Medicine, Conflict and Survival最新文献

{"title":"Conflict, climate change and the need for safe spaces: the interlocking problems that urgently need joined up solutions.","authors":"Leo van Bergen, Marion Birch","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2216486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2216486","url":null,"abstract":"At the time of writing, and with Bakhmut and Khartoum on fire, it was made public by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) that Europe saw its steepest year-on-year increase in military expenditure for at least 30 years and that global military expenditure had reached a new high (SIPRI 2023). There are of course numerous possible explanations for this with the ongoing war in Ukraine being the first and foremost. On a brighter note, Saudi Arabia and Iran have agreed to resume ties after seven years of tension, agreeing to reopen their respective embassies within the next two months (Nereim 2023). This is a much-needed glimmer of hope that will hopefully further the cause of peace in Yemen where Saudi Arabia and Iran support opposing sides. But the fact that rising military expenditures are explainable does not of course make them acceptable. An end to the Ukraine war seems a distant possibility. In spite of all the military expenditure, a military ‘solution’ appears out of sight and proposals for negotiations are not taken seriously. Formerly neutral countries Finland and Sweden have joined NATO or want to join, respectively. The minimal 2% national defence budget NATO demands of its members is rarely discussed anymore, whereas before few countries reached it (House of Commons Library 2022). All these recently manufactured weapons pollute and destroy the earth and its inhabitants literally and psychologically. And when the war is over, the new weapon technology will still be there, and many of the old weapons will remain. Trying to reach an end to the war in Ukraine with military means, which could happen, would set a dangerous precedent in relation to future resolutions. If proposals to resolve the situation peacefully are not taken seriously, militarism will only result in even more militarism, resulting in a growing number of refugees and IDPs and an increased lack of safe spaces: real safe spaces – territorial, physical and psychosocial. The rise in military expenditure, which is happening at the same time as global calls to combat climate change become ever more urgent, is an example of the interlocking problems addressed in this issue, which starts with a letter from the IPPNW-Europe meeting in Hamburg in January this year. Remarkable is that one of the most worrying issues discussed at MEDICINE, CONFLICT AND SURVIVAL 2023, VOL. 39, NO. 2, 111–113 https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2216486","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 2","pages":"111-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10371842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic review of the microbiology of osteomyelitis associated with war injuries in the Middle East and North Africa.","authors":"Fadi Ghieh,&nbsp;Abdul Rahman Bizri,&nbsp;Paul Beaineh,&nbsp;Rawad Chalhoub,&nbsp;Ghassan Abu Sittah","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2193862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2193862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteomyelitis is a serious complication associated with war-related limb injuries requiring complicated treatment regimens and management. Few reports have been published from the Middle-East and North-Africa regions about the microbial aetiology of osteomyelitis caused by war injuries. The aim of this review is to collect published data about the microbiology of osteomyelitis in war-related injuries in the region and to derive targeted treatment regimens to manage these serious and limb-threatening infections. A thorough literature search was done using six search engines for pertinent articles. Articles with a minimum of five cases of osteomyelitis from war wounds, citation of microbial aetiology and mention of the timing of cultures obtained in relation to injury were included. Nine studies that met the eligibility criteria were included, involving 1644 patients and a total of 2332 cultures. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from 1184 cultures, and Gram-positive bacteria were identified from 1148 cultures. Antibiotic coverage should be tailored for Gram-negative organisms in the early stages and Gram-positives in the chronic phase, respectively, with broader coverage reserved for critically ill patients. There is a dire need for further and larger studies about osteomyelitis from war injuries for targeted treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 2","pages":"150-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9574433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hugs, intensive discussions, exchange of experiences and activism. That's what an IPPNW meeting is about.","authors":"Kati Juva","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2188675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2188675","url":null,"abstract":"IPPNW (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War) is a worldwide organization of physicians and medical students with national a!liates in over 30 countries. It was founded over 40 years ago and is one of the few international NGOs with active members in all the original nuclear weapons states including Russia. IPPNW’s European region had an intensive and successful meeting in Hamburg on 20–22 January 2023 organized by the German a!liate. We were over 40 people from around Europe representing 11 di\"erent countries. It was also possible to attend some sessions virtually. Discussion was mainly about the rising threat of nuclear war due to the current war in Ukraine. The Russian government has raised the possibility of using nuclear weapons in Ukraine