M. Marjani, Mahta Moinpour, A. Kiani, M. Sadr, H. Emami, Roya Sepehrnia, A. Moniri, P. Tabarsi, D. Mansouri
{"title":"Clinical outcomes and complications of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in HIV-infected patients","authors":"M. Marjani, Mahta Moinpour, A. Kiani, M. Sadr, H. Emami, Roya Sepehrnia, A. Moniri, P. Tabarsi, D. Mansouri","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.99682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.99682","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Respiratory diseases, including infectious and non-infectious complications are common among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We aimed to determine the performance of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB), bronchoalveolar lavage, and transbronchial lung biopsy in HIV-infected patients. Material and methods: The current retrospective study was performed in Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from January 2003 to March 2017. Patients with HIV infection and 836 episodes of respiratory manifestations were selected. Indications, outcomes as well as results and complications of bronchoscopy were extracted. Performance of bronchoscopy to determine definite etiology and its ability to rule out other differential diagnoses were evaluated. Results: The indications of FOB were found in 289 subjects (34.6%) with respiratory diseases, of whom only 220 patients had undergone the procedure. Bronchoscopy confirming a final diagnosis was found in 87 (39.5%) patients and a diagnostic benefit was noted for minimum 66.7% of the subjects. Diagnostic ability of bronchoscopy was higher in patients suspected of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP), tuberculosis (TB), cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis, and in cases with ground-glass opacity and diffuse lung infiltrates (p-value: 0.003 and 0.035, respectively), and lower for subjects demonstrating reticulonodular infiltrations and right middle and lower lobes involvement (p-value: 0.008, 0.005, and 0.045, respectively). Procedure-related complications were reported in five subjects. Conclusions: FOB is a significantly advantageous and safe procedure in HIV-infected patients. Its diagnostic yield is higher in patients with ground-glass opacity and diffuse infiltration in chest computed tomography scan. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 3: 172-179 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.99682","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79084523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kamiński, P. Prymas, Anna Konobrodzka, P. Filberek, G. Sibrecht, Wojciech Sierocki, Z. Osińska, P. Bogdański
{"title":"Blood pressure in relation to the World Health Organization AIDS clinical staging among adults living in rural Kenya","authors":"M. Kamiński, P. Prymas, Anna Konobrodzka, P. Filberek, G. Sibrecht, Wojciech Sierocki, Z. Osińska, P. Bogdański","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.96242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.96242","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an independent risk factor of arterial hypertension. There is a limited data on blood pressure among HIV-positive patients living in rural areas in Africa according to the clinical progress of the disease. The aim of the study was to compare blood pressure (BP) parameters among HIV-positive adults with advanced and non-advanced HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) living in rural Kenya. Material and methods: In this prospective, two-center, cross-sectional study, we examined HIV-positive individuals visiting the outpatient department for a routine check-up. BP was measured by OMRON M2 Basic BP monitor (Omron, Japan) and clinical data was collected from patients’ data charts. World Health Organization AIDS clinical stage (WACS) equal to 1 was defined as non-advanced HIV, while WACS equals 2, 3, or 4 were classified as advanced HIV. Data presented as median (inter-quartile range). Results: From the total of 245 (female, 192; 78%) participants, 162 individuals presented non-advanced HIV disease, whereas 83 had advanced HIV. Both groups did not differ significantly regarding sex, age, time since HIV diagnosis, body mass index, waist circumference, use of antiretroviral treatment, nor presence of abnormal blood pressure. However, there were significant differences between patients with non-advanced HIV and advanced HIV in diastolic BP (DBP) [71 (64-77) vs. 81 (75-88); p < 0.0001], mean BP (MBP) [87 (80-94) vs. 95 (88-102); p < 0.0001], and pulse pressure (PP) [48 (42-56) vs. 43 (35-50); p < 0.0001]. A tendency, but not significant difference between study groups in systolic BP [119 (109-129) vs. 122 (114-133); p = 0.07] was observed. Conclusions: HIV-positive patients with advanced form of HIV disease have higher DBP, MBP, and lower PP than individuals with non-advanced HIV living in rural Kenya.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84028441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of healthcare usage rate in HIV/AIDS patients in Isfahan, Iran in 2018","authors":"Neda Moein, R. Khadivi, Z. Amini, M. Meshkati","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.93179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93179","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Universal health coverage (UHC) was introduced in Iran in 2014. