Sports最新文献

{"title":"Binary Sex Input Has No Effect on Metabolic or Pulmonary Variables: A Within-Subjects Observational Study.","authors":"Olivia R Perez, Michael W H Wong, Dustin W Davis, James W Navalta","doi":"10.3390/sports13080241","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13080241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic analysis systems require binary sex input, conflating biological sex with gender, limiting inclusivity. This study aimed to determine whether sex input altered metabolic or pulmonary variables during self-paced walking and running. Twenty adults completed two 5-min walking and running trials under both female (FC) and male (MC) input conditions in randomized order. Dependent <i>t</i>-tests determined differences between conditions; <i>p</i>-values < 0.05 were considered significant, and effect sizes were calculated. No significant within-participant differences were found between FC and MC for any variable. During walking, mean relative VO₂ (mL/kg/min) was 11.13 ± 2.73 (FC) and 10.81 ± 2.39 (MC), <i>p</i> = 0.08, <i>R</i>² = 0.93; mean energy expenditure (kcal) was 18.28 ± 4.74 (FC) and 17.86 ± 4.33 (MC), <i>p</i> = 0.12, <i>R</i>² = 0.94. During running, mean relative VO₂ was 28.80 ± 5.89 (FC) and 28.82 ± 6.06 (MC), <i>p</i> = 0.90, <i>R</i>² = 0.98; mean energy expenditure was 45.79 ± 13.08 (FC) and 45.55 ± 12.26 (MC), <i>p</i> = 0.99, <i>R</i>² = 0.98. Binary sex input in the TrueOne 2400 system did not affect variables, supporting inclusive sex and gender data collection to improve research ethics, accuracy, and representation of gender-diverse people without compromising integrity.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12389802/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144978388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrasession and Intersession Reliability of Flexibility Tests During Developmental Years: The Effects of Sport, Age, and Sex.","authors":"Nikolaos Tsiakaras, Konstantina Karatrantou, Christos Batatolis, Konstantinos Papavasileiou, Fenia Tzeli, Vassilis Gerodimos","doi":"10.3390/sports13080238","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13080238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flexibility plays an important role in both daily life and performance in various sports. This study evaluated the intrasession and the intersession reliability of flexibility measurements, examining the effects of sport, age, and sex. The sample included 80 wrestling athletes (40 boys: 20 children/20 adolescents; 40 girls: 20 children/20 adolescents), 80 taekwondo athletes (40 boys: 20 children/20 adolescents; 40 girls: 20 children/20 adolescents), and 80 non-athletes (40 boys: 20 children/20 adolescents; 40 girls: 20 children/20 adolescents). The participants performed two assessment sessions, which included two tests (back scratch/sit and reach). The results showed high intrasession and intersession reliability for boys and girls among wrestling and taekwondo athletes (children: ICC = 0.988-0.998, SEM% = 2.31-7.44; adolescents: ICC = 0.993-0.999, SEM% = 1.13-5.19). Additionally, the results demonstrated good/high intrasession and intersession reliability for boys and girls among non-athletes (children: ICC = 0.992-0.997, SEM% = 3.40-9.98; adolescents: ICC = 0.996-0.998, SEM% = 2.81-8.94). The SEM% values were slightly higher in non-athletes vs. athletes (wrestling, taekwondo), as well as in children vs. adolescents, indicating that athletes and adolescents present better reliability than non-athletes and children, respectively. No differences in reliability were observed between boys and girls. In conclusion, the sit and reach and the back scratch are reliable tests in assessing flexibility during the developmental ages. It seems that age and engagement in sports affect the reliability of measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12389825/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144978104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives on Physical Activity and Learning from Children With and Without ADHD.","authors":"Beverly-Ann Hoy, Maya Connolly Steinberg, Barbara Fenesi","doi":"10.3390/sports13080240","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13080240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) engage in significantly less physical activity than their peers. While ample research has shown the beneficial effect of physical activity on ADHD management, we have little to no knowledge of how children with ADHD experience physical activity, which may ultimately undermine the utility of prescribed physical activity programming. This study compared experiences and perspectives of physical activity in school and non-school settings, between children with and without ADHD. (2) Methods: In this study, 23 children with ADHD and 24 children without ADHD participated in semi-structured interviews, sharing their views on physical activity in school and non-school settings. (3) Results: Inductive content analysis revealed that, compared to children without ADHD, children with ADHD reported lower physical activity levels, more often emphasized the benefits of movement for improving mood and focus during learning, viewed classroom-based desk cycling as a helpful tool to focus their attention, and expressed a desire to use desk cycling during classroom learning. (4) Conclusions: This study emphasizes key