and the risk of a nuclear war is now greater than it has been for decades. A great worry is also that the largest nuclear power plant in Europe, Zaporižžja, is occupied by Russian forces and there is constant $ghting around that area. This situation could result in a nuclear accident even without use of nuclear warheads. We also discussed the causes of the war in Ukraine and were unanimous about the Russian government’s sole guilt for the unlawful invasion of Ukraine. There was somewhat more variation in opinion as to whether the ‘west’ has some responsibility for not understanding the security worries of Russia, and whether, with some more diplomatic or careful actions during the last decade the escalation could have been avoided. These discussions were very interesting, and the atmosphere was all the time respectful with people listening to each other. We did not publish any statement on this. As most countries represented in Hamburg were NATO countries, or applicants as Finland and Sweden are, there was much discussion about nuclear weapons and nuclear sharing in European NATO countries. NATO de$nes itself as a Nuclear Alliance and bases its doctrine on deterrence. For us","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 2","pages":"114-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10008088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental health status of internally displaced persons in the Garmian region of Kurdistan, Iraq: a cross-sectional survey.","authors":"Pegah Ali-Mardan Seidi,&nbsp;Dilshad Jaff,&nbsp;Nazdar Qudrat Abas,&nbsp;Esther O Chung,&nbsp;Michael W Wilson,&nbsp;Hannah Potter,&nbsp;Aunchalee E L Palmquist","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2188384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2188384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are an estimated 4 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Iraq, mainly settled in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and yet few studies have documented the mental health of IDPs in the region. The aims of this study were (1) to assess the prevalence of mental health disorders and trauma experiences amongst IDPs and (2) to explore associations between prior displacement and years living in the camp and mental health disorders. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with adults (N = 100) from March - July 2018. Structured surveys were used to collect sociodemographic information, and adapted measures included the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Inventory (PTSD-8), Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) and the Post-Migration Living Difficulties Checklist (PMLD). The average number of traumatic events experienced was 4.43 (SD = 2.63). The most commonly reported traumatic events included oppression due to ethnicity, religion or sect (92%) and exposure to combat situations (83%). Nearly half of the participants had experienced ill health without access to medical care, 44% lack of shelter and 43% lack of food or clean water. Thirty-two percent of respondents witnessed someone being murdered. There is a critical need for quality mental health services for IDPs in KR.</p>","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 2","pages":"117-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9624324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conflict, environmental destruction and climate change: a tragedy in Iraq that demands action.","authors":"Dilshad Jaff","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2200346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2200346","url":null,"abstract":"According to the United Nations (UN), climate change refers to ‘long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns due to natural and human activities’ (UN 2022b). Countries in conflict have neither the capacity nor the political will to deal with climate change and its consequences. Iraq, one of the most vulnerable states to suffer the effects of climate change is a case in point. Decades of conflict, political upheavals and weak governance have destroyed the country’s infrastructure and environment. Security and political challenges are more urgent priorities for local authorities than dealing with the risks and consequences from environment destruction and climate change in the longer term. The recent call by the United States (US) top diplomat to the Iraqi government for swift actions by the government while disregarding the inability and lack of political will to address climate change is worthy of note (Shafaq News 2022). Based on the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-Gain) Index, which explores countries’ vulnerability to climate change and their resilience, Iraq has a high vulnerability score and low resiliency that increases the likelihood/risk for more future conflict and instability (Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative 2022). According to the sixth Global Environment Outlook, GEO-6, published by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Iraq is classified as the fifth most vulnerable country in the world to suffer decreased water and food availability and extreme temperatures; these factors will negatively influence food and water security, and social and health security in Iraq (UN Environment 2019). In a recent report, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) indicated that without preparation and planning to mitigate the effects of climate change, Iraqis may be forced to relocate in order to survive (IOM) 2022).","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 2","pages":"162-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10371364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The weaponisation of everything – a field guide to the new way of war","authors":"I. Abuelaish","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2203993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2203993","url":null,"abstract":"who