Z Zagadnien Nauk Sadowych最新文献

{"title":"Estimation of age from digital chest radiographs in district Mandi, Himachal Pradesh","authors":"Shama Patyal, Tejasvi Pandey","doi":"10.4467/12307483pfs.22.012.17685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483pfs.22.012.17685","url":null,"abstract":"In forensic investigations estimation of age is a crucial part. Age estimation assists in narrow downing the search possibilities in the case of unidentified bodies and living individuals, it can also help in the determination of preparators and deciding the penalty for any criminal liability. Different body parts are often investigated at the crime scene, so estimating the age using different areas of the body is important. Hence, we conducted this study for age estimation from costal cartilage calcification. Only posterior-anterior (PA) digital chest radiographs are taken, and the first rib of the left side is evaluated. The degree of calcification and age showed a positive correlation; similarly, the value of Spearman’s rho showed significant results (for the whole sample =0.914, p < 0.01 (for male subjects was =0.925, p < 0.01. For females was =0.905, p < 0.01). The degree of calcification is useful in estimating age groups and becomes more determined with advancing age. Prediction of age using the radiological method gives the advantages of ease, inexpensiveness, rapidity, and high accuracy. In developing countries, this type of study will be very useful because infrastructure and lack of sources are major issues. The article provides a non-destructive method of age estimation in a forensic context that may act as a preliminary method of age estimation in mass disasters and dismembered bodies when a thoracic cage is only present.","PeriodicalId":52546,"journal":{"name":"Z Zagadnien Nauk Sadowych","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41817443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kick starting method development for hemp analysis using cannabis as equivalent material","authors":"Kar-Weng Chan","doi":"10.4467/12307483pfs.22.015.17688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483pfs.22.015.17688","url":null,"abstract":"Cannabis (or marijuana) is detrimental to humans because of its psychoactive effects. The plant materials of this genus have however been credited with its vast nutritional values. As its benefits outweigh harmful effects, some countries have legalized the use of fiber-type cannabis – a plant product called hemp. Hemp is deemed to contain delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) below the legal limit (e.g. <0.3% THC) and thus less psychoactive. It is safe to use hemp if it contains no or little THC. So the enforcement bodies must check its level to assure safety prior to sales. Notwithstanding this, hemp cultivation as well as consumption is not lawful in Malaysia. But recently, federal government has shown interest in growing and commercializing hemp. In this regard, an analytical method for identifying hemp must be developed. In the absence of hemp, a liquid chromatographic method was developed using cannabis plants as equivalent materials to mimic the target plant matrix. The validation procedure demonstrated that the method was able to achieve good selectivity with a detection limit =0.0005 mg/mL (or 0.008%) THC. It was precise (imprecision <3%) and accurate (recovery =98.76%) to quantify THC. The detector response was linear up to 0.05 mg/mL (0.8%) THC. This method is cheap and simple for routine application.","PeriodicalId":52546,"journal":{"name":"Z Zagadnien Nauk Sadowych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43923638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classifying handwriting samples according to their type using discriminant analysis","authors":"Jagoda Dzida","doi":"10.4467/12307483pfs.22.013.17686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483pfs.22.013.17686","url":null,"abstract":"Classifying handwriting samples according to their type (i.e. natural, disguised, traced, simulated or unintentionally unnatural) is an important task in handwriting analysis. It may facilitate the collection of writing standards and also help experts to assess the differences between questioned material and comparative samples or to choose the best writing features and the most relevant examination protocol for the case. Current research aimed to create a method for classifying the type of a handwriting sample using discriminant analysis. Five basic types (i.e. natural, disguised, traced, simulated and unintentionally unnatural) and some subtypes were included in this study. Participants (N = 139) wrote their full signatures, fictional signatures or a short sentence. Motor and dimensional features were assessed. The methods proved to be more than twice as accurate in classifying samples according to their type than a random choice probability (e.g. 44% as opposed to 17% for the 6-types classifier). This proof-of-a-concept study demonstrates that handwriting samples may be classified according to their type with satisfying accuracy based on their writing features and statistical tools of discriminant analysis. However, further studies are necessary to improve the accuracy of the method.","PeriodicalId":52546,"journal":{"name":"Z Zagadnien Nauk Sadowych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47826408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usefulness of computed tomography performed after forensic autopsy in the diagnosis of the battered child syndrome: a case report","authors":"R. Skowronek, D. Ptak, J. Pilch-Kowalczyk","doi":"10.4467/12307483pfs.22.011.17684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483pfs.22.011.17684","url":null,"abstract":"Diagnostic imaging methods routinely used in clinical practice (mainly multi-slice computed tomography, CT) are increasingly entering forensic practice, also in Poland. Typically these exams are performed prior to an appropriate external examination and autopsy. The aim of the study is to present a case in which computed tomography examination performed only after forensic medical autopsy turned out to be useful in the diagnosis of an abused child syndrome. The CT examination showed, inter alia, nighstick injury/fracture of the ulna in its distal part, and deformation of the base