Sports最新文献

{"title":"Mental Fatigue Impairs Temporal Perceptual Prediction: A Study on Boxing Performance Across Skill Levels.","authors":"Chang-Hong Wu, Yi Yang, Xia Xu, Ning Wang, Qiao Li, Lu Geng, Shan-Jun Bao","doi":"10.3390/sports13050154","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13050154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated the impact of mental fatigue on the temporal perceptual prediction of action recognition among boxers of different skill levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A mixed experimental design of two (groups: Mental Fatigue Expert Group and Mental Fatigue Novice Group) × two (technique types: attack and defense) × three (time shields: -80 ms, -40 ms, and action start) was implemented. Twenty expert and novice boxers participated in this study. Mental fatigue was induced using a 45-min Stroop paradigm, and the effects were assessed using the VAS, Brog-20, BRUMS-F, and BRUMS-V. The experimental procedure for time perception was developed using E-prime 3.0, incorporating 36 videos depicting various attack and defense techniques, and reaction time and accuracy were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>(1) A significant main effect on reaction time (RT) was observed (F (1,38) = 5.97, <i>p</i> < 0.05, η² = 0.14) but not on accuracy (ACC), suggesting a pronounced influence of mental fatigue on novice boxers' temporal perceptual prediction in action recognition; (2) significant main effects of skill types were noted in both RT (F (1,38) = 9.03, <i>p</i> < 0.05, η² = 0.19) and ACC (F (1,38) = 18.496, <i>p</i> < 0.05, η² = 0.327), indicating disparities in the recognition of offensive and defensive skills under mental fatigue; (3) temporal shielding significantly influenced both RT (F (2,76) = 31.42, <i>p</i> < 0.05, η² = 0.45) and ACC (F (2,76) = 125.727, <i>p</i> < 0.05, η² = 0.768), with -80 ms showing a lower RT and ACC compared to -40 ms and action initiation; (4) second-order interaction effects were present in both RT (F (2,76) = 9.85, <i>p</i> < 0.05, η² = 0.21) and ACC (F (2,76) = 8.773, <i>p</i> < 0.05, η² = 0.188), with the RT interaction suggesting a negative impact on perceptual prediction at -80 ms and a faster offensive RT than defensive RT. The ACC interaction indicated that under mental fatigue, -40 ms approached and exceeded -80 ms in both offensive and defensive actions, with higher ACC in offense than defense; and (5) a third-order interaction effect among group, technique type, and time shielding on RT (F (2,76) = 3.92, <i>p</i> < 0.05, η² = 0.09) suggests that mental fatigue more significantly affects novice defensive technique RT than offensive technique.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>(1) The 45-min Stroop task effectively induced mental fatigue. (2) Mental fatigue negatively impacts both expert and novice boxers, with a more pronounced effect on experts' defensive skills. (3) The -40 ms time perception is crucial for predicting action recognition as it approaches action initiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144152502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying Cervical Predictors of Recreational Mixed Martial Arts Participation: A Case-Control Study.","authors":"Leia Holland, Eleuterio A Sánchez Romero, Juan Nicolás Cuenca-Zaldívar, Rob Sillevis","doi":"10.3390/sports13050155","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13050155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Recreational participation in Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) has rapidly increased. Despite consistent evidence of a high injury prevalence in MMA athletes, the neuromuscular implications of regular MMA training remain underexplored. The cervical spine is particularly vulnerable to trauma due to repetitive impacts and high mechanical demands in combat sports. <b>Methods</b>: This case-control study compared cervical spine function and self-reported symptoms between 25 recreational MMA athletes and 25 matched individuals who engaged in general fitness training. Outcome measures included Neck Disability Index (NDI), Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), pain and headache reports, cervical range of motion (ROM), proprioception, isometric strength, and endurance. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of group classification. <b>Results</b>: The MMA group exhibited significantly higher values for post-concussion symptoms (<i>p</i> = 0.012), cervical flexor endurance (<i>p</i> = 0.031), and the number of concussions (<i>p</i> = 0.001) but lower flexion ROM (<i>p</i> = 0.031). No significant differences were observed in strength, proprioception, or NDI scores. Logistic regression identified the number of concussions, age, total cervical ROM, and average rotation strength as significant predictors of group membership (model AUC = 0.96; Nagelkerke R² = 0.797). <b>Conclusions</b>: Recreational MMA athletes demonstrated higher rates of concussion-related symptoms and reduced cervical flexion ROM than noncontact exercisers despite no statistically significant differences in strength and proprioception. These findings suggest that cumulative exposure to amateur MMA is associated with alterations in cervical neuromuscular characteristics. These results support the implementation of targeted mobility, endurance, and injury prevention programs in recreational MMA training.