Environmental Development最新文献

{"title":"Diminishing influence of climate change as the dominant factor on vegetation dynamics of the Qilian Mountains","authors":"Li Yuchen ,&nbsp;Li Zongxing ,&nbsp;Liu Ronggao ,&nbsp;Xu Duanyang ,&nbsp;Tao Zexing ,&nbsp;Zhu Mengyao ,&nbsp;Wu Maowei","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vegetation dynamics in the Qilian Mountains (QLMs) are influenced by complex topography, climate variability, and human activities, yet the underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. This study assessed spatiotemporal vegetation trends using Theil-Sen trend analysis and the Hurst index across distinct subregions (eastern, central, western; mountain and valley areas). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze how climatic, anthropogenic, soil, and topographic factors shape spatial variation in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Residual analysis was used to quantify the relative contributions of climate change and human activities. The results showed that: (1) Since 2001, vegetation in the QLMs exhibited an overall improving trend (87.15 %), with localized degradation (2.66 %) mainly located in the eastern and central sections. (2) The spatial variation of NDVI in the QLMs is primarily driven by climatic factors, followed by human activities and topographic factors, with soil properties having the least impact. The pathways of these factors are similar across different regions, but their intensity varies significantly. As vegetation in most areas gradually adapts to climate change, the influence of climatic factors has weakened. (3) Climate change and human activities contributed 68.50 % and 31.50 % to interannual changes of vegetation, respectively. This study provided valuable insights for ecological protection and sustainable land management in the QLMs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101275"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emissions and reduction potential of greenhouse gas derived from facility cultivation production: Evidence from China","authors":"Yan Yin ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Fengming Xi ,&nbsp;Jiaoyue Wang ,&nbsp;Longfei Bing ,&nbsp;Qinqin Hu ,&nbsp;Jie Lv ,&nbsp;Zhanxiang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Facility cultivation, a high-input agricultural system critical for food security in China, exhibits disproportionately large greenhouse gas emissions compared to open-field agriculture, yet its emission dynamics remain underexplored. This study develops a comprehensive life-cycle accounting framework to quantify facility cultivation-related greenhouse gas emissions across China's three primary greenhouse types—plastic, solar, and multi-span greenhouses—from 2008 to 2020, while addressing previously overlooked emission sources including agricultural plastic films, climate-control energy use, CO₂ fertilization, and organic matter mineralization. Utilizing the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index model and scenario analysis, we identify key drivers of emissions and evaluate mitigation potentials. Results revealed that facility cultivation emitted 122.05–371.96 Mt CO₂ equiv. yr⁻¹, with emission intensities (83–226 t CO₂ equiv. ha⁻¹). Soil organic matter decomposition and energy consumption were dominant sources, collectively contributing 67 % of total emissions. Decomposition analysis highlighted agricultural structure expansion (199.23 Mt CO₂ equiv.) and emission efficiency improvements (−213.96 Mt CO₂ equiv.) were primary promotive and mitigative drivers, respectively. Spatial heterogeneity underscored Liaoning Province's disproportionately high emissions, driven by coal-dependent heating, aging infrastructure, and policy incentives. Scenario projections demonstrated an 18.57 % reduction potential through integrated strategies such as clean energy adoption and cultivation structural optimization. These findings establish a refined analytical framework for spatially differentiated mitigation policies, directly supporting China's carbon neutrality roadmap while balancing agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101278"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Afforestation-induced grazing restrictions undermine pastoral livelihoods and trigger socioecological shifts in the Hindu Kush Himalaya","authors":"Ayat Ullah ,&nbsp;Alam Zeb ,&nbsp;Miroslava Bavorova","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using focus group discussions and participant observations in nine villages of pastoralist communities in the Hindu Kush Himalaya region of Pakistan, this study analyzed the perceived impacts of large-scale afforestation programs on the livelihood of grazing communities, and the strategies they adopted in response to forest enclosures. The grazing restrictions severely reduced green forage availability and access, undermining the sustainability of pastoral-based livelihoods. Pastoralists reported an overall reduction in livestock and animal-based products due to frequent sell-off of animals, abandonment of pastoralism, and animal deaths caused by fodder shortages. Consequently, milk and meat prices have increased manyfold in the study region. To cope with the fodder shortage, pastoralists adopted various strategies such as migration, crop-livestock integration, use of alternate routes, and climate-smart agroforestry systems (e.g., communal plantations). The adoption of a particular strategy was influenced by