of the phalanx of the distal finger of the fourth left hand, corresponding to a fracture/crush. Post-mortem imaging may be useful in the case of a suspected abused child syndrome.","PeriodicalId":52546,"journal":{"name":"Z Zagadnien Nauk Sadowych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44705868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors affecting the psychomotor ability of drivers and road safety with respect to legal regulations and NGO Guidelines","authors":"Dominika Gil","doi":"10.4467/12307483pfs.22.014.17687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483pfs.22.014.17687","url":null,"abstract":"The data from the Central Register of Vehicles and Drivers (CEPiK) shows that currently 22,071,753 citizens have driving licenses in Poland. In 2021, nearly 23 thousand road accidents, occurring on public roads, in residential areas or in traffic zones, have been reported to the police. As a result, 2,245 people have been killed and 26,415 were injured, 8,276 of which heavily. At the Toxicological Analysis Section of the Institute of Forensic Research (PAT IES), for over a decade more than half of the cases are related to drivers. In 2021, the percentage was 53.3%, while earlier, before the COVID-19 pandemy, nearly 2/3 of all cases sent to the PAT IES concerned drivers (for example, in 2016 it was 65.8%). Taking into account only the drivers who were involved in a road accident, the number of cases has fluctuated around 40% over the last decade. Traffic safety depends on many factors including: drugs, alcohol consumption, some diseases that the person operating the vehicle may suffer from, medicines and even the age and sex of the driver, which have been the subject of research in Europe, including Poland over the years. It resulted in many guidelines of non-governmental institutions and reports from research projects like eg. IMMORTAL, ICADTS, DRUID, EMCDDA which are than reflected in European and Polish legislation. The reports of the aforementioned institutions and research projects show that the perpetrators of road accidents are more often young men (up to 24 years of age) than women of the same age. For drivers aged ≥25 years, women are more likely to cause accidents, especially those over the age of 75. Among the diseases that affect safety in land traffic there are, among others vision impairment, hearing impairment, mental illness and diabetes. The annually declining number of road accidents in Poland is somehow reflected in the PAT IES statistics. Despite this favourable trend, the factors influencing the risk of an accident remain unchanged. The occurrence of a real danger on the road is still mainly influenced by the so-called ‘human factor’, and in particular the broadly understood ‘state’ of the driver. However, other factors should also be taken into account, such as the technical condition of the vehicle which may also directly contribute to the occurrence of such an event. The guidelines and legal restrictions on road safety that have changed in recent years seem to have brought the desired effects, however, the subject still requires further research and implementation of new solutions, suitable for the dynamically changing situation.","PeriodicalId":52546,"journal":{"name":"Z Zagadnien Nauk Sadowych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48590996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability of identification methods and expert testimonies according to participants of criminal proceedings","authors":"D. Wilk, A. Doniec","doi":"10.4467/12307483pfs.22.010.16819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483pfs.22.010.16819","url":null,"abstract":"The reliability of evidence in a criminal trial is a multidimensional issue and relates to the assessment of the evidential value of a specific circumstance established in the case through activities performed by expert witness or authorities. The reliability (trustworthy) of the source of evidence and identification methods, performance of research, deduction and the context of other evidence seem to be one of the important implications for the evidential value.\u0000Results of the survey of participants of the criminal trial (police officers, prosecutors and experts) and comparative group on the perception of various features of identification methods and selected aspects related to the status of a forensic expert is presented in the article. In the first part of the study, the identification methods were ranked in terms of their scientificity, reliability and willingness to convict on the basis of the method’s results. The research shows that the assessment of the method’s reliability is significantly correlated with the assessment of its scientificity. However, some exceptions to this relationship have been identified, indicating that the reliability of the method may also be the result of an assessment of its suitability and effectiveness. The second part of the research was focused on assessing the reliability of various expert opinions. The place of examinations carried out by an expert is important for the participants of the criminal trial. Opinions of forensic experts performed at specialist institutions were assessed as the most reliable.","PeriodicalId":52546,"journal":{"name":"Z Zagadnien Nauk Sadowych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47467117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of rose and hibiscus petals powders in latent friction ridge analysis","authors":"Vanisha Godara, Vinay Aseri, Sneha Lohar, P. Kumari, Badal Mavry, Varad Nagar, Ashrut Singhal, Apoorva Singh, K. Awasthi, M. S. Sankhla","doi":"10.4467/12307483pfs.22.008.16817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483pfs.22.008.16817","url":null,"abstract":"Fingerprints are the friction ridges found on the fingers and palm of hands. These prints are considered the most valuable evidence in the court of law as these ridges provide uniqueness to every individual. Powder dusting is one of the prevalent approaches to developing fingerprints on various surfaces. This involves the application of finely formulated powders on the fingermark impression using a camel hair brush. in this article, we have used organic household waste materials like rose and hibiscus petals for developing the powders used in latent fingerprints