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115610/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144152175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Load Components in Resistance Training Programs for Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Jhonatan C Peña, Lilibeth Sánchez-Guette, Camilo Lombo, Edith Pinto, Carlos Collazos, Blanca Tovar, Diego A Bonilla, Luis A Cardozo, Luis Andres Tellez","doi":"10.3390/sports13050153","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13050153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Resistance training (RT) has been shown to produce beneficial effects, including on quality of life, renal function, physical fitness, and survival rates in kidney transplant for 24 recipients. However, the optimal periodization of load components for this population remains unclear, as no consensus has been established. This study aimed to characterize the load components of RT programs in kidney transplant recipients. A scoping review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The literature search was performed up to October 2024 in MEDLINE/PubMed, the Web of Science Core Collection, SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, and SPORTDiscus. Only studies that included RT as part of the intervention were considered. The RT variables analyzed included intervention duration, weekly frequency, session duration, number and types of exercises, intensity, number of sets, rest time between sets, progressive overload, and execution velocity. A total of 645 studies were identified, of which 15 met the eligibility criteria and were selected for analysis. The primary strategy for intensity control was based on the percentage of one-repetition maximum (%1RM), with training zones ranging from 30% to 80%. The number of sets varied from two to eight, while repetitions ranged from 10 to 20. The rest intervals between sets lasted between one and five minutes. The most highly implemented type of resistance involved the use of dumbbells, body weight, and elastic bands. A high degree of heterogeneity was identified in load periodization parameters, highlighting a lack of consensus in exercise prescription for this population. However, this review established general criteria that can serve as a reference for exercise professionals to develop more structured and effective training programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12116005/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144152930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Exercise Intervention in Older Adults With and Without Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Jeremy Cabrolier-Molina, Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez, Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez","doi":"10.3390/sports13050152","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13050152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This systematic review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024619693), aimed to evaluate the effects of physical exercise interventions on muscle function and fall risk in older adults with and without sarcopenia. <b>Methods</b>: A comprehensive search of PubMed and Web of Science databases identified 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 2015 and 2025. A total of 792 participants (mean age 75.13 ± 4.71 years; 65.53% women, 34.47% men) were included. Interventions varied in type-strength, balance, aerobic, and multi-component programs-with a minimum duration of 8 weeks. <b>Results</b>: The reviewed studies showed that physical exercise interventions significantly improved neuromuscular function, physical performance, and postural control in older adults. Positive effects were observed in gait speed, stair-climbing ability, grip strength, muscle mass, and bone density. Specific modalities such as Tai Chi improved postural control and neuromuscular response; dynamic resistance and functional training increased muscle strength and improved posture; Nordic walking reduced postural sway; and multi-component and combined walking-resistance training enhanced mobility and force efficiency. Programs integrating strength and balance components yielded the most consistent benefits. However, reporting on FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type) principles was limited across studies. <b>Conclusions</b>: Exercise interventions are effective in improving neuromuscular outcomes and reducing fall risk in older adults, both with and without sarcopenia. The findings support the need for tailored, well-structured programs and greater methodological standardization in future research to facilitate broader clinical application and maximize health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144152712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropometric Characteristics, Age, Sex, Drop Height, and Visual Feedback as Predictors of Dynamic Knee Valgus During Single-Leg Drop Landing.","authors":"Nuno Casanova, David Correia, Priscila Marconcin, Fábio Flôres, Denise Soares, Rodrigo Ruivo","doi":"10.3390/sports13050151","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13050151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The knee is a complex joint essential for locomotion, providing stability that is crucial for avoiding biomechanical deviations such as dynamic knee