Building carbon emissions (2016–2025): A PRISMA-based systematic review of definitions, quantification methods and policies

Abstract

Managing carbon emissions from buildings requires integrated approaches across the entire lifecycle. Establishing such approaches depends on a clear understanding of key definitions for conceptual grounding, reliable quantification methods for measurement frameworks, and well-designed policies to guide effective reduction strategies. This paper analysed 111 publications on building carbon emissions from 2016 to 2025 using the PRISMA method. Key definitions have evolved from emission source perspectives to life cycle frameworks based on ISO 21930, which divides a building's life cycle into standardized stages. Past research has primarily focused on the B1-B7 stage, followed by the A1-A5 stage, while the C1-D remains understudied. Our review covers diverse quantification methods, including traditional estimation methods, data-driven prediction models (statistical, shallow machine learning, deep learning and hybrid), and emerging large language models. Our review reveals significant regional differences in policy approaches: European frameworks emphasize systematic standards, Chinese approaches centre on mandatory requirements, and American strategies focus on economic incentives. Research contributions are concentrated in China (29 %), Europe (14 %), and the United States (12 %). Drawing on the review, we also propose various reduction measures from a life cycle perspective. This review provides critical guidance for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working to advance carbon neutrality goals.