Global Ecology and Conservation最新文献

{"title":"Phosphorus effects on global grassland productivity and plant diversity: A meta-analysis","authors":"Lingjie Chen ,&nbsp;Esvin Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Yin Guo ,&nbsp;Xin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphorus (P) addition can affect ecosystem functions. It plays an important role in the productivity and nutrient cycling of grassland ecosystems. However, the effects of P addition on plant community diversity and productivity remain controversial. We analyzed data from 139 studies to assess the effects of P addition on grassland ecosystems. Our meta-analysis examined how different P addition amounts, grassland types, and P addition durations influence plant communities. P addition increased Aboveground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP) by 13.15 % (P &lt; 0.05) and reduced species richness by 6.47 %. As P addition increased, the ANPP enhancement rose from 6.52 % to 19.23 %, while the negative effect on species richness intensified from −6.42 % to −11.10 %. P addition had a positive effect the ANPP of on arid grassland, which increased 15.96 %. With longer P addition duration, the ANPP increase declined from 12.95 % to 8.11 %, and the reduction in species richness deepened from −6.73 % to −9.76 %. There was a significant negative correlation between ANPP and P addition, but there was no significant correlation between community diversity and P addition. There is a large correlation between species richness and ANPP. This study found that P addition changed community assembly by changing the community allocation mechanism and breaking the resource constraints. Community productivity and diversity were affected by changing the distribution of functional traits and the redistribution mechanism of nutrient resources of dominant species in the community.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article e03871"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenic factors shape the gut microbiota of tigers in Indian tiger reserves","authors":"Gudimella Anusha ,&nbsp;Aamer Sohail Khan ,&nbsp;Gopi Krishnan ,&nbsp;Govindhaswamy Umapathy","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tigers still face threats because of anthropogenic activities, including wildlife tourism and cattle grazing in tiger reserves. Previous studies have shown that human-related activities can impact gut health in other mammals. Many extrinsic factors shape gut bacteria and play a significant role in host health. However, very little is known about tiger gut bacteria and how they vary among different tiger reserves in India. To understand this, we collected fresh scats of tigers from five tiger reserves for two years from the buffer and core zones during all seasons (summer, monsoon, and winter). We investigated the gut bacterial composition using amplicon-based metabarcoding of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. We also predicted KEGG orthologues and annotated the functional pathways to understand the role of gut bacteria in host health. Our study revealed that tiger gut bacterial community structures varied due to habitats and seasons. We identified thirty-six core bacterial genera (more than 90 % of samples) from all the samples. The microbiome abundance varied across tiger reserves. A few unique bacterial genera were also identified in some tiger reserves. We conclude that human-related activities in tiger reserves can influence the bacterial community structures, with potential implications for tiger health and fitness</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article e03874"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence of niche packing among bird species from analyses of functional trait patterns along an urbanization gradient in South China","authors":"Huiyu Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Ding ,&nbsp;Jianchao Liang ,&nbsp;Hongbo Li ,&nbsp;Daojian Chen ,&nbsp;Qian Liu ,&nbsp;Shujuan Huang ,&nbsp;Lingbing Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaoying Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increasing urbanization has altered the functional traits of birds, with potential repercussions for niche use. However, how urbanization affects a species' occupied ecological niche—whether through ‘packing’ where species compete for limited resources, or ‘expansion’ where new resources allow species to spread—is still unclear. Here, we investigated the diversity and niche occupancy of bird species across an urbanization gradient in Guangzhou, China. Bird occurrence records from online public databases, including Bird Report, eBird, and the GBIF for 1998–2022 were used to model the potential distributions of 288 bird species in Guangzhou with MaxEnt at a 1 km × 1 km resolution, evaluated by cross-validation and AUC. Niche occupancy dynamics were assessed using the standardized effect size of functional richness (SES.FRic), and generalized linear mixed models employed relationships among urbanization, net primary productivity (NPP), and diversity metrics. Migratory and resident bird communities showed similar distribution patterns, and all bird species richness was significantly