valgus (DKV), a contributing injury risk factor. This study aimed to assess the influence of body mass index (BMI), age, sex, anthropometric variables, visual feedback, and drop height on the occurrence of DKV. Forty healthy adults aged between 18 and 45 years, with a BMI between 18.5-29.9 kg/m² and no lower limb injuries, were evaluated. Participants underwent a standardized warm-up, anthropometric measurements, and a single-leg drop-landing test from 20 to 30 cm, with and without visual feedback. Women exhibited significantly higher DKV in nearly all conditions. Statistically significant differences were observed between legs when no feedback was provided. Visual feedback significantly reduced DKV in one condition (left limb at 30 cm). Significant weak negative correlations with DKV were found for age, BMI, thigh length, and leg length. These data suggest that women may have higher DKV, anatomical variables may be associated with DKV, and visual feedback may have the potential to attenuate its occurrence. These findings highlight the importance of targeted interventions to attenuate DKV and underscore the role of body awareness and feedback in improving knee alignment.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115873/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144152926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injury Incidence in Community-Based Walking Football: A Four-Month Cohort Study of 6000+ Hours of Play.","authors":"Alfie G Price, Bradley Sprouse, Avinash Chandran, John Hough, Philip J Hennis, Ali Ahmed, Ian Varley","doi":"10.3390/sports13050150","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13050150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Walking Football is a growing adapted sport offering a viable alternative to traditional exercise for middle-aged and older adults. While rule modifications aim to reduce injury risk, this has yet to be established. This study conducted injury surveillance in community-based Walking Football to determine injury incidence and characteristics in training and matches. A four-month observational cohort study remotely tracked injuries and exposure time across seven Walking Football clubs in England using a sub-elite injury surveillance framework. Injuries were classified as medical attention (requiring on-field attention without subsequent absence) or time-loss (≥1 day of participation absence). Injury incidence was calculated per 1000 h of play. Across 6364.55 h of exposure, 45 injuries were reported: 30 (66.7%) medical attention and 15 (33.3%) time-loss injuries. Injury incidence was 5.3 [1.5-11.5] per 1000 h in training (medical attention: 3.3 [0.8-7.3]; time-loss: 2.0 [0.5-4.5]) and 37.6 [8.7-83.9] per 1000 h in matches (medical attention: 28.9 [5.8-66.6]; time-loss: 8.7 [0-23.2]). Match injury incidence was significantly higher than training (rate ratio: 7.1 [1.3-31.4]). Findings suggest that injury incidence in community-based Walking Football is low, supporting its safety and potential as a sustainable physical activity strategy for middle-aged and older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144152433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Walking Football Programme for Elderly People: Study Protocol.","authors":"Jofre Pisà-Canyelles, María Mendoza-Muñoz, Jesús Siquier-Coll, Jorge Pérez-Gómez","doi":"10.3390/sports13050149","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13050149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to evaluate the effects of a Walking Football (WF) programme on physical fitness, body composition, health-related quality of life (QoL), and happiness in men and women over 60 years. WF is proposed as a safe and accessible activity to counteract physical inactivity and chronic conditions in ageing populations. A randomized controlled trial will be conducted with 120 participants (both sexes), assigned to either an experimental group (WF intervention) or a wait-list control group. The six-month intervention includes bi-weekly sessions with skills training, match simulations, and fitness exercises. Assessments will be performed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Primary outcome measures will be: body composition (weight, BMI, fat and lean mass), muscular strength, aerobic endurance, agility, range of motion, and subjective well-being (QoL and happiness scales). Linear mixed-effects models and ANCOVA will be used to analyse the data. It is expected that WF will lead to improvements in physical and mental health, contributing to active ageing. This study may also support WF as a tool for social inclusion and well-being in older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144152781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptual and Metabolic Responses During Resistance Training Sessions: Comparing Low-Load Plus Blood Flow Restriction with High-Load Plans.","authors":"Anderson Geremias Macedo, Danilo Alexandre Massini, Tiago André Freire Almeida, Adriana Teresa Silva Santos, Giovane Galdino, David Michel de Oliveira, Dalton Muller Pessôa Filho","doi":"10.3390/sports13050148","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13050148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study analysed perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate ([La^-]) responses to two resistance training protocols planned with high- (HLI) and low-load