Global Ecology and Conservation最新文献

{"title":"Seasonal waterbird distribution patterns vary in response to current shellfish aquaculture and areas suitable for future development in Rhode Island USA","authors":"Dylan L. Bakner ,&nbsp;Tori Mezebish Quinn ,&nbsp;Martina S. Müller ,&nbsp;Peter W. Paton ,&nbsp;Jennifer E. Kilburn ,&nbsp;Scott R. McWilliams","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine aquaculture is globally widespread and supplies most of the world's shellfish. In the United States, shellfish aquaculture spans all coastlines, with states like Rhode Island experiencing recent substantial increases in aquaculture. Rhode Island’s marine ecosystem supports numerous migratory waterbird species, and the expansion of shellfish aquaculture has the potential to directly impact the distribution of these species. We used land-based survey data to assess whether and how distance to shellfish aquaculture affects seasonal waterbird distribution patterns and identify species most and least likely to be impacted by future aquaculture development. We conducted a total of 3698 surveys across 54 study sites from 2020─2023 and fit monthly generalized additive mixed models to predict waterbird distributions for 29 species. For most waterbird species, distance to aquaculture explained little to no spatial variation in their monthly distribution patterns; indicating other resource layers were more informative. Dabbling ducks often favored closer proximity to aquaculture, while sea ducks, mergansers, gulls, and terns showed species-specific preferences, and herons and egrets consistently favored shallower waters. Using model-derived distributions, we found that ∼28 % of species preferred areas better suited for future aquaculture development, while ∼10 % favored areas poorly suited. Our research provides valuable insights into the factors driving waterbird distributions, particularly in relation to their proximity to current shellfish aquaculture. Our findings suggest that although current aquaculture operations are not having substantial impacts on species distribution patterns, future development will likely conflict with species favoring shallow waters, as these areas are also most suitable for aquaculture expansion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article e03694"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevational adaptation and distribution of woody saplings in a mountain forest: Insights from functional traits and mycorrhizal associations","authors":"Zuhua Wang ,&nbsp;Xia Cai ,&nbsp;Min Liu ,&nbsp;Haibo Li ,&nbsp;Jiayan Jiang ,&nbsp;Jugang Wang ,&nbsp;Fagen Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A trait-based approach can be used to effectively elucidate the adaptive strategies of trees in response to climate change, although the strategies of saplings remain unclear. Therefore, the adaptative strategies of saplings and the relative contributions to their elevational distribution were detected. Eight leaf-absorptive root traits of 163 individuals across 41 saplings were investigated, and the soil properties and climate factors were also investigated along an elevational gradient on Mt. Fanjingshan, Tongren, Guizhou, China. Principal component analysis revealed three key dimensions of trait variation: (1) the root economics spectrum, explaining 33 % of variation; (2) the leaf economics spectrum, explaining 28 %; and (3) the root collaboration gradient, explaining 17 %. Notably, ericoid mycorrhizal species exhibited more acquisitive root strategies (higher specific root length and specific root area) than arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal species, while arbuscular mycorrhizal species showed more acquisitive leaf traits (higher specific leaf area and leaf N). Along the elevational gradient, arbuscular mycorrhizal species shifted toward acquisitive root traits, ectomycorrhizal species developed thinner roots, and ericoid mycorrhizal species displayed a unique dual strategy - increasing root acquisitiveness while maintaining conservative leaf traits. Soil properties, particularly temperature and nitrogen availability, were the primary drivers of trait variation and sapling distribution, explaining 79–83 % of elevational variation. Our results demonstrate that mycorrhizal type fundamentally influences trait coordination, with plants exhibiting distinct whole-plant strategies along environmental gradients. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating mycorrhizal associations when predicting plant responses to environmental change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article e03689"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global systematic review of the factors influencing shark bites","authors":"Delphine Duval ,&nbsp;Morgan Mangeas ,&nbsp;Charlie Huveneers ,&nbsp;Adam Barnett ,&nbsp;Laurent Vigliola","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shark bites can cause substantial socio-economic and ecological challenges, including debates about bite-mitigation policies, economic impacts for tourism-dependent communities, and increased fear among beachgoers. The growing frequency of shark bites globally has not only raised public concern but also intensified the need for comprehensive research into their causes. Using the 2020 PRISMA standards, we conducted a systematic review to synthetize current knowledge on factors influencing shark bites. We found that research on shark-bite determinants began in 1948 and has gained increased attention since the mid-2000s. Our search protocol identified 61 peer-reviewed articles proposing 40 factors likely influencing shark bites. These factors included 22 short-term factors, <em>e.g.