negatively correlated with the urbanization index. With increasing urbanization, SES.FRic of bird communities decreases, indicating a typical pattern of niche packing, where birds optimize adaptation by increasing population density, enhancing resource use efficiency, and adjusting life history strategies within a limited niche space. Furthermore, NPP possibly promotes bird species richness by enhancing foraging and nesting resources. However, this effect is insufficient to offset the structural changes and resource heterogeneity induced by urbanization, which continue to constrain niche expansion. Our findings underscore that conservation strategies in Guangzhou should focus on enhancing green spaces quality, increasing resource availability, and promoting targeted habitat management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article e03873"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eight strategies for human–wolf coexistence and their application to Swiss governance gaps","authors":"Maximilian Meyer","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increasing conservation efforts have led to increases in wolf populations in Europe. However, the resulting conservation conflicts erode conservation support when farmers and rural citizens fear for their livelihoods. Fostering human–wolf coexistence can be achieved through a variety of strategies. By using the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, I provide a general policy perspective on strategies for human–wolf coexistence. These can be synthesised into eight strategies and include: (1) wolf habitat and population management, (2) scientific research and exchange, (3) education and awareness, (4) farm-level livestock protection (including new technologies), (5) resolution and mediation of conservation conflicts, (6) community-based conservation and (7) financial instruments. These strategies need to be embedded into (8) legal protection frameworks and policies. I then identify missing strategies and emerging opportunities for wolf conservation in Switzerland specifically, which is a relevant case study due to mounting opposition among rural citizens. I suggest that two strategies in Switzerland’s approach to human–wolf coexistence are missing, which can create sustained co-benefits for both humans, especially farmers, and wolves: financial instruments (including benefit sharing and conservation performance payments) and community-based conservation. These findings aim at stimulating scientific debate as well as exploring their applicability in Switzerland through policy for a holistic approach to human–wolf coexistence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article e03870"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crayfish tracking of chemical stimuli in complex flow environments","authors":"Davinder Kaur ,&nbsp;Anita Tarandek ,&nbsp;Jan Kubec ,&nbsp;Thomas Breithaupt ,&nbsp;Areeba Khan ,&nbsp;Miloš Buřič","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organisms from diverse taxa rely on chemical signals to gather diverse information about their environment. From salmon navigating vast oceans to return home to microbes initiating spore formation, chemical cues serve as vital sensory mechanisms. Yet, the strategies and behaviours used by animals to integrate hydromorphology and odourant properties remain to be elucidated. In our study, we investigated the responses of crayfish (<em>Pacifastacus leniusculus</em>) under three grades of flow complexities – low, medium, and high – created by stationary barriers under constant flow. Additionally, crayfish were exposed to two chemical cues: food and haemolymph. Over 30 min, the crayfish behaviour was recorded and analysed using Ethovision software. The results showed that crayfish in high flow complexity exhibited greater success in locating the cue's origin and increased exploration, enhancing their overall locomotory activity. The properties of the odourant significantly influenced navigation, with haemolymph triggering higher activity levels, greater distances moved, and increased velocities. Across all treatments, crayfish demonstrated increased presence in the cue area with high odour concentration and increased tracking along the edges of the arena. These findings underscore the complex relationship between hydrodynamic conditions and chemical signals in guiding animal behaviour.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article e03869"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wapiti browsing impact on Taxus cuspidata growth and regeneration in Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park","authors":"Jianan Feng,&nbsp;Xianzhe Wang,&nbsp;Minghai Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ungulate browsing affects plant communities directly and indirectly, altering ecological community structure and composition. Within the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park, intensive browsing by wapiti (<em>Cervus elaphus</em>) on <em>Taxus cuspidata</em> has severely impacted their growth and regeneration. Both species are flagship species for biodiversity conservation, and constitute primary conservation targets of the national park. It is therefore