Sports最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Maturation on Plantar Flexor Activity and Achilles Tendon Stiffness in Vertical Jumping: Sex Differences.","authors":"Zacharoula Paschaleri, Georgios Chalatzoglidis, Theodoros Kannas, Fotini Arabatzi","doi":"10.3390/sports12100284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12100284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maturation on vertical jumping performance, in adolescent boys and girls, concerning plantar flexor activity and Achilles tendon (AT) stiffness. Thirty-nine adolescents were tested in a counter-movement jump (CMJ) at three different time points: 18 and 9 months before peak height velocity (PHV) and at PHV. The EMG activity of the medialis gastrocnemius (MG) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles was evaluated, in relation to jump height. Boys showed higher jumping ability and AT stiffness than girls. Additionally, boys revealed increased eccentric (ecc) and concentric (con) MG activity, along with decreased ecc and con TA activity, near PHV. On the other hand, girls showed increased ecc and con TA/MG co-contraction compared to boys, mainly near PHV. In conclusion, a different mechanism of vertical jumping performance is adopted between early adolescent boys and girls. Nevertheless, no notable alterations in jumping capability were detected over time, indicating that the maturation process does not influence stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510963/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rebuilding Stability: Exploring the Best Rehabilitation Methods for Chronic Ankle Instability.","authors":"Roberto Tedeschi, Vincenzo Ricci, Domiziano Tarantino, Luigi Tarallo, Fabio Catani, Danilo Donati","doi":"10.3390/sports12100282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12100282","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI) is a common condition characterized by repeated episodes of ankle \"giving way\" and impaired balance, leading to functional limitations. Various rehabilitation techniques, including balance training, proprioceptive exercises, whole-body vibration (WBV), and novel approaches like stroboscopic vision, are used to address these deficits. This review evaluates the effectiveness of different rehabilitation interventions for CAI management. <b>Methods:</b> A review was conducted by analyzing 11 randomized controlled trials that investigated the impact of balance and proprioceptive training programs on CAI. The primary outcomes assessed were the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM). Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale, and the risk of bias was evaluated with the ROB 2 tool. <b>Results:</b> All rehabilitation interventions demonstrated significant improvements in SEBT, CAIT, and FAAM scores. However, no single intervention was found to be consistently superior. Traditional balance training, strength exercises, BAPS, and WBV all provided meaningful functional gains. Stroboscopic vision training showed similar effectiveness compared to conventional approaches. The evidence supports a combination of balance and strength training for optimal recovery. <b>Conclusions:</b> Balance and proprioceptive exercises are effective in managing CAI, with improvements in both dynamic stability and subjective outcomes. No intervention stands out as the best, but personalized programs incorporating various methods are recommended. Future research should explore the long-term effects and potential synergies of combined interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxygenation Kinetics of Three Quadriceps Muscles During Squatting Exercise in Trained Men.","authors":"Konstantinos Mavridis, Anatoli Petridou, Athanasios Chatzinikolaou, Vassilis Mougios","doi":"10.3390/sports12100283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12100283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to monitor the oxygenation and blood supply in three quadriceps muscles [the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF)] during squatting exercise to exhaustion. Eighteen young resistance-trained males performed five sets of 15 back squats in a Smith machine, with two warm-up sets [at 14% and 45% of the 15-repetition maximum (15RM)] and three main sets at 100% of the 15RM. Three near-infrared spectroscopy devices were attached to the VL, VM, and RF to record the muscle oxygen saturation (SmO₂) and total hemoglobin (tHb, an index of muscle blood supply). The blood lactate concentration was measured after each set with a portable analyzer. The SmO₂ and tHb data were analyzed by repeated-measures two-way ANOVA (muscle × set). Lactate data were analyzed by repeated-measures one-way ANOVA. The statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. The SmO₂ dropped during each set (hitting zero in many instances) and was reinstated during recovery. The three main sets caused severe deoxygenation in the VL and VM, as opposed to moderate deoxygenation in the RF. From one set to the next, the initial value and the drop in the SmO₂ increased, whereas the final SmO₂ value decreased. The tHb increased in the VL, did not change considerably in the VM, and decreased in the RF during each set. The blood lactate concentration increased gradually from one set to the next, reaching about 10 mmol/L. These findings show pronounced differences in the physiological and metabolic responses of three quadriceps muscles to squatting exercise, thus highlighting the importance of studying such responses at multiple sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510900/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No