</em> likely explaining short spates of shark bites, 13 long-term factors, <em>e.g.</em> addressing changes in the number of shark bites over decades, and 5 factors influencing both short- and long-term scales. Key suggested factors were changes in human and shark population dynamics, environmental conditions, prey availability, shark-bite mitigation measures, and coastal urbanization. However, most factors were speculative, with only five studies since 1948 statistically testing the correlation between shark bites and merely eight factors. Furthermore, there was a lack of consensus among studies on the effects of most factors. Our review therefore highlights the wide range of factors potentially influencing shark-bite occurrences worldwide while revealing a paucity of rigorous scientific evidence. It emphasizes the critical need for further studies to formally test shark bite determinants, providing decision-makers actionable insights to develop effective strategies that reduce shark-bite risks while enhancing both human safety and shark conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article e03684"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic diversity and seascape population structure in eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows in the northwestern Pacific","authors":"Seo Yeon Byeon ,&nbsp;Kyeonglim Moon ,&nbsp;Sun Kyeong Choi ,&nbsp;Hee-kyu Choi ,&nbsp;Sangil Kim ,&nbsp;Ji Hyoun Kang ,&nbsp;Sang Rul Park ,&nbsp;Hyuk Je Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seagrasses, the only flowering plants in the ocean, provide numerous, but crucial ecosystem services for coastal and estuarine environments. Yet, natural seagrass populations have been continuously declining worldwide due to ongoing climate change and accelerating anthropogenic influences. To make conservation efforts for effectively managing and preserving local seagrass populations, an understanding of their genetic diversity and population structure is essential. In the present study, using seven microsatellites we assessed the current population genetic status and phylogenetic relationships of <em>Zostera marina</em>, the predominant seagrass species in the northwestern Pacific, on the entire coasts of the Korean Peninsula and Jeju Island and also the northeastern China and southwestern/northern Japan. Results of genetic diversity analysis revealed that Jeju Island populations display the higher degree of asexual reproduction, as indicated by a lower level of clonal diversity, and thus significantly reduced genetic diversity than any other coastal regions. Genetic population structure tended to be grouped into corresponding coastal regions, although two genetic clusters are the most likely, which can be attributed to limited contemporary gene flow occurring among the regional populations. Jeju Island population has a unique genetic composition in reference to the other sea areas, and the possibility of local extinction may be the highest due to the depleted genetic diversity as well as strong genetic differentiation. Our study provides fundamental information on the eelgrass’s genetic diversity and spatial population structure over the northwestern Pacific, which helps to make restoration efforts, including transplantation projects, particularly for the Jeju Island population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article e03688"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"True fertilisation failure in captivity is rare","authors":"Ashleigh F. Marshall ,&nbsp;François Balloux ,&nbsp;Liz Brown ,&nbsp;Edmund Flach ,&nbsp;Anne Richardson ,&nbsp;Tammy E. Steeves ,&nbsp;Simon Spiro ,&nbsp;Gary Ward ,&nbsp;Nicola Hemmings ,&nbsp;Patricia Brekke","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Species recovery through captive breeding can be hindered by low reproductive success. However, we know little about the drivers of early reproductive failure in captive populations, due to difficulties distinguishing fertilisation failure from early embryo mortality in most animals. Here, we apply advanced fertility diagnostics on unhatched eggs from 30 avian captive-breeding programs, to assess true rates of fertilisation failure. We find that fertilisation failure is rare across all species, and the main driver of early reproductive failure is early embryo mortality. We also find that macroscopic examination of undeveloped eggs inflates estimates of fertilisation failure rates in breeding programmes. Finally, we find no evidence that fertilisation failure rates are higher in threatened than non-threatened captive birds, providing hope that with careful management, hatching outcomes may be improved in threatened captive populations. Our results show that accurate fertility diagnosis in managed oviparous species provides crucial information on individual reproductive potential, helping the design of more appropriate management interventions to improve recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article e03687"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructing an ecological network integrating avian biodiversity and ecosystem services in highly urbanized areas: A Case Study of Tianjin, China","authors":"Da Zhang ,&nbsp;Suiping Zeng ,&nbsp;Weihao Shi ,&nbsp;Aihemaiti Namaiti ,&nbsp;Jian Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid urbanization has caused significant biodiversity loss and a decline in ecosystem services, directly impacting human well-being. Developing an ecological network that integrates both biodiversity and ecosystem services could enhance the effectiveness of conservation efforts. However, research in this field remains limited, particularly in highly urbanized regions. This