Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach最新文献

{"title":"A Novel Approach for Monitoring Training Load and Wellness in Women's College Gymnastics.","authors":"Olivia Leupold, Jennifer Cheng, Audrey Wimberly, Joseph Nguyen, David Tilley, Tim J Gabbett, Ellen Casey","doi":"10.1177/19417381241296855","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241296855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Monitoring training load has the potential to improve sport performance and reduce injuries in athletes. This study examined training load and its association with wellness in artistic gymnastics.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>Training load and changes in training load (acute:chronic workload ratio [ACWR]) vary throughout 1 season; wellness is inversely correlated with training load and ACWR.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective case series.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 30 female collegiate gymnasts from 4 Division I National Collegiate Athletic Association teams participated (mean age, 20 ± 2 years). During 4 months, before daily training, wellness surveys assessed sleep, energy, soreness, and mood (1-10; higher = better). After daily training, training load surveys assessed training duration per event (warm-up, vault, bars, beam, floor, strength and conditioning) and session rating of perceived exertion (RPE; 1-10; 10 = hardest) per event. Coaches reported technical complexity of training per event (1-4; 4 = hardest). Training load was calculated as [duration] × [RPE] × [technical complexity]. ACWR represented a ratio between acute [1-week] and chronic [4-week rolling average] training loads.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ACWR and weekly training load fluctuated throughout the season (ACWR mean weekly range: 0.68-1.11; training load mean weekly range: 2073-6193 arbitrary units). ACWR and weekly training loads were trichotomized into low, medium, and high groups; positive correlations were observed between each wellness variable and ACWR (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and between each wellness variable and weekly training load (<i>P</i> < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our novel training load monitoring framework for women's college gymnastics enabled us to characterize training load and its relationship with wellness throughout 1 season. This method should be explored in gymnasts across various ages and competitive levels.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This study proposes a framework and the initial findings of monitoring training load and wellness in collegiate women's gymnastics.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"88-103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11590090/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the Gap Between Training and Competition in Elite Rink Hockey: A Pilot Study.","authors":"António Ferraz, Enrique Alonso Pérez-Chao, João Ribeiro, Konstantinos Spyrou, Tomás T Freitas, João Valente-Dos-Santos, Pedro Duarte-Mendes, Pedro E Alcaraz, Bruno Travassos","doi":"10.1177/19417381241273219","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241273219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Monitoring training load and competition load is crucial for evaluating and improving athlete performance. This study proposes an applied approach to characterize and classify the training task specificity in relation to competition in a top-level rink hockey team, considering external and internal load from training tasks and competition.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Training tasks and game demands have significant dose-response differences, and exercises can be classified successfully based on their physiological and biomechanical demands.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 5.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten elite-level male rink hockey players participated in this study. Players were monitored on 6 different task categories during 8 training sessions and 2 official games. A linear mixed model with random intercepts was used to compare training tasks and competition load, accounting for individual repeated measures. A 2-step cluster analysis was performed to classify the training tasks and games based on physiological and biomechanical load, employing log-likelihood as the distance measure and Schwartz's Bayesian criterion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Average heartrate, maximum heartrate, and high-speed skating (18.1-30 km/h) were the best physiological load predictors, while the most effective biomechanical load predictors were impacts [8-10] g(n), decelerations [-10 to -3]m/s²(n), and accelerations [3-10]m/s²(n). Different physiological and biomechanical responses were verified between training tasks and match demands. A 4-quadrant efforts assessment for each task category revealed that training tasks used by the team in the analysis presented lower biomechanical and physiological load demands than competition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Training tasks failed to adequately replicate the specific demands of competition, especially regarding high mechanical stress, such as the absence of high-intensity impacts and decelerations.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This method of classification of training tasks may allow coaches to understand further the specificity and contribution of each task to competition demands, consequently improving the capacity of load management and the preparedness and readiness of players for competition.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"57-65"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Intensity Accelerations and Decelerations During Intercounty Camogie Match Play.","authors":"John D Duggan, Paul J Byrne, Shane Malone, Stephen-Mark Cooper, Jeremy Moody","doi":"10.1177/19417381241276016","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241276016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to compare acceleration and deceleration demands of intercounty Camogie players, and differences across playing positions and halves of play.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>The middle 3 positions will have greatest accelerations and decelerations variables across match play and halves of play.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Nonrandomized, repeated measures design.