Effect of Intermittent Palm or Sole Cooling on Acute Training Volume during Resistance Exercise in Physically Active Adults: A Summary of Protocols.","authors":"Rouven Kenville, Martina Clauß, Aleksander Arup, Patrick Ragert, Tom Maudrich","doi":"10.3390/sports12100281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12100281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intermittent palm (PC) and sole cooling (SC) are proposed ergogenic methods for enhancing exercise performance during high-intensity and fatiguing conditions. However, findings in the literature regarding its positive effect remain inconclusive. This study aimed at investigating the effects of intermittent PC and SC compared to no cooling (NC) on acute training volume during resistance exercise, particularly focusing on the total number of repetitions (TR) performed. Three separate randomized crossover protocols, incorporating commonly practiced resistance exercises (Protocol 1: pullups; Protocol 2: pushups; Protocol 3: leg extensions), were conducted, enrolling healthy, physically active adults (overall sample: n = 41 (12 female), age: 23.9 ± 4.0 years (mean ± SD), height: 174.4 ± 9.5 cm, body mass: 69.3 ± 12.4 kg). During Protocol 3, tympanic temperature (TT), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and electromyography (EMG) of quadriceps muscles were additionally assessed for SC. PC resulted in less TR compared to NC in Protocol 1 (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Protocol 2 and 3 did not reveal significant ergogenic benefits of PC or SC compared to NC (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Furthermore, SC had no effect on TT, RPE, or EMG amplitudes (all <i>p</i> > 0.05). The inconsistent findings suggest that intermittent PC and SC might have limited effectiveness in enhancing training volume during resistance exercise in physically active adults. Future research should examine various resistance training protocols under controlled conditions, and incorporate comprehensive physiological measurements to elucidate the potential benefits and mechanisms of intermittent cooling in resistance exercise contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Weight Changes and Competitive Outcomes in Muay Thai and Mixed Martial Arts: A 14-Month Study of 24 Combat Sports Events.","authors":"Colin S Doherty, Lauren V Fortington, Oliver R Barley","doi":"10.3390/sports12100280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12100280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the rapid weight loss (RWL) and rapid weight gain (RWG) of contest winners and losers from Muay Thai (MT) and mixed martial arts (MMA) events. The relationship between rapid weight change variables of males and females, and competitive success is also examined. Data from a weight management questionnaire was collected one day post-competition from 185 participants across 24 fight events, resulting in 263 responses (MMA: n = 78, MT: n = 185). Official and secondary weigh-in data were provided by the Combat Sports Commission. The results show that in MT, contest winners compared to losers had significantly greater RWL-7 days (5.9 ± 2.6% vs. 4.6 ± 2.7%, <i>p</i> = 0.01), RWG (6.2 ± 2.9% vs. 4.7 ± 2.8%, <i>p</i> = 0.003), and RWG/RWL ratio (108% [86-132%] vs. 86% [60-119%], <i>p</i> = 0.038), while no significant differences were observed for MMA. Mixed logistic regression models that controlled for age showed that a 1% increase in female RWL-24 h ([OR = 1.57, R² = 0.105, <i>p</i> = 0.001]) was associated with a 1.6 times higher likelihood of winning compared to female athletes without this increase. We emphasise that associations do not imply causation, and it is possible that other factors which align with rapid weight change practices may impact the observed relationship. Nonetheless, MT contest winners show greater RWL, RWG, and RWG/RWL ratio than losers, and female rapid weight changes appear to be associated with competitive success in this cohort.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysing the Relation between Passion, Motivation, and Subjective Well-Being in Sport: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Teresa Bento, Anabela Vitorino, Luís Cid, Diogo Monteiro, Nuno Couto","doi":"10.3390/sports12100279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12100279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Both the Dualistic Model of Passion and Self-Determination Theory suggest that the persistence of a behaviour over time derives from the internalisation of the passion or motivation that the individual feels about the activity. However, the integration of these theoretical assumptions may lead to a better understanding of related outcomes, in particular on subjective well-being (SWB). In this context, this study aimed at systematically reviewing the relation between passion, behaviour regulation (i.e., self-determined motivation), and SWB in sport. The PRISMA 2020 protocol was used to guide the systematic review. Electronic searches were conducted in the Web of Science database and Pubmed. The following descriptors were used: SWB; passion; motivation; behavioural regulation; and sport. After the search, 12 studies were retrieved for analysis that show us the following results tendencies: harmonious passion (HP) and autonomous motivation (AM) (i.e., more self-determined forms of behaviour regulation) are positively related to SWB (i.e., life satisfaction and positive affect), while obsessive passion (OP) and controlled motivation (CM) (i.e., less self-determined forms of behaviour regulation) are negatively