brought attention to the psychological needs of camp survivors and those subjected to extreme trauma (recognized today as cases of complex PTSD) but who also alienated the medical profession and parliamentarians, not persuaded by his radical methods. Detailed endnotes and a comprehensive bibliography are provided, together with an index of persons. As the book contains much detailed information and analysis, a full index would greatly aid searching. Perhaps one could be added if a paperback version is issued. However, this new study by Leo van Bergen reveals a largely unknown but important episode in the search for effective treatments in the face of a critical profession and suspicious legislature.","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 1","pages":"315 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42202960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosing dissent, hysterics, deserters, and conscientious objectors in Germany during World War One","authors":"L. van Bergen","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2197164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2197164","url":null,"abstract":"causes including climate change. Recommendations include a ‘fundamental rethinking of the beliefs that have led to such high emissions’ (234) while building on the reductions, innovations and increased efficiency of the US military to date. The arguments for continuing to protect oil supplies in the Persian Gulf are effectively challenged. The positive spin-offs from a significant reduction in emissions carried out with the objective of mitigation are detailed. To help with the complexity of the subject, each chapter has a helpful introduction and concluding summary. An extensive use of quotes gives voice to some of the many actors involved. After such an impressive read, the final chapter feels a little rushed, with a bit less clarity and in a few places a little less of the objectivity that has made the presentation of evidence so convincing. This is a minor criticism given the overall importance and strengths of this book’s analysis and recommendations. Whether you want to understand the detail of emissions calculations, efforts not to report them despite parallel actions to reduce them, the ongoing mindset of the US military and government in relation to their national security, the negative behavioural loops they have got into in relation to climate change and what they should do differently – this is an essential book. Hopefully, the generals and politicians will read it too.","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 1","pages":"185 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44625229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"War and remembrance: recollecting and representing war","authors":"Janne L. Punski-Hoogervorst","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2198100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2198100","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 1","pages":"187 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46902769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Pentagon, climate change, and war, charting the rise and fall of U.S. military emissions","authors":"M. Birch","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2201987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2201987","url":null,"abstract":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 2023. “A Time of Unprecedented Danger: It is 90 Seconds to Midnight.” Chicago, January 24. Accessed 14 Feb 2023. https://thebulletin.org/doomsdayclock/current-time Dalton, T. 2019. “Much Ado About India’s No-First-Use Nuke Policy.” India Global Business, September. Accessed 14Feb 2023. www.indiaglobalbusiness.com/igb-archive/much-adoabout-indias-no-first-use-nuke-policy ”Foundations of State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Area of Nuclear Deterrence, Moscow, 2020, Cited in Nikolai Sokov, Russia Clarifies Its Nuclear Deterrence Policy.” 2020. Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, June 3. Accessed 14February2023. https://vcdnp.org/russia-clarifies-its-nuclear-deterrence-policy US Department of Defense. 2022. 2022 Nuclear Posture Review, 8. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense. Xia, Lili, Alan Robock, Kim Scherrer, C S. Harrison, B L. Bodirsky, I. Weindl, J. Jägermeyr, C G. Bardeen, O B. Toon, and R. Heneghan. 2022. “Global Food Insecurity and Famine from Reduced Crop, Marine Fishery and Livestock Production Due to Climate Disruption from Nuclear War Soot Injection.” Nature Food 3 (8): 586–596, AugustFeb. accessed 14 2023 https:// www.nature.com/articles/s43016-022-00573-0.","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 1","pages":"183 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49246243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Henry Dunant, The Man of the Red Cross","authors":"L. van Bergen","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2194047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2194047","url":null,"abstract":"This new, highly readable English translation broadens the audience for Corinne Chaponnière’s 2010 French-language biography of Henry Dunant, the visionary behind the Geneva Conventions and the Red Cross. The book tells the improbable story of how an ordinary Swiss citizen, without official backing from any government, brought the leaders of fractious mid-nineteenth-century European states to the table to agree upon rules and methods for limiting the human impact of war. It then details Dunant’s precipitous decline into poverty and disrepute and his long efforts to rehabilitate himself, culminating with his sharing of the inaugural Nobel Peace Prize in 1901.","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 1","pages":"190 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42126146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}