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Global positioning systems (GPS) (10 Hz) collected data from 28 participants during 18 competitive matches across 2 seasons; 206 individual player datasets were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Half-backs (<i>P</i> < 0.05; effect size [ES], -1.75) and midfielders (<i>P</i> < 0.05; ES, -1.68) covered significantly greater total number of accelerations than full-forwards. In acceleration zone 4, midfielders (<i>P</i> < 0.05; ES, = -1.67) and half forwards covered a significantly greater number than full-forwards (<i>P</i> < 0.01; ES, = -1.41). Midfielders accumulated a significantly greater distance in acceleration zone 4 than full-backs (<i>P</i> < 0.05; ES, = -0.57). Significant decrements were observed between halves in total number of accelerations (<i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, = 0.49), accelerations in zones 1 to 4 (<i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, 0.16-0.43), total distance of accelerations, and acceleration distance in zones 2 to 4 (<i>P <</i> 0.05; ES, 0.25; <i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, 0.45; <i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, 0.38). There were significant decrements in the total number of decelerations (<i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, 0.43), number of decelerations in zones 2 (<i>P <</i> 0.05; ES, 0.25), 3 (<i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, 0.45), and 4 (<i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, 0.38), and total deceleration distance (<i>P <</i> 0.01; ES, 0.16).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Half-backs and midfielders covered significantly greater total number of accelerations than full-forwards. Significant decrements in several acceleration and deceleration variables were observed between halves.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Players competing in intercounty Camogie should receive progressive exposure to acceleration and deceleration-based movement demands to prepare players for intercounty Camogie match play.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"66-79"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569647/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Blood flow Restriction and Load on Mean Propulsive Velocity and Subjective Perceived Exertion During Squat and Bench Press Exercises.","authors":"Josep M Serrano-Ramón, Marco A García-Luna, Sergio Hernández-Sánchez, Juan M Cortell-Tormo, Miguel García-Jaén","doi":"10.1177/19417381241236808","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241236808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine the influence of different percentages of blood flow restriction (BFR) and loads on mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and subjective perceived exertion during squat (SQ) and bench press (BP) exercises.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Higher percentages of BFR will positively affect dependent variables, increasing MPV and reducing perceived exertion.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eight healthy young male athletes took part. Two sets of 6 repetitions at 70% 1-repetition maximum (1RM), 2 sets of 4 repetitions at 80% 1RM, and 2 sets of 2 repetitions at 90% 1RM were performed randomly; 5-minute recoveries were applied in all sets. The varying arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) applied randomly was 0% (Control [CON]), 80%, and 100%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No statistically significant differences in MPV were found during the BP exercise at any percentage of BFR at any percentage 1RM. During the SQ exercise, MPV results showed statistically significant increases of 5.46% (<i>P</i> = 0.04; <i>η</i>_p² = 0.31) between CON and 100% AOP at 90% 1RM. The perceived exertion results for the BP exercise showed statistically significant reductions of -8.66% (<i>P</i> < 0.01; <i>η</i>_p² = 0.06) between CON and 100% AOP at 90% 1RM. During the SQ exercise, the perceived exertion results showed significant reductions of -10.04% (<i>P</i> = 0.04; <i>η</i>_p² = 0.40) between CON and 100% AOP at 80% 1RM; -5.47% (<i>P</i> = 0.02; <i>η</i>_p² = 0.48) between CON and 80% AOP at 90% 1RM; and -11.83% (<i>P</i> < 0.01; <i>η</i>_p² = 0.66) between CON and 100% AOP at 90% 1RM.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>BFR percentages ~100% AOP at 90% 1RM improved acutely MPV (only in SQ exercises) and reduced acutely perceived exertion (in both exercises). These findings are important to consider when prescribing resistance training for healthy male athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"135-143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140307846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Training Model for Extended Career Athletes: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Toni Caparros","doi":"10.1177/19417381241285870","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241285870","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Today's elite and professional sports tend to feature older, more seasoned athletes, who have longer sporting careers. As advancing age can potentially limit peak performance, balancing training load is necessary to maintain an optimal state of performance and extend their sports career.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe an appropriate training model for extended career athletes.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Medline (PubMed), SPORTDiscus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>A search of the literature between January 1, 2015 and November 22, 2023 was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Narrative review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>Data were extracted from studies related to the management of training and performance of athletes with extended and long careers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 21 articles related to extended careers were found. Key themes from these papers included: expertise, biological maturation, and specificity; epidemiology and health; athlete monitoring; strength training; load management and detraining; success management.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A training model for extended career athletes should balance the deleterious effects of age with the athletes' knowledge of, and expertise within, the sport. Designing specific training that accommodates previous injuries, training load intolerances, and caters for quality of life after retirement should be key considerations. Load management strategies for athletes with extended careers should include strength training adaptations to minimize pain, load-response monitoring, a broad range of movement, recovery and intensity activities, and the avoidance of large training load peaks and periods of inactivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"164-174"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556553/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142395284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Changes in Hamstring Injury Risk Factors After a Session of High-Volume Maximal Sprinting Speed Efforts in Soccer Players.","authors":"Gerard Carmona, Lia Moreno-Simonet, Pedro Luís Cosio, Andrea Astrella, Daniel Fernández, Xavier Padullés, Joan Aureli Cadefau, Josep Maria Padullés, Jurdan Mendiguchia","doi":"10.1177/19417381241283814","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241283814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Maximal sprinting speed (MSS) overexposure is associated with increased risk of injury. This study aimed to describe changes in sprint performance-related factors and hamstring strain injury (HSI) risk factors after a high-volume sprinting session in soccer players.