critical to evaluate whether wapiti browsing facilitates or constrains <em>Taxus cuspidata</em> population recovery. We conducted field investigations from 2020 to 2025 using quadrat surveys, plot monitoring, sapling assessments, and fence establishment. Data were analyzed with resource selection functions (RSF), generalized additive models (GAM), and piecewise regression to assess how wapiti browsing affects the growth and regeneration of <em>Taxus cuspidata</em> populations. Our findings indicate that: (1) Browsing probability decreases with increasing distance from mature trees (&gt;15.7 m) and further declines beyond 29.3 m, promoting population distribution range and self-thinning. (2) At the individual level, Wapiti browsing may hinder growth. Browsed saplings exhibited adaptive shifts in resource allocation, prioritizing lateral branch regeneration and basal diameter recovery over apical dominance; (3) Low-intensity browsing (1–30 %) enhances <em>Taxus cuspidata</em> regeneration. (4) To balance conservation, fence saplings within 15.7–29.3 m of mature trees based on the browsing threshold. These results challenge conventional paradigms of browsing impacts by demonstrating context-dependent facilitation effects. We propose a spatially explicit conservation framework integrating browse-tolerant regeneration zones with targeted sapling protection, advancing sustainable co-management of ungulates and endangered flora in boreal ecosystems. This addresses management challenges in national park and contributes to research on herbivore-plant interactions and co-evolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article e03868"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A century documenting roads’ toll on global biodiversity","authors":"Fernanda D. Abra,&nbsp;Luan G.A. Goebel,&nbsp;Tremaine Gregory,&nbsp;Alfonso Alonso,&nbsp;Clara Grilo,&nbsp;Marcel P. Huijser","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03859","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The 100th anniversary of the first scientific account of roadkill recognizes the growing awareness of roads’ ecological impacts. Since the first scientific record of roadkill in 1925, global road networks have expanded to over 21.6 million km. Roads result in the mortality of millions of animals annually, threatening biodiversity by reducing populations, fragmenting habitats, and raising extinction risks. Although it was not until the early 2000s that road ecology became formally established as a discipline, research has since advanced substantially. A recent global roadkill dataset spanning 2283 species in 54 countries is an example of this advancement, and it highlights the urgency of this issue. As road expansion accelerates, especially into intact habitats, it is essential to align infrastructure development with both ecological sustainability and economic objectives. We need to build better roads that meet human needs while safeguarding biodiversity, promoting conservation, and preventing another century of major ecological harm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article e03859"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation by environment overrides isolation by distance in Asterothamnus centraliasiaticus across the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau","authors":"Zhengsheng Li ,&nbsp;Lingling Liu ,&nbsp;Ying Liu ,&nbsp;Yushou Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The relative roles of isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by environment (IBE) in shaping the genetic differentiation of species remain a central debate in plant ecology and evolutionary biology, particularly in highly heterogeneous landscapes such as the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). Disentangling the contributions of IBD and IBE in keystone species populations is essential for elucidating the mechanistic drivers of the spatial genetic structure, local adaptation patterns, and ecosystem resilience in desert ecosystems of the plateau. This study investigated 21 typical populations of <em>Asterothamnus centraliasiaticus</em>, a keystone species widely distributed across desert ecosystems on the QTP. Using inter-simple sequence repeat molecular markers, we assessed the genetic diversity and examined the effects of environmental filtering on gene flow across different climatic zones. By integrating geographical and environmental data, we evaluated the relative contribution of IBD and IBE to genetic differentiation. The results demonstrated substantial genetic diversity in <em>A. centraliasiaticus</em> populations, with a mean number of alleles of 1.86 and Nei’s genetic diversity of 0.31. Population genetic structure analysis revealed distinct geographic clustering patterns in most populations. However, notable exceptions were observed, in which certain individuals exhibited genetic similarities with geographically distant populations. Moderate levels of genetic exchange (1.42–2.15) were observed among populations distributed across different climatic zones in the study area. IBE accounted for 21.34 % of the observed genetic variation. Among the variables, soil available phosphorus and mean annual temperature