associated with SWB. However, no studies were found to simultaneously analyse the three theoretical constructs. These results show us the importance of developing conditions in sport contexts that promote positive feelings that take into account athletes' development of harmonious passion and self-determined behaviour regulation, in order to achieve higher levels of well-being. Nevertheless, these results also lead us to the necessity for more studies to highlight the theoretical link between passion and motivation in the context of sport, especially regarding the mediating role of motivation in the relationship between passion and well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anaerobic Sport-Specific Tests for Taekwondo: A Narrative Review with Guidelines for the Assessment.","authors":"Gennaro Apollaro, Ibrahim Ouergui, Yarisel Quiñones Rodríguez, Rafael L Kons, Daniele Detanico, Emerson Franchini, Piero Ruggeri, Coral Falcó, Emanuela Faelli","doi":"10.3390/sports12100278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12100278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ATP-PCr system represents the main source of energy during high-intensity attack actions in taekwondo matches. In contrast, the glycolytic system supports the maintenance of these actions when repeated techniques are performed. Given the close relationship between anaerobic energy systems and attack activity in combat, the literature relating to the use of sport-specific test protocols for anaerobic assessment has experienced a remarkable increase. This narrative review aims to illustrate the sport-specific anaerobic tests available in taekwondo by retracing and examining development and validation process for each test. Forty-one articles published between 2014 and 2023 were selected via the MEDLINE and Google Scholar bibliographic databases. These tests are the Taekwondo Anaerobic Test and Adapted Anaerobic Kick Test (i.e., continuous mode testing); the 10 s and multiple Frequency Speed of Kick Tests; the chest and head Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Tests; and the Taekwondo-Specific Aerobic-Anaerobic-Agility test (i.e., intermittent mode testing). Coaches and strength and conditioning professionals can use all the tests described in taekwondo gyms as they feature short and easy-to-implement protocols for monitoring and prescribing specific anaerobic training. The guidelines in this review evaluate each test from several perspectives: basic (e.g., validity, reliability, and sensitivity), methodological (e.g., continuous or intermittent mode testing) and application (e.g., time-motion structure and performance parameters). This comprehensive approach aims to assist stakeholders in selecting the most appropriate test.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Therapy in Neurorehabilitation with an Emphasis on Sports: A Bibliometric Analysis and Narrative Review.","authors":"George M Pamboris, Spyridon Plakias, Anna Tsiakiri, Georgia Karakitsiou, Paschalina Bebeletsi, Konstantinos Vadikolias, Nikolaos Aggelousis, Dimitrios Tsiptsios, Foteini Christidi","doi":"10.3390/sports12100276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12100276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing interest in physical therapy in sports neurorehabilitation stems from the high incidence of neurological injuries among athletes and the crucial role of rehabilitation in facilitating their safe return to sports. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of research trends in physical therapy and neurorehabilitation in athletes. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of 103 documents from the Scopus database, followed by a narrative review of the identified thematic areas. Together, these approaches offer a comprehensive overview of the international literature on the application of physical therapy in sports neurorehabilitation, highlighting key trends and contributors. The software VOSviewer and Power BI (2.136.1202.0) were used for the bibliometric analysis and the visualization of the results. Techniques such as performance analysis (documents per year, top sources and countries in documents, and top authors in citations) and science mapping (co-authorship, bibliographic coupling, co-citation, and co-occurrence) were conducted. The results revealed the journals and the authors with the greatest impact in the field and collaborations between various countries. From the co-occurrence analysis of the keywords, three key thematic clusters were identified, Clinical Approaches and Outcomes in Neurorehabilitation, Athlete-Centered Neurorehabilitation Techniques, and Specialized Interventions in Sports Medicine and Neurorehabilitation, which were used to conduct the narrative review. These findings provide a solid foundation for future research and clinical practice aimed at enhancing recovery times and overall performance in athletes with neurological injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511441/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validity and Reliability of a New Wearable Chest Strap to Estimate Respiratory Frequency in Elite Soccer Athletes.","authors":"Adriano Di Paco, Diego A Bonilla, Rocco Perrotta, Raffaele Canonico, Erika Cione, Roberto Cannataro","doi":"10.3390/sports12100277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12100277","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Assessing respiratory frequency (&lt;i&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;R&lt;/sub&gt;) is practical in monitoring training progress in competitive athletes, especially during exercise. This study