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>A high-volume sprinting session can induce acute changes in several sprint performance-related factors (sprint time and mechanical properties) and HSI risk factors (posterior chain muscle strength, hamstring range of motion, and dynamic lumbo-pelvic control [LPC], measured as changes in anterior pelvic tilt [APT] during maximal speed sprinting).</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective observational case series.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen active male amateur soccer players participated. Changes in sprint performance-related factors and HSI risk factors were examined for 72 hours after high-volume MSS efforts (H-VMSSE) using a soccer-contextualized multifactorial approach. Muscle damage proxy markers (hamstring perceived soreness and creatine kinase) were also examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>H-VMSSE induced decrements in sprint performance-related factors. Significant reductions in theoretical maximal horizontal velocity (<i>P</i> < 0.01; effect size [ES], -0.71) and performance (<i>P</i> = 0.02; ES, -0.59) were observed for 48 and 72 hours after H-VMSSE. Small but significant reductions in posterior chain muscle force-generating capacity were detected for 48 and 72 hours after H-VMSSE for the nondominant (<i>P</i> < 0.03; ES, -0.60) and dominant (<i>P</i> < 0.04; ES, -0.40) leg. Finally, players exhibited persistent small, albeit nonsignificant (<i>P</i> = 0.06; ES, 0.53), decreases in dynamic LPC (APT increases) for 72 hours after H-VMSSE.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>H-VMSSE induced declines in both sprint performance-related factors and HSI risk factors. Sprinting can alter a player's anatomic structure by increasing APT during the maximum speed phase of the sprint.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>A soccer-contextualized multifactorial approach might allow for the regulation of MSS dosage depending on individual HSI risk factor status, thereby serving as a tailored \"vaccine\" for sprinting needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"15-26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142382426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Could Motor Imagery Training Provide a Novel Load Management Solution for Athletes? Recommendations for Sport Medicine and Performance Practitioners.","authors":"Dominic G McNeil, Riki S Lindsay, Ryan Worn, Michael Spittle, Tim J Gabbett","doi":"10.1177/19417381241297161","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241297161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Athletes often face the dual challenge of high training loads with insufficient time to recover. Equally, in any team, sports medicine and performance staff are required to progress training loads in healthy athletes and avoid prolonged reductions in training load in injured athletes. In both cases, the implementation of a well-established psychological technique known as motor imagery (MI) can be used to counteract adverse training adaptations such as excessive fatigue, reduced capacity, diminished performance, and heightened injury susceptibility.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Narrative overview.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 5.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MI has been shown to enhance performance outcomes in a range of contexts including rehabilitation, skill acquisition, return-to-sport protocols, and strength and conditioning. Specific performance outcomes include reduction of strength loss and muscular atrophy, improved training engagement of injured and/or rehabilitating athletes, promotion of recovery, and development of sport-specific skills/game tactics. To achieve improvements in such outcomes, it is recommended that practitioners consider the following factors when implementing MI: individual skill level (ie, more time may be required for novices to obtain benefits), MI ability (ie, athletes with greater capacity to create vivid and controllable mental images of their performance will likely benefit more from MI training), and the perspective employed (ie, an internal perspective may be more beneficial for increasing neurophysiological activity whereas an external perspective may be better for practicing technique-focused movements).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We provide practical recommendations grounded in established frameworks on how MI can be used to reduce strength loss and fear of reinjury in athletes with acute injury, improve physical qualities in rehabilitating athletes, reduce physical loads in overtrained athletes, and to develop tactical and technical skills in healthy athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"156-163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11584998/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142689760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Training Load Monitoring in Elite Youth Women's Artistic Gymnasts: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Elisângela Gamarano de Freitas, Paula Barreiros Debien, Cristiano Diniz da Silva, Paulo Daniel Sabino Carrara, Maurício Gattás Bara Filho","doi":"10.1177/19417381241263342","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241263342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Women's artistic gymnastics (WAG) is a complex aesthetic sport in which athletes start at a young age and are exposed to high loads during their careers. Little is known about the external and internal training load characteristics among elite young gymnasts.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>High training loads, with variations over the weeks, are expected. There is a relationship between external and internal load variables.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cohort study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seven elite-level Brazilian youth artistic gymnasts (age, 11.3 ± 0.4 years; mass, 33.0 ± 7.0 kg; height, 137.7 ± 10.6 cm; experience, 4.0 ± 1.2 years) participated in this study. Five nonconsecutive microcycles were monitored. Both external and internal training loads were quantified by counting the number of elements in video recordings of training sessions and by the session rating of perceived exertion method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 168 individual training sessions were monitored. The microcycle that succeeded the main competition showed a significantly lower training load than ≥3 of the other 4 microcycles for all training load variables, except for vault elements, of which microcycle 4 was inferior only to the microcycle before the competition. Significant correlations were found between weekly internal training load and the total of elements and elements performed on uneven bars.