household and community characteristics, including herd size, ownership of pasture and agricultural land, and household size. Despite these efforts, livestock-based livelihoods continue to weaken, threatening food security. Communities suggested several feasible solutions to the government, including the creation of buffer zones for grazing, allowing grazing in areas with low regeneration and high grass density, providing incentives to herders, establishing information centers under the Billion Tree Afforestation Project, and creating a separate livestock department. Based on this case study, we recommend that the state involve local pastoralists in co-designing nature-based conservation plans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101273"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One decade of institutional scientific output and impact in West Africa - The West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL)","authors":"Sarah Schönbrodt-Stitt ,&nbsp;Janina Kleemann ,&nbsp;Christine Fürst ,&nbsp;Paul Vlek ,&nbsp;Daouda Koné ,&nbsp;Kehinde Ogunjobi ,&nbsp;Michael Thiel","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the frame of climate change, Africa belongs to the regions with low capacities to cope with the negative effects. Local capacities in education and research need to be strengthened to increase the regions’ social-ecological resilience and provide long-term environmental security for people. Foreign investors in this endeavour are often interested in the output and impact of their investments in order to identify the potentials for further improvements and commitments. In our study, we have focused on an international institution that is actively contributing to improve climate change research in West Africa, called WASCAL (West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use). Taking the 10-year anniversary of WASCAL as the occasion for an assessment of the scientific output, a comprehensive systematic literature review for the time span 2012–2022 of peer-reviewed scientific publications related to WASCAL was conducted. In total, 315 high-quality papers published in 149 different peer-reviewed journals were identified. Globally, WASCAL is well connected, shown by joint publications from 58 different countries. Within West Africa, especially Burkina Faso (107 publications) and Ghana (86 publications) were represented with high levels of (co-)authorships. One of the main research areas of WASCAL is climate modelling which was reflected in the findings. Relatively underrepresented in the frame of WASCAL-related publications were studies from social sciences. In addition, more research should be conducted on the multifaceted topics of food security and urban planning. WASCAL could also contribute further to the emerging research field of tropical medicine and parasitology due to the threat to human health and food security resulting from environmental and climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101283"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate extremes and socioeconomic impact of El Niño and La Niña events","authors":"Mir Muhammad Nizamani ,&nbsp;Alice C. Hughes ,&nbsp;Yichao Wang ,&nbsp;Hai-Li Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongping Lai","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>El Niño and La Niña are critical climate phenomena influencing global weather patterns and socioeconomic conditions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of their mechanisms, characteristics, and significant environmental and economic impacts. El Niño events, characterized by increased sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific, disrupt typical atmospheric circulation, leading to warmer winters in North America and droughts in Australia. Conversely, La Niña, with cooler sea surface temperatures, enhances hurricane activity in the Atlantic and induces wetter conditions in the northern United States. These phenomena, occurring irregularly every two to seven years, have profound implications for agriculture, water resources, and disaster management. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of their mechanisms, characteristics, and significant environmental and economic impacts, identifies gaps in integrating real-time data and localized strategies for mitigating their impacts and highlighting the need for advanced predictive models and effective adaptation measures. By examining global and regional climate impacts, environmental consequences on ecosystems and marine life, and socioeconomic impacts on agriculture, food security, and health, the review underscores the importance of interdisciplinary research and international cooperation in enhancing resilience to these climate extremes. Recommendations for future research should focus on improving accuracy of predictions, addressing asymmetries in event duration and intensity, and understanding regional impacts under climate change scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101276"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of climate downscaling and extremes in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6)","authors":"Elangovan Devadarshini ,&nbsp;Vellingiri Geethalakshmi ,&nbsp;Sonali Prabhat McDermid ,&nbsp;Kulanthaivel Bhuvaneswari ,&nbsp;Shanmugam Mohan Kumar ,&nbsp;Nagaranai Karuppasamy Sathyamoorthy ,&nbsp;Samiappan Senthilnathan ,&nbsp;Kandasamy Senthilraja ,&nbsp;Venugopal Anandhi","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) will