Forest Ecosystems最新文献

{"title":"Microbial genomic traits and mineral protection jointly regulate the temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition in boreal forests","authors":"Xinyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenglong Lu ,&nbsp;Shuang Yin ,&nbsp;Xuesen Pang ,&nbsp;Yufan Liang ,&nbsp;Zhenghu Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition in high-latitude boreal forests exhibits heightened sensitivity to climate change. However, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying drivers governing soil microbial decomposition responses to warming in these ecosystems remains elusive, especially regarding the roles of mineral protection and microbial genomic traits. In this study, we examined the temperature sensitivity (<em>Q</em>₁₀) and minimum temperature (<em>T</em>_min) of soil microbial respiration across a latitudinal gradient in China's boreal forests. The potential regulators, including climatic factors, soil physicochemical properties, substrate quality, mineral protection, and microbial genomic traits, were also synchronously measured. The results showed a positive correlation between <em>Q</em>₁₀ and <em>T</em>_min, i.e., greater microbial adaptability to low temperatures is associated with lower microbial sensitivity to increasing temperatures. Boreal forest soil with stronger mineral protection exhibited a higher <em>Q</em>₁₀. In addition, microbial communities characterized by a higher abundance of coding genes demonstrated significantly lower <em>Q</em>₁₀ and reduced <em>T</em>_min. These results collectively highlight the pivotal roles of mineral protection and microbial genomic traits in shaping the biogeographic pattern of <em>Q</em>₁₀ across boreal forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100333"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bark beetle-induced salvage logging cycle is caused by weather patterns linked to the NAO and solar cycle in Central Europe","authors":"Václav Šimůnek ,&nbsp;Zdeněk Vacek ,&nbsp;Stanislav Vacek ,&nbsp;Michal Švanda ,&nbsp;Vilém Podrázský ,&nbsp;Jan Cukor ,&nbsp;Josef Gallo ,&nbsp;Petr Zahradník","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Central Europe has faced major disasters causing fluctuations in salvage logging. These events, driven by natural or human factors, have damaged forest. Climate change is a key factor that cyclically affects these patterns. These forest disasters cause billions in financial losses due to lower wood prices and quality, but their regular cycles are poorly understood. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of salvage logging in Austria, Czechia, and Slovakia. Analyses indicate an upward trend in bark beetle-induced logging over the past five decades, with a notable surge in salvage logging in recent years. Cyclical fluctuations linked to solar activity represented by total solar irradiance (TSI) have been observed across the data. Higher TSI reduces beetle-induced logging to 3%–5%, while lower TSI increases it to 17%–24% near the solar minimum. An increase to higher seasonal temperature and a decrease to low precipitation one year before leads to a peak in beetle-induced logging, caused by drought. Seasonal precipitation and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) have less impact, but higher precipitation is seen one year after the peak in bark-beetle logging. Droughts regularly occur one year before calamity peaks, confirmed by the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Harvests caused by wind and snow events have shorter cycles compared to the longer and more regular cycles of bark beetle-induced harvest. Common wavelet power spectrum analysis revealed a consistent 9- to 12-year cycle across all data sets. Solar cycle significantly impacts forest management through the NAO, precipitation, and temperature. The study suggests the potential for utilizing cyclical relationships in calamity prediction and more effective forest management in Central Europe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100328"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought limits tree growth more than greenness and reproduction: insights from five case studies in Spain","authors":"J. Julio Camarero ,&nbsp;Álvaro Rubio-Cuadrado ,&nbsp;Ester González de Andrés ,&nbsp;Cristina Valeriano ,&nbsp;Manuel Pizarro ,&nbsp;J. Bosco Imbert ,&nbsp;Yueh-Hsin Lo ,&nbsp;Juan A. Blanco","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Droughts impact forests by influencing various processes such as canopy greenness, tree growth, and reproduction, but most studies have only examined a few of these processes. More comprehensive assessments of forest responses to climate variability and water shortages are needed to improve forecasts of post-drought dynamics. Iberian forests are well-suited for evaluating these effects because they experience diverse climatic conditions and are dominated by various conifer and broadleaf species, many of which exhibit masting. We assessed how greenness, evaluated using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), tree radial growth, and seed or cone production responded to drought in five tree species (three conifers: silver fir (<em>Abies alba</em>), Scots pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em>), and stone pine (<em>Pinus pinea</em>); two broadleaves: European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em>) and holm oak (<em>Quercus ilex</em>) inhabiting sites with different aridity. We correlated these data with the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) using the climate window analysis (<em>climwin</em>) package, which identifies the most relevant climate window. Drought constrained growth more than greenness and seed or cone production. Dry conditions led to high seed or cone production in species found in cool, moist sites (silver fir, beech, and Scots pine). We also found negative associations of cone production with summer SPEI in the drought-tolerant stone pine, which showed lagged growth−cone negative correlations. However, in the seasonally dry holm oak forests, severe droughts constrained both growth and acorn production, leading to a positive correlation between these variables. Drought impacts on greenness, growth, seed, and cone production depended on species phenology and site aridity. A negative correlation between growth and reproduction does not necessarily indicate trade-offs, as both may be influenced by similar climatic factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100329"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Near real-time monitoring of carbon effects from continuous forest change in rapidly urbanizing region of China from 2000 to 2020","authors":"Dou Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaojing Tang ,&nbsp;Shuaizhi Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaolei Geng ,&nbsp;Zhaowu Yu ,&nbsp;Yujing Xie ,&nbsp;Si Peng ,&nbsp;Xiangrong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest carbon sinks are crucial for mitigating urban climate change. Their effectiveness depends on the balance between gross carbon losses and gains. However, quantitative and continuous monitoring of forest change/disturbance carbon fluxes is still insufficient. To address this gap, we integrated an improved spatial carbon bookkeeping (SBK) model with the continuous change detection and classification (CCDC) algorithm, long-term Landsat observations, and ground measurements to track carbon emissions, uptakes, and net changes from forest cover changes in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China from 2000 to 2020. The SBK model was refined by incorporating heterogeneous carbon response functions. Our results reveal that carbon emissions (−3.88 ​Tg ​C·year⁻¹) were four times greater than carbon uptakes (0.93 ​Tg ​C·year⁻¹) from forest cover changes in the YRD during 2000–2020, despite a net forest cover gain of 10.95 ​× ​10⁴ ​ha. These findings indicate that the carbon effect per hectare of forest cover loss is approximately 4.5 times that of forest cover gain. The asymmetric carbon effect suggests that forest cover change may act as a carbon source even with net-zero or net-positive forest cover change. Furthermore, carbon uptakes from forest gains in the YRD during 2000–2020 could only offset 0.28% of energy-related carbon emissions from 2000 to 2019. Urban and agricultural expansions accounted for 37% and 10% of carbon emissions, respectively, while the Grain for Green Project contributed to 45% of carbon uptakes. Our findings underscore the necessity of understanding the asymmetric carbon effects of forest cover loss and gain to accurately assess the capacity of forest carbon sinks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100327"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive optimisation of the management of Korean pine plantation","authors":"Qianping Tong ,&nbsp;Xingji Jin ,&nbsp;Timo Pukkala ,&nbsp;Lihu Dong ,&nbsp;Fengri Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest management planning faces uncertainties regarding future timber prices, tree growth, and survival. Future seed production is an additional source of uncertainty in Korean pine stands managed for the joint production of timber and edible seeds. Modern forest planning uses optimisation to determine the best possible cutting schedule. Optimisation can accommodate uncertainty by using decision rules for adaptive forest management instead of optimising cutting years and intensities. In this study, we optimised two adaptive decision rules for managing Korean pine plantations for the joint production of timber and pinecones when timber prices, tree growth, and seed production are stochastic. The first rule indicated the minimum price to sell timber, i.e., the reservation price, as a function of the mean tree diameter and stand basal area. The second adaptive rule expressed the mean tree diameter at which cutting is optimal as a function of timber price and stand basal area. Both decision rules resulted in nearly the same mean net present value when the optimised rule was applied to 100 stochastic scenarios for future timber prices, tree growth, and seed production. The net present values were over 20% higher than those for the deterministically optimised cutting schedules under the same scenarios. Therefore, the expected economic gain from switching from deterministic to adaptive stochastic optimisation was at least 20%. The cutting years of the adaptive optima were frequently later than those indicated by the deterministic optima, and optimal adaptive harvesting often involved waiting for high timber prices. The minimum price or minimum mean diameter to sell timber was higher when the income from seeds was considered in the