differences in the physical activity experiences and preferences between children with and without ADHD; it also offers insight into how classroom learning may be enhanced by offering optional physical activity outlets for children who identify as benefiting from movement during learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12390025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144978237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Force Profile Characteristics of Gravitational and Pneumatic Resistances in Pull and Push Exercises.","authors":"Manuel Barba-Ruiz, Juan Ramón Heredia-Elvar, Adrián Martín-Castellanos, Javier Iglesias-García, Francisco Hermosilla-Perona","doi":"10.3390/sports13080239","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13080239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Strength training, essential for health and performance, often uses free weights for greater stabilization demands and pulleys for easier load adjustment and progression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The aim of the study was to analyze the differences in force application using gravitational and pneumatic resistances. Twenty experienced subjects participated in the study (age: 21.9 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 76.3 ± 9.4 kg; height: 177.4 ± 7.5 cm), performing four exercises with each type of resistance: bench press, lat pulldown, chest fly, and single-arm row. The participants performed 8 repetitions per exercise. Peak and mean force were measured with a 100 Hz load cell (SUIFF S2 Pro) during the concentric phase of the lifts. Differences between resistance types were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and paired t-tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Peak force was higher with gravitational resistance across all exercises (<i>p</i> < 0.001; d = 2.1-4.7). Average force with gravitational resistance was also higher in the bench press and lat pulldown (<i>p</i> < 0.05; d = 0.7-1.4), but not in the chest fly or single-arm row.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Gravitational resistance may better enhance peak strength, while pneumatic resistance supports consistent force and neuromuscular control. These results allow us to select the resistance type based on specific mechanical characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12390010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144978519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a Short-Term Ballistic Training Program on Performance and Strength Deficit in Elite Youth Female Soccer Players.","authors":"Irineu Loturco, Bernardo Requena, Valter P Mercer, Tulio B M A Moura, Matheus G A Alexandre, Lucas D Tavares, Lucas A Pereira","doi":"10.3390/sports13070237","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13070237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined the effects of a short-term ballistic training program on neuromuscular performance and strength-deficit (SDef) in elite youth female soccer players. Twenty-two under-20 athletes completed a 4-week intervention during the pre-season phase, comprising 12 loaded and 8 unloaded ballistic training sessions performed at maximal intended velocity. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included vertical jumps (squat jump [SJ], countermovement jump [CMJ]), sprinting speed (5, 10, and 20 m), one-repetition maximum (1RM) and peak force (PF) in the half-squat (HS), and peak power and velocity during jump squats (JS) at 30% of 1RM. SDef was calculated as the percentage difference in PF between 1RM in the HS and 30% 1RM. Significant improvements were observed in SJ, CMJ, sprint speed, 1RM-strength, and bar-derived mechanical outputs (ES = 1.18-1.66; <i>p</i> < 0.05), with no significant changes in SDef. These results indicate that elite youth female soccer players can improve strength-, power-, and speed-related capacities without compromising force production at higher movement velocities (thus maintaining their SDef). The improvements observed likely reflect the combined effect of a high-frequency, velocity-oriented training approach and a concurrent reduction in traditional technical-tactical (i.e., soccer-specific) training volume. This is the first study to demonstrate that ballistic exercises alone-when properly structured-can enhance neuromuscular performance in female soccer players without increasing SDef. These findings provide practical guidance for practitioners aiming to optimize physical development in team-sport athletes without relying on heavier training loads or extended resistance training sessions-and, especially, without compromising their ability to apply force at higher velocities.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12300875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144709843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relating Anthropometric Profile to Countermovement Jump Performance and External Match Load in Mexican National Team Soccer Players: An Exploratory Study.","authors":"Israel Rios-Limas, Carlos Abraham Herrera-Amante, Wiliam Carvajal-Veitía, Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda, César Iván Ayala-Guzmán, Luis Ortiz-Hernández, Andrés López-Sagarra, Pol Lorente-Solá, José Francisco López-Gil","doi":"10.3390/sports13070236","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13070236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background/Objectives:</i></b> The role of body composition in sports performance has been widely studied, particularly in soccer. Understanding how anthropometric characteristics impact movement efficiency and neuromuscular performance is crucial for optimizing player performance. This study examined the relationship between body composition and locomotor performance in elite soccer players. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Thirty-six male soccer players from the Mexican National Team participated in the study, where body composition was assessed using surface anthropometry. Players underwent tests to measure countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, sprinting speed, maximum acceleration, and distance covered during two games of the CONCACAF Nations League quarterfinals. Correlation matrices were created to identify the most significant associations, followed by generalized linear models (GLMs) to associate body composition variables with performance metrics. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Anthropometric profile tables were created by playing position. Higher body fat percentage (%BF) was associated with lower performance. Specifically, higher %BF was associated with slower sprint speed (B = -0.74 m/s, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and shorter distance covered (B = -4.86 m/min, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Conversely, greater muscularity, reflected by corrected girth values for the thigh and calf, was associated with improved CMJ performance. Thigh corrected girth was positively associated with concentric mean force (B = 48.85 N, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and calf corrected girth was positively associated with peak power (B = 240.50 W, <i>p</i> < 0.001). These findings underscore the importance of low body fat and high lean mass for efficient movement. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The results highlight the critical role of body composition in enhancing soccer performance, particularly for explosive movements like jumps, sprints, and accelerations. This study suggests that monitoring and optimizing body composition should be a central focus of nutrition, training, and conditioning strategies, adapted to the specific positional demands of professional soccer.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12300504/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144709919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a Cooling Vest on Core and Skin Temperatures Following a Soccer-Specific Exercise Protocol.","authors":"Carlos Lorente-González, Jose Vicente Beltran-Garrido, Abraham Batalla-Gavaldà, Francisco Corbi","doi":"10.3390/sports13070235","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13070235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Cooling strategies are critical for optimizing athlete recovery and performance in team sports, yet practical, accessible solutions remain underexplored. This study evaluated the efficacy of a cool vest during a 15 min recovery period following 45 min of simulated soccer match play on core and skin temperature regulation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-seven physically active males completed an exercise protocol replicating the physiological demands of a soccer half-match. Participants were randomized into an experimental group using a cool vest during recovery (IG, n = 24) or a control group (CG, n = 23) without cooling intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to CG, IG exhibited small but significant reductions in skin temperature (31.46 ± 0.67 °C vs. 32.40 ± 1.04 °C; ES = -0.24, 95% CI: -0.40 to -0.08; <i>p</i> = 0.003) and tympanic temperature (35.99 ± 0.45 °C vs. 36.54 ± 0.66 °C; ES = -0.43, 95% CI: -0.67 to -0.18; <i>p</i> < 0.001) 10 min post-exercise. These differences intensified to small and moderate effects at 15 min post-exercise for skin (31.07 ± 0.67 °C vs. 32.51 ± 0.91 °C; ES = -0.37, 95% CI: -0.53 to -0.21; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and tympanic temperatures (35.70 ± 0.42 °C vs. 36.65 ± 0.58 °C; ES = -0.71, 95% CI: -0.96 to -0.46; <i>p</i> < 0.001), respectively, with IG maintaining consistently lower values. No temperature changes were observed in CG.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings demonstrate that a 15 min cool vest application during halftime effectively reduces core and skin temperatures, compared to passive recovery. This supports its utility as a practical, low-cost strategy for thermoregulatory management in soccer, warranting further investigation into its long-term performance benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12299794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144709841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in Antidepressant, Anxiolytic, and Cannabinoid Use Among Italian Elite Athletes (2011-2023): A Longitudinal Anti-Doping Analysis.","authors":"Mario Ruggiero, Leopoldo Ferrante, Domenico Tafuri, Rosaria Meccariello, Filomena Mazzeo","doi":"10.3390/sports13070233","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13070233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mental health disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, have become increasingly prevalent among elite athletes, exacerbated by factors such as competitive pressure