aimed to validate a new wearable chest strap (wCS) to estimate &lt;i&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;R&lt;/sub&gt; against ergospirometry as a criterion device in soccer players. A total of 26 elite professional soccer players (mean [standard deviation]: 23.6 [4.8] years; 180.6 [5.7] cm; 77.2 [5.4] kg) from three Italian Serie A League teams participated in this cross-sectional study. The sample included attackers, midfielders, and defenders. &lt;i&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;R&lt;/sub&gt; was assessed during a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a treadmill using (i) a breath-by-breath gas exchange analyzer (Vyntus&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; CPX, Vyaire Medical) and (ii) a novel wCS with sensors designed to assess breath frequency following chest expansions. Pearson's correlation coefficient (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt;), adjusted coefficient of determination (aR&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), Bland-Altman plot analysis, and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (ρ&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt;) were used for comparative analysis (correlation and concordance) among the methods. The repeated measures correlation coefficient (r&lt;sub&gt;rm&lt;/sub&gt;) was used to assess the strength of the linear association between the methods. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Finn coefficient (r&lt;sub&gt;F&lt;/sub&gt;) were used for inter-rater reliability. All statistical analyses were performed within the R statistical computing environment, with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) reported and statistical significance set at &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05. A total of 16529 comparisons were performed after collecting the CPET data. The robust time series analysis with Hodges-Lehmann estimation showed no significant differences between both methods (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &gt; 0.05). Correlation among devices was statistically significant and very large (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt; [95% CI]: 0.970 [0.970, 0.971], &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01; aR&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; [95% CI]: 0.942 [0.942, 0.943], &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01) with strong evidence supporting consistency of the new wCS (BF&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; &gt; 100). In addition, a high concordance was found (ρ&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt; [95% CI]: 0.970 [0.969, 0.971], bias correction factor: 0.999). Vyntus&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt; CPX, as a standard criterion, showed moderate agreement with wCS after Bland-Altman analysis (bias [95% lower to the upper limit of agreement]; % agree: 0.170 [-4.582 to 4.923] breaths·min&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;; 69.9%). A strong association between measurements (r&lt;sub&gt;rm&lt;/sub&gt; [95% CI]: 0.960 [0.959, 0.961]), a high absolute agreement between methods (ICC [95% CI]: 0.970 [0.970, 0.971]), and high inter-rater reliability (r&lt;sub&gt;F&lt;/sub&gt;: 0.947) were found. With an RMSE = 2.42 breaths·min&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, the new wCS seems to be an valid and reliable in-field method to evaluate &lt;i&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;R&lt;/sub&gt; compared to a breath-by-breath gas exchange analyzer. Notwithstanding, caution is advised if methods are used interchangeably while further external validation occur","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511132/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Defense Mechanisms on Sport Burnout: A Multiple Mediation Analysis Effects of Resilience, Stress and Recovery.","authors":"Guillaume Levillain, Philippe Vacher, Yves de Roten, Michel Nicolas","doi":"10.3390/sports12100274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12100274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aims of this study were: (a) to explore the relationships between adaptive defense mechanisms (ADMs), maladaptive defense mechanisms (MADMs), stress, recovery, resilience, and sport burnout; and (b) to examine resilience, stress, and recovery as mediators of the relationship between defense mechanisms and burnout. One hundred and seventy-five athletes (<i>M</i> = 20.30 years, <i>SD</i> = 3.75) completed self-report questionnaires assessing defense mechanisms, resilience, stress, and recovery. Correlation analysis revealed that MADMs were positively associated with burnout, while ADMs had no significant link with burnout. Concerning mediation analysis, results showed a mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between ADMs and burnout. The findings also demonstrated a mediating effect of resilience and recovery in the relationship between MADMs and burnout. Our study highlighted that certain defenses categorized as adaptive might not be suitable in specific situations, thus underscoring the influence of mediating variables. The findings of mediation analysis demonstrated that resilience appears to serve as a particularly protective factor against burnout. On the contrary, MADMs would have a deleterious influence in the management of stress, which could lead to burnout. Coaches may consider fostering athletes' resilience in conjunction with ADMs and implementing targeted psychological exercises to reduce the use of MADMs.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}