study focuses on Tianjin, China, and employs multiple models, including MaxEnt and InVEST, to identify priority conservation areas. A total of 228 protected bird species with diverse ecological niches were selected as biodiversity conservation targets. Water retention, soil retention, carbon sequestration, habitat quality, temperature regulation, and natural recreation were defined as targets for ecosystem service conservation. We analyzed the spatial relationship between avian biodiversity and ecosystem services and evaluated the conservation status of protected areas. The Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model was used to construct an ecological network that integrates avian biodiversity and ecosystem service hotspots. The results indicate that: (1) there is a synergistic relationship between avian biodiversity and both individual and comprehensive ecosystem services in Tianjin, supporting the feasibility of integrated conservation; (2) the coverage of protected areas over overlapping avian biodiversity and ecosystem service hotspots (core ecological zones) is only 37.7 %, revealing significant conservation gaps; (3) the ecological network identified 20 ecological sources and 31 important corridors, with spatial conservation management recommendations provided. This study incorporates multiple ecological protection indicators, which improve the ecological representativeness of sources within the network and provides valuable insights for constructing ecological networks in highly urbanized regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article e03677"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling multifactorial driving mechanisms of plant diversity in coastal island urban parks: A case in Fujian Province, China","authors":"Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Yingxue Wang ,&nbsp;Zhijun Qian ,&nbsp;Jianxing Liu ,&nbsp;Chuanyuan Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03686","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03686","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid process of urbanization in recent years has caused extensive ecosystem disturbances, imposing substantial pressure on urban biodiversity, especially within the unique and fragile environments of coastal islands. Despite this, research on plant diversity in island city parks remains scarce. Addressing the ecological challenges brought about by urbanization necessitates an in-depth investigation into plant diversity and its driving mechanisms in urban and town parks on coastal islands, which represents a pressing scientific issue. This study examines 24 urban and town parks across four islands in Fujian Province, China, aiming to elucidate the spatial patterns of plant diversity and identify its potential driving factors. The findings reveal that plant diversity in coastal island parks is shaped by a combination of factors. Park age was significantly positively correlated with spontaneous species diversity, supporting the legacy hypothesis. A higher green space ratio significantly enhanced species richness, whereas an increased road ratio reduced species richness but improved species evenness. Distance from the sea significantly increased the diversity of cultivated species. Annual sunshine hours had a dual influence: they decreased species evenness via environmental filtering while indirectly affecting diversity through economic factors. Notably, park area exhibited no significant impact on plant diversity, likely due to the relatively small size or low habitat heterogeneity of island parks. This study offers valuable insights for the planning and management of urban and town parks on coastal islands. Key recommendations include prioritizing the preservation of historically significant older parks, optimizing green space layout, enhancing landscape connectivity, and incorporating drought- and light-tolerant native plant species to improve plant community structures. Future studies should integrate long-term monitoring and multidisciplinary approaches to further explore the dynamic effects of human activities and climate change on plant diversity, ultimately supporting ecological management and biodiversity conservation in similar regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article e03686"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144289032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling the predation sequence of wolves hunting sheep: Implications for evaluating the effectiveness of preventive methods","authors":"Ricardo Nouailhetas Simon ,&nbsp;Clément Calenge ,&nbsp;Nolwenn Drouet-Hoguet ,&nbsp;Nicolas Jean ,&nbsp;Pierre-Yves Quenette","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although accounting for the sequential nature of the predation is useful to better understand predator-prey interactions, this approach has rarely been adopted in the context of large carnivore attacks on livestock. Here we developed a model of wolf (<em>Canis lupus</em>) predation that integrated its sequential nature and the effects of covariates. We used over 300 wolf observations obtained by thermal infrared cameras in hotspots of wolf predation on sheep in the French Alps to quantify the impact of the presence of livestock guarding dogs (LGDs), fencing and other environmental factors on the conditional probabilities of wolf approach and attack. Our data show that most often, only one or two wolves appear to be involved in predation on sheep, suggesting that the predator is unlikely to overwhelm the LGDs by sheer numbers. However, we detected no effect of LGDs or fencing on the predation sequence, possibly because observations of wolf behaviour were brief and subject to high variability among observers and years. Observers did not systematically record data and sometimes scored contradictory information. <em>A posteriori</em> power analysis revealed that the effects of LGDs or fencing would have been detected in our data if they halved and one-third the probability of approach and attack, respectively. We cannot draw general conclusions about the effectiveness of LGDs or fencing because our data were not random but collected in hotspots only. Nevertheless, our approach can be used to improve assessment of the effectiveness of preventive methods, a vital task for the conservation of large carnivores.