastball pitches were included. Pitchers threw 2 to 5 pitches, and the variables collected between pitches were averaged and recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regressions to determine the association between DLS as well as DLI and pitch velocity and angular velocities of the pelvis, trunk, and humerus.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pitchers with higher DLI were associated with lower pitch velocities (β = -22.32; 95% CI, -32.75 to -11.88, <i>P</i> < 0.01). There were no significant associations for DLS and velocity (β = -0.60; 95% CI, -1.48 to 0.29, <i>P</i> = 0.18) or DLS and DLI with rotational velocities except for DLI and trunk kinematics (β = -0.60; 95% CI, -1.48 to 0.29, <i>P</i> = 0.18).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the combined cohort, DLI correlated negatively with pitch velocity, although this relationship does not exist in the subgroup analysis. Higher DLS was found in pitchers with slower pitch velocities in the elite, high school, and youth groups, although not statistically significant. No associations were found with DLS and any angular velocities between any level of play analyzed in this study, suggesting no consistent association regardless of playing level.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"862-869"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Angle-Specific Analysis of Isokinetic Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength at 6 and 12 Months After Unilateral ACL Reconstruction.","authors":"Huijuan Shi, Hongshi Huang, Hanjun Li, Yuanyuan Yu, Shuang Ren, Hui Liu, Yingfang Ao","doi":"10.1177/19417381241264493","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241264493","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Quadriceps and hamstring strength deficits are related to the increased risk of reinjury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR).</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Knee angle-specific quadriceps and hamstring strength differences would be observed in patients with ACLR 6 and 12 months after surgery.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Case-series.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 23 postprimary unilateral ACLR patients followed-up at 6 and 12 months postoperatively and 25 controls were included. Isokinetic knee extension and flexion strength were evaluated at 60 deg/s from 20° to 90°. Statistical parametric mapping were performed to explore the angle-specific strength and the limb symmetry index (LSI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At 6 months postoperatively, the reconstructed leg demonstrated lower knee extension and flexion strength than the contralateral (20°-77°, 24°-90°) (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and control legs (22°-90°, 40°-82°) (<i>P</i> < 0.01). From 6 months to 12 months, knee extension (60°-90°) and flexion (20°-79°) strength improved in the reconstructed leg (<i>P</i> < 0.05), while LSI remained unchanged (<i>P</i> > 0.02). At 12 months, knee extension strength differences persisted in the reconstructed leg compared with the contralateral (20°-81°) and controls (25°-63°) (<i>P</i> < 0.01). ACLR patients had lower LSI of knee extension strength at 6 (20°-59°) and 12 (24°-57°) months postoperatively than the controls (<i>P</i> < 0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The reconstructed leg exhibited differences in knee extension strength compared with the contralateral and control legs. Although bilateral knee extension strength increased from 6 to 12 months postoperatively, LSI did not show improvement during this period.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Quadriceps restoration was observed only in knee flexion angles greater than 60° compared with controls. Future studies should investigate whether knee extension strength, especially in lower flexion angles, can be enhanced through rehabilitation programs. Furthermore, assessing the impact of this improvement on long-term outcomes and reinjury risk in ACLR patients is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"792-803"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569700/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141898914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Incidence of Head Trauma in Australian Mixed Martial Arts: A Retrospective Analysis of Fight Outcomes.","authors":"Daniel A Brown, Garret Gross","doi":"10.1177/19417381241263332","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241263332","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mixed martial arts (MMA) is experiencing a surge in popularity in Australia. Previous research has suggested knockout (KO) and technical knockout (TKO) are frequent outcomes during competition, raising concern about the brain health of athletes. This study aims to describe fight outcomes in Australian MMA and to explore differences in fight-ending outcomes between male and female athletes, amateur and professional competition, and different weight classes.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>There is no difference in the incidence of KO/TKO between level of competition, sex, and weight class.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Descriptive epidemiology study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective analysis of 143 Australian MMA events from 2020 to 2023 was conducted using video replay to assess fight outcomes between sex and level of competition. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine relationships between weight class and KO/TKO fight outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Male competition (34%) had a significantly greater number of KO/TKO secondary to head strikes fight outcomes compared with female competition (23%) (<i>P</i> = 0.01). The KO/TKO rate secondary to head strikes for amateur and professional male competition was 16.6 and 18.7 per 100 athlete-exposures (AEs), respectively. The amateur and professional female rate was 12.6 and 7.4 per 100 AEs, respectively. Amateur male light heavyweight and heavyweight, and professional male heavyweight were at greater odds of a KO or TKO compared with other weight classes in their equivalent level of competition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a sex and professional level disparity in the incidence of fight-ending head trauma in Australian MMA. The study findings highlight the urgent need for targeted safety protocols and medical oversight, particularly for men in heavier weight classes.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This study highlights the need for enhanced safety protocols and medical oversight in Australian MMA, particularly for male athletes in heavier weight divisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"689-696"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569551/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141879783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}