optimisation. The cuttings were later, and the rotations were longer in the joint production of timber and pinecones than in timber production alone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term leaf nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics and drivers in China's forests under global change","authors":"Chenxi Li ,&nbsp;Honglin He ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Ren ,&nbsp;Liang Shi ,&nbsp;Li Zhang ,&nbsp;Qian Xu ,&nbsp;Mengyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yonghong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The leaf nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P) ratio (N:P) is a critical indicator of nutrient dynamics and ecosystem function. Investigating temporal variations in leaf N:P can provide valuable insights into how plants adapt to environmental changes and nutrient availability. However, limited research has been conducted on long-term temporal leaf N:P variation over a range of temperature zones. Using long-term monitoring data from the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN), we investigated temporal changes in leaf N and P stoichiometry for 50 dominant tree species from 10 typical forest sites across temperate and subtropical regions, and identified the underlying mechanisms driving these changes. For both regions combined, leaf P concentration of the 50 dominant tree species decreased (20.6%), whereas leaf N:P increased (52.0%) from 2005 to 2020. Leaf P decreased and leaf N:P increased in 67% and 69% of the tree species, respectively. The leaf N:P increase was primarily driven by the tree species in eastern subtropical forests, where global change factors and soil nutrients explained 68% of leaf N:P variation. The P limitation exhibited by tree species in eastern subtropical forest ecosystems intensified over time, and elevated temperature and CO₂ levels, coupled with decreased soil available P concentrations, appear to be the main factors driving long-term leaf N:P increases in these forests. Investigating long-term variations in soil nutrients together with global change factors will improve our understanding of the nutrient status of forest ecosystems in the context of global change and will support effective forest ecosystem management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100325"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endemic threatened tree species in the Mediterranean forests of central Chile are highly sensitive to ENSO-driven water availability and drought","authors":"Tania Gipoulou-Zúñiga ,&nbsp;Moisés Rojas-Badilla ,&nbsp;Carlos LeQuesne ,&nbsp;Vicente Rozas","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Mediterranean region in central Chile is experiencing a significant decrease in precipitation due to climate change and the dynamics of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Droughts have increased in recent decades, with the most severe and longest drought of the last millennium occurring since 2010 in central Chile. The impact of ongoing water scarcity is leading to significant drought-related declines in tree growth and forest dieback in the Mediterranean region. A deep understanding of how tree species respond to climate is crucial to accurately predict how forests will respond to climate change. We examined the growth responses to climate of three endemic and threatened tree species of the Mediterranean forests of central Chile, <em>Nothofagus macrocarpa</em>, <em>Cryptocarya alba</em> and <em>Persea lingue</em>, in a protected area. We observed that the growth of all three species was highly dependent on water availability and ENSO, and that the evergreen species <em>C</em>. <em>alba</em> and <em>P</em>. <em>lingue</em> increased their sensitivity to hydroclimate more than the deciduous species <em>N</em>. <em>macrocarpa</em>. These relationships were consistent across much of southern South America, highlighting the dependence of these species on water availability at large geographic scales. We found that there is a relationship between local water availability and ENSO that has intensified temporally and expanded geographically in recent decades. The xerophyllous species <em>C</em>. <em>alba</em> showed greater resistance and increasing resilience to severe droughts, while <em>P</em>. <em>lingue</em> and <em>N</em>. <em>macrocarpa</em> showed greater growth decline during droughts, possibly due to their preference for wetter environments. Our results highlight the crucial role of ENSO-driven water availability and drought in limiting tree growth and threatening the conservation of Mediterranean forests in central Chile.