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usage rate of health services by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients after UHC implementation. Material and methods: In 2018, in a cross-sectional study, we evaluated the outpatients’ needs (within its previous month) and inpatients’ needs (within its previous 6 months) of HIV/AIDS patients in Isfahan province (the center of Iran). Concurrently, we estimated the essential health care services that HIV/AIDS patients have to receive regularly, including vaccination for hepatitis B, measurement of CD4, tuberculosis (TB) assessments and TB treatment, anti-retroviral therapy, examination of viral load, treatment approach, and drug side effects counseling. Two checklists were used for assessing the utilization of health services and essential health cares for HIV/AIDS patients, validated by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran. Data were analyzed by χ 2 test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and Spearman’s correlation test. Results: Two hundred and thirteen HIV/AIDS patients completed the questionnaires. The mean age of participants was 41.14 ± 9.23. The outpatient service utilization rate was 31.94% in the previous month and the rate of hospitalization was 126 per 1,000 HIV/AIDS patients in the previous 6 months. The majority of HIV/AIDS patients received essential health services more often than the national standard goals estimation. Conclusions: After UHC implementation, the utilization rate of outpatients and inpatients services in HIV/AIDS patients was more than similar indices in the general population. In addition, HIV/AIDS patients received essential health services adequately.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74439104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The comparison of cognitive function disorder before and after early therapy for cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS patients","authors":"B. Munir, S. Rianawati, Harun Al Rosyid","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.93159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93159","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is a common opportunistic disease that also affects human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, but there are currently no research studies about cognitive function in cerebral toxoplasmosis patients, especially in terms of the effect of early treatment for this disease. The aim of the study was to compare cognitive function disorder of cerebral toxoplasmosis patients before and after early treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis. Material and methods: The longitudinal study were conducted among neuroinfection patients who registered in the Neurology Department of Saiful Anwar Hospital, Malang, Indonesia during JanuaryDecember 2016. The inclusion criteria were: cerebral toxoplasmosis patients, HIV-positive status, head computed tomography (CT) scan performed, IgG and IgM toxoplasmosis, and patients willing participate in the study. The exclusion criteria were: other masses in the brain besides toxoplasmaderived, depression, patients not cooperative, or loss of consciousness. Samples were taken by continuous random sampling with Mini-Mental State Examination and Clock Drawing Test. The duration for anti-toxoplasma early therapy was 2-4 weeks. Results: From a total of 31 patients, 13 patients met the inclusion criteria, with an average age of 37 years old (range, 26-67 years). The average CD4+ was 45.75 dl (8-85 dl). The result of cognitive function examination for pre-therapy was 24.85 and after therapy 26.54 (p = 0.07). The clock-drawing test before treatment was 3.15 and increased to 3.39 after treatment (p = 0.41). Conclusion: No significant difference in cognitive function disorder before and after cerebral toxoplasmosis early therapy was found. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 1: 30-33 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93159","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"30-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/hivar.2020.93159","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71090710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Colti Sistiarani, Bambang Hariyadi, Munasib Munasib, S. M. Sari
{"title":"Stigma and gender dimension based on rural and urban communities in preventing HIV and AIDS in childbearing age couples in Banyumas Regency","authors":"Colti Sistiarani, Bambang Hariyadi, Munasib Munasib, S. M. Sari","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.93178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93178","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) becomes a serious problem in Banyumas Regency, particularly in Cilongok and South Purwokerto sub-districts. The aim of this study was to map the stigma and analyze the gender dimensions according to access, roles, benefit, and control. Material and methods: This was a cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach. The population and sample taken in a quantitative research included 193 participants of fertile age couples (couples of childbearing age) in Banyumas Regency from Cilongok and South Purwokerto sub-district. Paired t-test was used for data analysis. Results: Based on the research, most of the respondents were between 36 and 49 years old (66.33%). Men and women ratio were almost equal, resulting in 49.74% and 50.26%, respectively. The majority of respondents had a high level of education (39.37%), not working resulted in 53.88%, while those having children accounted for 67.87%. The outcomes of the study revealed that there was no stigma reduction in role and gender equality improvement according to sex category. There were differences in role reduction stigma between urban and rural communities, and also differences in the role of gender equality improvement in urban and rural areas. Conclusions: There are differences in role reduction stigma and also discrepancies in the role of gender equality improvement between urban and rural communities. It is important to pay attention to residence area factor in the effort of implementing a prevention program for HIV and AIDS. It can be related to the prevailing approaches to HIV and AIDS prevention policies and programs. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 1: 61-66 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93178","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"61-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/hivar.2020.93178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71090950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Periodontitis as a reservoir of human papillomavirus in the causation of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review","authors":"Akanksha Raj, N. Shetty","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.96430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.96430","url":null,"abstract":"Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus from Papillomavirus family, and is one of the most widely reported sexual infection, which is not only related to ano-genital malignancies, but also associated with head and neck cancers, with chronic periodontitis being one of the risk factor for the same. Chronic periodontitis leads to loss of tissue structures of and around periodontium and is clinically detectable in the form of periodontal pocket and loss of alveolar bone. A variety of other systemic diseases have also been found to be linked to chronic periodontitis, such as cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, etc., and recent data show that it is also related to malignancies of oral cavity. Junctional epithelium of periodontal pocket helps HPV to survive by facilitating the cellular functions to grow and hence, acts as a reservoir for the virus. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaero bic bacteria and HPV interacts both directly and indirectly in a series of complex reactions and as a result of some inflammatory reactions, this association further leads to commencement and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma or oral squamous cell carcinoma. This article reviews the pathophysiology of oral human papillomavirus infection and its role in head and neck cancers, with chronic periodontitis as one of the causative factors. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 2: 74-77 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.96430","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"876 1","pages":"74-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/hivar.2020.96430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71091037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mehri, Y. Alimohamadi, M. Mohammadi, M. Sepandi, F. Khodamoradi, Firooz Eesmaeilzadeh
{"title":"Trend of HIV and tuberculosis co-epidemics in different regions of World Health Organization during 2003-2017","authors":"A. Mehri, Y. Alimohamadi, M. Mohammadi, M. Sepandi, F. Khodamoradi, Firooz Eesmaeilzadeh","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.99688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.99688","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"167-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71091323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sangeetha Sivasubramanian, J. Shenoy, S. Kamath, V. Kulkarni, Mukund P. Srinivasan, B. S. Baliga
{"title":"Micronutrients status among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Southern India","authors":"Sangeetha Sivasubramanian, J. Shenoy, S. Kamath, V. Kulkarni, Mukund P. Srinivasan, B. S. Baliga","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.93062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93062","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Deficiencies of micronutrients play a role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its severity. Identifying the micronutrient status would guide supplementation, thus al-tering the disease progression and severity. Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted in Southern India on hundred HIV-infected children. Estimation of serum micronutrient levels (zinc, copper, and iron) and comparison of the deficient micronutrients with clinical stages, immunological categories, CD4 counts, and nutritional status was performed. Results: Among 100 HIV-infected children, zinc deficiency was the most common (62%), whereas copper and iron deficiency was present in 2% and 1%, respectively. Mean age of children was 11.20 ± 3.14 years, 52% were girls, 24% were malnourished, 76% were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), and four had CD4 counts < 200/mm 2 indicating AIDS. Using Kruskalwallis test, serum iron levels ( p = 0.000) and CD4 levels ( p = 0.001) were significantly associated with clinical stages, while serum zinc levels ( p = 0.043) and CD4 levels ( p = 0.000) were significantly associated with various degrees of immune classification. Mean micronutrient levels did not correlate significantly with CD4 counts less than and greater than 350 by unpaired t test. Zinc deficiency did not correlate with clinical staging, immunological classification, nutritional status, and receipt of ART on multiple logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: In HIV-infected children, zinc deficiency was the most common and it did not correlate with clinical staging, immunological classification, nutritional status, and receipt of antiretroviral therapy. Hence, supplementation of zinc would be required along with initiation of ART.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90276733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Knowledge regarding post-exposure prophylaxis amongst nurses \u0000in an African context","authors":"L. Makhado, Boipelo Seekane","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.93331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93331","url":null,"abstract":"Occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among nurses had been reported to be a major challenge in South African and broader African context. There seems to be an increase in the level of exposure and uptake of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in Africa. This had warranted the need to establish a systematic review on the level of knowledge among nurses regarding PEP in the African continent. The search engines used included: EBSco Host (North-West University [NWU] library), Sabinet, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed. The search was limited to the current decade (2008-2018), including articles that are in English.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"8-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/hivar.2020.93331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71091020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}