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Youth women's artistic gymnasts present fluctuations in external and internal training load variables over the weeks close to a major competition. Training load management in this sport must consider the specificity of each apparatus, as they have different demands and training load behaviors.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>A better comprehension of external and internal training loads in youth WAG and its apparatuses can benefit coaches and support staff and provide more information to overcome the challenge of training load management in gymnastics.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"80-87"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569666/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the External Workload on Calf Muscle Strain Injuries in Professional Football Players: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Aitor Soler, Fidel Agulló, Jose Hernández-Davó, Javier Raya-González, Juan Del Coso, Joaquín González-Ródenas, Víctor Moreno-Pérez","doi":"10.1177/19417381241247754","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241247754","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The influence of external workload variables on the development of calf muscle strainsin football players has not been previously explored.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Overloaded players would have an increased risk of calf muscle strain injury.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective observational study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 41 professional football players from 1 team were monitored for 2 consecutive seasons. Total distance covered (TD), and distances covered at high-intensity running, high sprint running, low (LACC) and high (HACC) acceleration, low (LDEC) and high (HDEC) deceleration, and at high metabolic load distance (HMLD) were monitored with GPS units. Accumulated players' external workload in the week before injury was compared with the weekly mean value of the 6 weeks before injury occurred for each player.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten players (24.3%) suffered 16 calf muscle strain injuries (3.1 injuries per 1000 hours of match play; 0.5 injuries per 1000 hours of training exposure). Players with a calf muscle injury were older (<i>p</i> = 0.03), with higher body weight (<i>p</i> = 0.01) and height (<i>p</i> = 0.03). Injured players displayed substantially higher total training volume (<i>p</i> < 0.01), TD (<i>p</i> < 0.01), LACC (<i>p</i> < 0.01), LDEC (<i>p</i> < 0.01), HACC (<i>p</i> < 0.01), HDEC (<i>p</i> < 0.01), and HMLD (<i>p</i> = 0.03) in the week before injury, in comparison with the mean values of these variables in the 6 weeks before injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A week with a higher-than-habitual external workload might increase the risk of calf muscle strain injury in professional football players. Calf muscle injuries were preceded by a week with unusually high workloads associated with accelerating and decelerating distances and higher training volumes.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Monitoring external workload indicators may be helpful in determine players with a higher risk of calf muscle strain injury due to excessive workload during training/competition.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"175-182"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569535/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140856690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small-Sided-Game-Induced Mechanical Load in Adolescent Soccer: The Need for Care and Consideration for Athlete Preservation.","authors":"Jamie Salter","doi":"10.1177/19417381241296063","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241296063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>The logistical efficiency and flexibility of small-sided games (SSG) to develop various soccer-specific attributes simultaneously make them a staple component of contemporary training programs in youth soccer. Their high ecological validity and consequential high utilization mean that if not considerately prescribed, players may be exposed to frequent repetitive mechanical stress that may induce maladaptation in skeletally and/or load-naïve or sensitive athletes. The purpose of this clinical review is to summarize mechanical load adaptations associated with the manipulation of area per player in SSG to outline the mechanistic pathway of load-related injuries in skeletally maturing athletes and to offer practical guidelines for coaches for the preservation of athlete health.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>A nonsystematic search of computerized databases of peer-reviewed articles in English between 2010 and the present was used, and a critical appraisal of existing literature was subsequently conducted.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Clinical review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The temporary relative strength deficit and inefficiency of the musculotendinous system associated with accelerated growth increase the mechanical cost of activity. As a result, the load tolerance (ie, tolerant, naïve, or sensitive) of athletes is transiently reduced as the musculoskeletal system struggles to attenuate force absorption adequately. Repeated exposure to submaximal mechanical loads that stimulate the accumulation of \"microdamage\" in structural tissue may lead to aggravation and/or tissue failure at connective sites in skeletally fragile athletes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Coaches and practitioners need to individualize exposure to mechanical load for load-tolerant, naïve, and sensitive athletes during adolescence. Subtle changes to SSG prescription including modifying the area per player, inclusion of goalkeepers, constrained floaters, and management of work; rest ratios can offer practical and efficient methods to mitigate risk without derailing the development process. This, in turn, should contribute to reducing injury burden in this population and enhance developmental opportunities for young players.</p><p><strong>Strength of recommendation: </strong>A. Recommendation based on consistent and good-quality evidence published from 2010 onwards.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"39-45"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11584994/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142689761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}