help enhance the understanding of future climate trends and extreme weather affecting agriculture and society. However, the accuracy of regional climate assessments is limited by low-resolution datasets and model uncertainties, necessitating downscaling and bias correction for better projections. Relevant literature was sourced from Scopus and assessed using the Protocol Search Appraisal Synthesis Analysis Report (PSALSAR) involving Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome, and Context (PICOC) for protocol identification and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) for article scrutiny. This review examined 278 articles, of which 39 % focused on extreme climate analysis, 31 % on performance evaluation, 13 % on downscaling with extremes, 11 % on downscaling, and 7 % on evaluation with extremes. Publications surged since 2020, with a 36.3 % increase by 2023. Approximately 68 % of the publications were in Asia, often evaluating model performance using statistical metrics such as root mean square error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (CC), and percent bias (PBIAS), with station data as a reference. This review further explores how global climate projections, specifically surface temperature increases across Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs): 1.8 °C (SSP1-2.6), 2.7 °C (SSP2-4.5), 3.6 °C (SSP3-7.0), and 4.4 °C (SSP5-8.5). Annual precipitation is projected to increase in both frequency and intensity, particularly in far future (2071–2100). Some studies have highlighted that the minimum temperature is expected to show greater increase, than maximum temperature across regions, leading to frequent extreme weather events. In contrast, the extreme occurrences are heterogeneous, with some regions expecting increasing trends and others decreasing, depending on their geographical condition. These findings highlight the significance of downscaling climate models, because their accuracy relies on geographical features, grid resolution, and reference datasets. Precise, finer-scale projections are needed for location-specific extreme weather predictions, aiding agricultural planning, and risk management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101280"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do high-value environmental products provide a pathway out of poverty? The case of the world's most valuable fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis)","authors":"Rune Bolding Bennike ,&nbsp;Martin Reinhardt Nielsen ,&nbsp;Carsten Smith-Hall","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rural households harvest environmental products throughout the world. Yet little is known about the role of such products as pathways out of poverty. Here, we empirically estimate the household-level economic importance of a high-value environmental product and assess its contributions to poverty reduction. Specifically, we investigated the case of the fungus-larvae complex resulting from root-borer larvae infected by <em>Ophiocordyceps sinensis</em>, a product locally known as yartsa gunbu. We conducted a structured household survey (n = 181) in the upper Gorkha District in Nepal to estimate annual household yartsa gunbu income, the number of collection days in 2015–2018, the number of pieces collected per individual (2018), household-level reasons for participation/non-participation, and household expenditure priorities. We calculated household-level absolute and relative yartsa gunbu income, catch and income per unit effort, and plotted expenditure priorities. We found that yartsa gunbu was the main source of cash income. Contrasting widespread claims of unsustainable collection in the literature, the mean number of pieces collected per day increased from 2015 to 2018. Non-participating households were characterised by low labour availability due to small households, old age, or health problems with lower-income households having the lowest yartsa gunbu reliance. Women generated the major share of yartsa gunbu income. Expenditures were characterised by current consumption and religious activities, with limited investment in the accumulation of assets that directly reduce poverty. The primary role of yartsa gunbu in poverty reduction is indirect, building up human and social capital quality rather than direct investment in productive assets such as local enterprises.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101281"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Municipal solid waste generation and management dynamics under changing governance in Nepal","authors":"Raju Chauhan ,&nbsp;Mohan B. Dangi ,&nbsp;Kedar Rijal ,&nbsp;Ram Prasad Chaudhary ,&nbsp;Ananda Kumar Shrestha ,&nbsp;Samir Budhathoki","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nepal's transition from a unitary to a federal government system has had a notable impact on municipal service delivery, including solid waste management. However, limited empirical evidence exists regarding how this transition has affected waste generation and management practices at the local level. This study analyzes changes in solid waste generation, composition, and management practices in Ghorahi Sub-Metropolitan City, Nepal, between 2013 and 2023. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining household surveys, waste sampling, and field observations. Households were selected using systematic random sampling, and waste generated over 24-hour was collected, segregated and analyzed from each household. Additionally, field observations of local waste management facilities were conducted to supplement the data and provide contextual understanding. Results shows that the average household waste generation increased by 72.8% (371.94 to 643.05 g/day) between 2013 and 2023 while the waste composition shifted, with organic waste decreasing from 77% to 66% and plastics increasing from 12% to 25%. Municipal waste collection efficiency improved from 92% to 98%, while exclusion rates dropped from 5.7% to 2%. Post-federalization governance led to the improved transparency in waste management but reduced ward-level support. Despite improvements in waste collection efficiency and transparency, challenges persist in coordination among multi-level government tiers. The significant rise in waste generation and changing composition highlights the need for improved institutional capacity, better integration across government levels, and targeted interventions for waste reduction and environmental protection in Nepal's evolving federal system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101277"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating the waves of change: Framing Pacific Small Island Developing States within a geopolitical and climate context","authors":"Malaika Mikaelsson ,&nbsp;Victoria Wibeck ,&nbsp;Björn-Ola Linnér","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates how Pacific Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are framed in the academic literature at the intersection of geopolitics and climate change. Through a semi-systematic review of peer-reviewed articles, the study explores the research problems motivating the research, the descriptions of key challenges, and the prescriptions for future action. Findings highlight the strategic roles of Pacific SIDS in global climate diplomacy, demonstrating their proactive engagement despite significant structural constraints. The literature underscores how external perceptions and strategic interests of major powers often overshadow the existential threats facing these islands. At the same time, it emphasizes the agency of Pacific SIDS in advocating for climate finance, fostering regional cooperation, and pushing for inclusive governance structures. This review critically examines the evolution of these discussions. It highlights the need for further research to broaden the scope beyond its current focus on the interactions of a limited number of large geopolitical key players with Pacific SIDS, and to further examine the resilience and agency of Pacific SIDS as they navigate the multifaceted impacts of climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101270"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-optimal indoor temperatures measured in informal dwellings during cold months in Johannesburg, South Africa: implications in a changing climate","authors":"Tokelo Seabi ,&nbsp;Thandi Kapwata ,&nbsp;Natasha Naidoo ,&nbsp;Caradee Y. Wright ,&nbsp;Shalin Bidassey-Manilal","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Exposure to non-optimal temperatures is associated with adverse health outcomes. Low-income communities living in informal housing (colloquially called shacks) are vulnerable to the negative health outcomes associated with non-optimal temperatures given the characteristics of their dwellings.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The study aimed to measure wintertime temperatures in shacks in Bekkersdal, West Rand District Municipality (South Africa).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>iButtons were installed in 10 shacks for 13 days to measure temperature at 10-min intervals. Ambient outdoor temperature data were collected for the same period as the dwelling temperature campaign from the nearest automatic weather station operated by the South African Weather Service. A questionnaire was administered to 127 shack residents to determine household socio-demographics (participant age/gender; number living in dwelling; and length of stay in dwelling) and dwelling characteristics (type of wall/floor; presence/absence of insulation; energy used for heating).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Indoor temperatures ranged between 3 °C–33 °C (mean: 13 °C, median 12 °C). Daily mean indoor temperatures for all shacks combined were below the World Health Organization threshold for minimum indoor temperature of 18 °C for 94 % of the study duration. Indoor temperature increased as outdoor temperatures increased and this association was statistically significant (R = 0.98, p &lt; 0.001). The majority of shacks (n = 108, 85 %) were made from corrugated iron sheeting and had no insulation hence the strong correlation between indoor and outdoor temperatures.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The poor insulation of shacks exposes residents to cold outdoor temperatures. Thus, people living in shacks are vulnerable to the adverse health effects associated with extreme cold. Guidance on how to create thermally efficient shacks with insulation is recommended as a temporary solution. However, the main goal should be to replace shacks with adequate formal, low-cost housing, which the government should provide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54269,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Development","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101269"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}