emerged as the most influential drivers of genetic differentiation, contributing 88.63 % and 79.04 % of the explained environmental variance, respectively. In contrast, IBD accounted for less than 2 % of the genetic variation. Mantel tests further confirmed the absence of statistically significant correlations between genetic differentiation and both horizontal and vertical geographic distance matrices. These findings collectively highlight that within the extreme heterogeneity of the QTP, environmental selection, rather than geographic isolation, predominantly influences the genetic structure of the keystone species. This indicates that future conservation strategies should prioritize the protection of key environmental factors rather than focus solely on habitat connectivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article e03867"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Corvus frugilegus (Rook) habitat preferences through flock-size-specific species distribution modeling using citizen science data","authors":"Jiweon Yun ,&nbsp;Seunghyeon Lee ,&nbsp;Youngkeun Song","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03866","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban environments face significant challenges due to the presence of large bird flocks, such as rooks (<em>Corvus frugilegus</em>), which contribute to sanitation issues and property damage. Using citizen science, we gathered extensive data on rook populations in Suwon, South Korea. Over two years, citizens submitted 17,923 photographs of rooks via a smartphone application, including the locations of sightings, enabling the collection of robust datasets without extensive training. Using the MaxENT model, we analyzed rook occurrences while differentiating by flock sizes—small (≤100 individuals), medium (101–1000 individuals), and large (&gt;1000 individuals). All models demonstrated high reliability, with AUC values exceeding 0.80. Our analysis revealed that large flocks predominantly occupied urban areas near agricultural lands, with a marked preference for close proximity, while small and medium flocks exhibited a more dispersed distribution. Furthermore, we aimed to analyze how much the Species Distribution Modeling (SDM) run with number of rook observations regardless of the flock sizes either overestimated or underestimated rook occurrence probabilities, when compared to the models run separately for each flock size. Notably, models based on the number of rook observations regardless of flock size significantly underestimated the habitat suitability for large flocks, underscoring the importance of incorporating flock size into predictive modeling. These findings emphasize the need for size-specific management strategies and highlight the utility of citizen science as a scalable tool for urban wildlife management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article e03866"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking mangrove ecosystem dynamics: A remote sensing approach for species classification and conservation assessment","authors":"Uday Pimple ,&nbsp;Dario Simonetti ,&nbsp;Kumron Leadprathom ,&nbsp;Sukan Pungkul ,&nbsp;Tamanai Pravinvongvuthi ,&nbsp;Uta Berger ,&nbsp;Valéry Gond","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biodiversity among mangrove species is crucial for ecosystem health and resilience but is increasingly threatened by human activities and inadequate restoration efforts. To successfully evaluate conservation efforts, we must understand temporal dynamics. This study assessed changes in mangrove species diversity and the effectiveness of rehabilitation using a multi-sensor remote sensing approach integrated with field-based ecological data. We analyzed 36 years (1987–2022) of Landsat data to map long-term changes in mangrove extent and stand types, alongside low-tide Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 MSI composites to reduce tidal influence on spectral and backscatter signals. A systematic sampling design incorporating 257 field plots and hierarchical clustering was used to identify six distinct species communities. Tidal inundation had a significant impact on backscatter and reflectance, highlighting the importance of low-tide imagery for accurate species discrimination. The Simplified Automatic Regrowth Monitoring Algorithm (SARMA) revealed that mangrove extent increased by 1518 ha, from 7030 ha in 1987–8548 ha in 2022 representing a 21.59 % expansion relative to the 1987 baseline. Within this increase, rehabilitated and regenerated areas added 837 and 681 ha, respectively. However, the rehabilitated stands were largely monoculture and structurally less complex, signaling the need for more diverse and ecologically informed restoration strategies. Species mapping using random forest classification achieved an accuracy of 83.57 %. By integrating long-term remote sensing with ecological clustering, this study provides a scalable tool for monitoring mangrove diversity and demonstrates how rehabilitation outcomes can guide evidence-based conservation and sustainable management policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article e03865"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}