and the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study analyzes trends in the use of antidepressants, anxiolytics, and cannabinoids (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)/cannabidiol (CBD)) among Italian athletes from 2011 to the first half of 2023 (FH2023), referring to anti-doping reports published by the Italian Ministry of Health. Data from 13,079 athletes were examined, with a focus on non-prohibited medications, banned substances, and regulatory impacts, including threshold adjustments for THC since 2013 and the legalization of CBD. The results show fluctuating use of antidepressants/anxiolytics, with peaks in 2021 and the FH2023, coinciding with post-pandemic awareness. Positive THC cases rose following regulatory changes, reflecting socio-cultural trends. Gender disparities emerged, with THC use predominantly among males (e.g., nine males vs. one female in 2013), though female athletes were underrepresented in testing. This study highlights the need for personalized, evidence-based strategies that balance therapeutic efficacy and anti-doping compliance. Clinicians should carefully consider prescribing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and benzodiazepines to address depression and anxiety and should monitor the risks of CBD contamination. Future research should adopt longitudinal, gender-sensitive approaches to refining guidelines and combating stigma in professional sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12298286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144709893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Amateur to Professional Cycling: A Case Study on the Training Characteristics of a Zwift Academy Winner.","authors":"Daniel Gotti, Roberto Codella, Luca Vergallito, Andrea Meloni, Tommaso Arrighi, Antonio La Torre, Luca Filipas","doi":"10.3390/sports13070234","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13070234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to describe the training leading to the Zwift Academy (ZA) Finals of a world-class road cyclist who earned a professional contract after winning the contest. Four years of daily power meter data were analyzed (male, 25 years old, 68 kg, VO₂max: 85 mL·min^-1·kg^-1, and 20-min power: 6.37 W·kg^-1), focusing on load, volume, intensity, and strategies. Early training alternated between long, moderate-intensity sessions and shorter high-intensity sessions, with easy days in between. Gradually, the structure was progressively modified by increasing the duration of moderate-intensity (MIT) and high-intensity (HIT) and, subsequently, moving them to \"high-volume days\", creating a sort of \"all-in days\" with low-intensity (LIT), MIT, and HIT. Moderate use of indoor training and a few double low-volume, low-intensity sessions were noted. These data provide a deep view of a 4-year preparation period of ZA, providing suggestions for talent identification and training, thereby highlighting the importance of gradual progression in MIT and HIT.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12298706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144709911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Perfectionism and Sport Commitment on Exercise Addiction Among Hungarian Athletes.","authors":"Tamás Berki, Zsófia Daka, Andor H Molnár","doi":"10.3390/sports13070232","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13070232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exercise addiction (EA) is a maladaptive behavior characterized by excessive physical activity, often linked to negative psychological outcomes. This study investigated the relationships between perfectionism, sport commitment, and EA in a sample of 219 Hungarian athletes (M = 22.19 years). Using path analysis, we tested a model hypothesizing that adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism differentially predict enthusiastic and constrained commitment, which in turn influences EA. Our results showed that maladaptive perfectionism positively predicted constrained commitment (β = 0.70) and EA (β = 0.63), while negatively relating to enthusiastic commitment (β = -0.17). Conversely, adaptive perfectionism was positively associated with enthusiastic commitment (β = 0.24) and negatively with constrained commitment (β = -0.12). Moreover, enthusiastic commitment positively predicted EA (β = 0.24). We found a significant indirect effect between adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism when controlling for enthusiastic commitment, suggesting its dual role in this context. Our study suggests that enthusiastic commitment serves as a source of exercise addiction (EA) and has a dual role, acting as both a protective factor and a risk factor for it. Additionally, we found that maladaptive perfectionism is associated with higher levels of constrained commitment and EA, while correlating with lower levels of enthusiastic commitment. Conversely, adaptive perfectionism increases enthusiastic commitment and decreases constrained commitment. These findings highlight the associations between motivational and personality factors in EA, indicating that even adaptive traits can contribute to unhealthy exercise patterns in athletic environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12298530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144709888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}