intensities combined with blood flow restriction (LLI+BFR). Fourteen trained adults (26.2 ± 2.6 years) performed the HLI and LLI+BFR protocols 48 h apart. The HLI was planned with 70% 1RM (one repetition to maximum), three sets, 12 repetitions, 60 seconds (s) of rest between sets and 120 s between exercises; LLI+BFR was performed at 30% 1RM, for three sets, 15 repetitions, and with 30 s of rest between sets and 180 s between exercises. Blood samples (for [La^-] analysis) and RPE (Borg 0-10 scale) were collected in the first minute after each exercise. A two-way ANOVA compared RPE and [La^-] responses between exercises in the same protocol, and between protocols comparing the same exercise. RPE increased from the first to the last half (involving upper-limbs and lower-limbs) of exercises in both protocols (<i>p</i> < 0.001). All exercises in HLI elicited higher RPE values than LLI+BFR (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Average RPE scores were higher in HLI than for LLI+BFR (8.1 ± 0.6 > 6.2 ± 1.1, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The [La^-] also increased throughout the exercises, with a higher peak response in LLI+BFR than for HLI (9.8 ± 1.6 > 7.2 ± 1.3 mmol × L^-1, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Perceptual and metabolic responses during HLI and LLI+BFR training were distinguishable, despite both protocols characterising a high-intensity stimulus.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115933/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144152507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Return-to-Play Timeline and Recovery Predictors After COVID-19 Infection in Elite Football Players.","authors":"Agnes Sziva, Zsuzsanna Kives, Zsolt Szelid","doi":"10.3390/sports13050147","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13050147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pandemic period significantly impacted professional football, leading to mandatory SARS-CoV-2 testing and quarantine. Our study aimed to examine the factors influencing time of recovery after a positive test, including return-to-training (RTT) and return-to-first-match (RTFM) of male football players in a first-division Hungarian team between 8 May 2020 and 30 June 2022. Infection was determined using mandatory RT-PCR testing 3 times per week, which later decreased to 1 to 2 times per week, in 55 elite players. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized based on the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services symptom list and modified with relevant factors of return-to-play in football. The incidence of SARS-CoV-2-positive players in the three consecutive years was 5.26; 21.43 and 45.71%. Mild symptoms were present in test-positive players, completing the questionnaire (<i>n</i> = 31), predominantly loss of smell and dry cough. Post-infection fatigue levels correlated with the perceived performance decline. In players with precisely documented dates (<i>n</i> = 18), the average RTT was 18.7 days, while the RTFM was 67.3 days. Older players returned to training faster than their younger counterparts and the RT-PCR Ct number had a weak negative correlation with RTFM. Mental support was provided by family and friends in 68% of the players. This study highlights the variability in return-to-play timelines and the role of age, symptom severity and mental help in recovery and emphasizes the need for individualized rehabilitation in elite football.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115620/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144152512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparatory Strength Benchmarks for \"Inverted Cross on Rings\" in Male Elite and Junior Artistic Gymnasts.","authors":"Christoph Schärer, Eddy Yusof, Claudio Capelli","doi":"10.3390/sports13050146","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13050146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In men's gymnastics, to build strength for static strength elements on rings (e.g., the Inverted Cross on Rings: ICR), general and ring-specific conditioning exercises are used. We aimed to examine the differences between elite and junior athletes in ring-specific strength in the ICR and the one-repetition maximum (1RM) in two conditioning exercises (Inverted Cross with Dumbbells: ICD; Seated Overhead Barbell Press: SOBP), to analyze the relationship between strength in the ICR and ICD and SOBP, and to establish preparatory strength benchmarks for ICR. Nine elite (20.97 ± 1.91 years, 66.01 ± 5.03 kg) and ten junior athletes (16.72 ± 0.55 years, 61.10 ± 7.9 kg) performed a maximum strength test for the ICR (five-second hold with pulley) and a 1RM test for the SOBP and ICD. Elite athletes were significantly stronger in the ICR and SOBP (22.36% and 33.2%; <i>p</i> < 0.001) but not in ICD (<i>p</i> = 0.13). Strong correlations (r > 0.65, <i>p</i> < 0.01) suggest that these exercises support strength development for the ICR. Although, the transfer into ring-specific strength must be trained separately, the benchmarks (SOBP: 150% body weight; ICD: 66%) offer coaches guidelines for optimizing training, prevent injury and promote physical resilience of elite athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115426/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144152443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}