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article e03685"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecosystem services and multifunctionality are co-regulated by biotic and abiotic factors along with forest types in a temperate forest of South Korea","authors":"Min-Ki Lee ,&nbsp;Yong-Ju Lee ,&nbsp;Jung-Hwa Chun ,&nbsp;A-Reum Kim ,&nbsp;Chang-Bae Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03683","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03683","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given global issues such as large-scale deforestation and increasing habitat loss, promoting forest ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) is essential for the successful implementation of global sustainable development. This study aims to quantify the four ecosystem service categories (i.e., provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting) and the ability to comprehensively provide them, EMF, based on 18 ecosystem services-related variables. Additionally, we evaluated the influence of biotic (i.e., species diversity, functional dominance, stand structural diversity) and abiotic (i.e., topography, climate, and soil) factors, and stand age on EMF and each ecosystem service category. We collected data from 98 plots, each 20 × 20 m, across the seven major forest types of Mt. Gariwang, which is a representative temperate forest in South Korea. Multimodel averaging and piecewise structural equation modeling were used to identify key variables influencing EMF and ecosystem service categories and to assess their interrelationships. Our results show that higher plant species richness and older forest stands enhanced stand structural diversity, which directly and positively affected EMF. EMF is primarily driven by biotic factors, such as the community weighted mean of traits, rather than abiotic factors. The mechanisms influencing each ecosystem services differed. Variance partitioning analysis revealed that the relative contributions of the four ecosystem service categories to the EMF are similar, with supporting and regulating services categories showing significant negative and positive effects on EMF, respectively. These findings suggest that forest management should comprehensively consider stand age and structural diversity to enhance EMF and as well as individual ecosystem service category. Furthermore, management practices that promote functional traits, such as wood density and leaf nitrogen content, are essential for increasing EMF. Finally, the degree of control of ecosystem service categories over EMF varies across forest types, so a clear management plan must be developed for each forest type.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article e03683"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who’s active when and where? Unraveling the habitat use and temporal strategies of prey in a predator-human shared landscape","authors":"Dristee Chad ,&nbsp;Gunjan Adhikari ,&nbsp;Yam Bahadur Rawat ,&nbsp;Bijaya Dhami ,&nbsp;Mahamad Sayab Miya ,&nbsp;Bijaya Neupane","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the habitat use and temporal activity patterns of key prey species is crucial for conserving large carnivores, such as tigers and leopards, especially in landscapes dominated by humans. Hence, this study investigated the habitat associations and diel activity overlaps of six major prey species with both predators and humans in Banke National Park (BaNP), Nepal. For this, we deployed camera traps (n = 30) along a 2 km × 2 km grid, resulting in a total sampling effort of 450 trap nights. Generalized linear mixed models were used to reveal species-specific habitat associations. Barking deer were found associated with areas of sparse vegetation and proximity to water while avoiding roads; in contrast, spotted deer tolerated higher levels of human disturbance. Similarly, four-horned antelopes avoided steep slopes, wild boars were less common near roads, and Indian crested porcupines preferred regions with low disturbance. Temporal activity analyses indicated diverse activity patterns among prey, ranging from crepuscular to nocturnal, with most species exhibiting moderate overlap with predator activity. The reduced temporal synchrony noted for spotted deer and four-horned antelopes supports the human shield hypothesis, suggesting that these species alter their activity in response to increased human presence to mitigate predation risk. Conversely, predators minimized their temporal overlap with humans, likely as an adaptive strategy to avoid encounters. These findings signify the necessity for species-specific habitat management to sustain prey populations and mitigate human-wildlife conflict. We recommend conducting further studies to gather year-round data that will provide a thorough understanding of how seasonal changes influence the activities of prey and their predators in the study area and similar landscapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article e03682"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}