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100324"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear multilevel seemingly unrelated height-diameter and crown length mixed-effects models for the southern Transylvanian forests, Romania","authors":"Albert Ciceu ,&nbsp;Ştefan Leca ,&nbsp;Ovidiu Badea ,&nbsp;Lauri Mehtätalo","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we used an extensive sampling network established in central Romania to develop tree height and crown length models. Our analysis included more than 18,000 tree measurements from five different species. Instead of building univariate models for each response variable, we employed a multivariate approach using seemingly unrelated mixed-effects models. These models incorporated variables related to species mixture, tree and stand size, competition, and stand structure. With the inclusion of additional variables in the multivariate seemingly unrelated mixed-effects models, the accuracy of the height prediction models improved by over 10% for all species, whereas the improvement in the crown length models was considerably smaller. Our findings indicate that trees in mixed stands tend to have shorter heights but longer crowns than those in pure stands. We also observed that trees in homogeneous stand structures have shorter crown lengths than those in heterogeneous stands. By employing a multivariate mixed-effects modelling framework, we were able to perform cross-model random-effect predictions, leading to a significant increase in accuracy when both responses were used to calibrate the model. In contrast, the improvement in accuracy was marginal when only height was used for calibration. We demonstrate how multivariate mixed-effects models can be effectively used to develop multi-response allometric models that can be easily calibrated with a limited number of observations while simultaneously achieving better-aligned projections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100322"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in alpha diversity, community composition, and network complexity of rare, intermediate, and abundant bacterial taxa along a latitudinal gradient and their impact on ecosystem multifunctionality","authors":"Rong Tang ,&nbsp;Shuaifeng Li ,&nbsp;Xiaobo Huang ,&nbsp;Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Cong Li ,&nbsp;Jianrong Su","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF). However, the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions affect EMF remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated variation in three measures of diversity (alpha diversity, community composition and network complexity) among rare, intermediate, and abundant taxa across a latitudinal gradient spanning five forest plots in Yunnan Province, China and examined their contributions on EMF. We aimed to characterize the diversity distributions of bacterial groups across latitudes and to assess the differences in the mechanisms underlying their contributions to EMF. We found that multifaceted diversity (i.e., diversity assessed by the three different metrics) of rare, intermediate, and abundant bacteria generally decreased with increasing latitude. More importantly, we found that rare bacterial taxa tended to be more diverse, but they contributed less to EMF than intermediate or abundant bacteria. Among the three dimensions of diversity we assessed, only community composition significantly affected EMF across all locations, while alpha diversity had a negative effect, and network complexity showed no significant impact. Our study further emphasizes the importance of intermediate and abundant bacterial taxa as well as community composition to EMF and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanisms by which belowground microorganisms drive EMF along a latitudinal gradient.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100323"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating area, standing carbon stock, and potential carbon stock of degraded forests in China","authors":"Xingrong Yan ,&nbsp;Dongbo Xie ,&nbsp;Linyan Feng ,&nbsp;Chunyan Wu ,&nbsp;Ram P. Sharma ,&nbsp;Wenqiang Gao ,&nbsp;Xiaofang Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongchao Huang ,&nbsp;Zhibo Ma ,&nbsp;Qiao Chen ,&nbsp;Lifeng Pang ,&nbsp;Wenwen Wang ,&nbsp;Qiaolin Ye ,&nbsp;Shouzheng Tang ,&nbsp;Liyong Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid economic development and continuous expansion of human activities, forest degradation—characterized by reduced forest stock within the forest including declining carbon storage—poses significant threats to ecosystem stability. Understanding the current status of forest degradation and assessing potential carbon stocks in China are of strategic importance for making forest restoration efforts and enhancing carbon sequestration capacity. In this study, we used the national forest inventory data from 2009 to 2018 to develop a set of standard measures for assessing degraded forests across China, based on five key indicators: forest accumulation growth rate (FAGR), forest recruitment rate (FRR), tree species reduction rate (TSRR), forest canopy cover reduction rate (FCCRR), and forest disaster level (FDL). Additionally, we estimated standing carbon stock, potential carbon stock, and theoretical space to grow by developing a stand growth model, which accounts for stand density across different site classes, to evaluate the restoration potential of degraded forests. The results indicate that degraded forest area in China is 36.15 million hectares, accounting for 20.10% of a total forest area. Standing carbon stock and potential carbon stock of degraded forests in China are 23.93 million tons and 61.90 million tons, respectively. Overall, degraded forest varies significantly across different regions. The results highlight the important trade-offs among environmental factors, policy decisions, and forest conditions, providing a robust foundation for developing measures to enhance forest quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100321"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}