development. The particle of powder gets adhered to sweat and moisture deposited on the surface of fingers, palm, and sole, which provide effective visualization and give the fingerprint details (minutiae). Finally, the formulation of the powder sticks to the ridges, and the excess powder is blown away. The powder is multicolored in this case, the patterns are apparent, resulting in an exceptional outcome. The objective of the study is to provide a replacement to the conventional, expensive and toxic laboratory powders. These organic powders are easily available, eco-friendly, cost-effective and non-toxic approach for latent fingerprint development and is a reliable technique to use at crime scene and future use.","PeriodicalId":52546,"journal":{"name":"Z Zagadnien Nauk Sadowych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44181978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of resting heart rate with a criminal sentence in young adult incarcerated criminal offenders","authors":"Paweł Przybylski, D. Rode","doi":"10.4467/12307483pfs.22.006.16815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483pfs.22.006.16815","url":null,"abstract":"Criminal sentence is supposed to be just reflection of the gravity of the violations of social norms by an individual in given circumstances. It therefore should be a reliable base for measurement of antisocial tendencies in offenders. Decades of research consistently show that autonomic under-arousal is a significant predictor of crime, violence and antisocial behaviour (AB). No research to date tried to study relationship between length of criminal sentences and physiological measures of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Our study aimed to check if parameters of criminal sentences are good quantification of antisocial tendencies by correlating it with their known physiological correlate – resting heart rate (HR). We correlated sum of sentences, largest individual sentence and legal limits for most serious offence as documented in criminal records with resting HR in 74 young adult incarcerated criminal offenders aged 18–20. In line with the hypothesis we obtained Pearson’s coefficients of r = -.443; r = -.451 and r = -.397 respectively as well as Spearman’s coefficients ρ = -.408; ρ = -.492 and ρ = -.406 respectively, all significant at p < .001.\u0000Our research shows that resting heart rate can be a robust predictor of criminal conduct when the latter is quantified precisely and objectively with criminal records. This directs further research in this field towards measuring AB using methods less sensitive to impression management and informant bias, not relying on self-report but on documented behaviour vides empirical support to the validity of codified principles of criminal law as ways of expressing offenders’ level of social misconduct.","PeriodicalId":52546,"journal":{"name":"Z Zagadnien Nauk Sadowych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44064779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Jigsaw fit’ analysis: The key to solving difficult forensic cases","authors":"Maciej Świętek","doi":"10.4467/12307483pfs.22.007.16816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483pfs.22.007.16816","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents ‘jigsaw fit’ analysis, which is an aspect of mechanoscopy (tool mark examination) helpful in solving difficult forensic cases. Its use can lead to categorical conclusions in the reconstruction of the course of an incident. Examinations of this kind entail the matching of items separated due to breakage, fracture or tearing. The task of an expert in this field is to resolve the question of whether or not the items belonged together before they were separated. This paper describes three examples of cases involving ‘jigsaw fits’.","PeriodicalId":52546,"journal":{"name":"Z Zagadnien Nauk Sadowych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48964265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of symptoms registered during blood collection from drivers who tested positive for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)","authors":"W. Lechowicz, Joanna Gieroń","doi":"10.4467/12307483pfs.22.009.16818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483pfs.22.009.16818","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of marijuana on road safety has been the subject of many debates over the years. These debates have intensified in recent years due to initiatives carried out in several jurisdictions aimed at marketing medical cannabis. According to Polish forensic toxicologists, road safety is a key issue, especially following the conferences in November 2012 in Kraków and in 2013 in Augustów (Gieroń et al., 2013), Poland, on the determination of appropriate concentration thresholds. These thresholds, defining the limit for the ‘after use’ and ‘under the influence’ conditions, are still not unambiguous or easy to determine for the Polish government. An unambiguous assessment of the impact of a given concentration of blood Thc on psychomotor performance is very difficult, and will remain so in the foreseeable future. This study used 107 randomly selected blood collection protocols, with 10 protocols for each THC concentration ranging from 1 to 10 ng/ml, on the basis of which thirteen features related to the external appearance and behaviour of the tested individuals were analysed. These features were: facial skin (pale, normal or red), slurred speech, mood and behaviour (cheerful, talkative, rowdy or reticent), heart rate, pupils (normal, dilated or contracted), reaction of pupils to light, the romberg test, the finger-to-nose test, picking up objects from the ground and awareness of time and place. Five of the thirteen features related to the appearance and behaviour of the respondents showed no abnormalities (gait, the romberg test, the finger-to-nose test, picking up objects from the ground, and awareness of time and place). The study found that the symptoms observed and recorded in the protocols are insufficient to make a decision about the impact of Thc on psychomotor performance. The characteristic symptoms (cheerfulness and talkativeness) occurred no more frequently than in 3 out of 10 of the concentrations tested.","PeriodicalId":52546,"journal":{"name":"Z Zagadnien Nauk Sadowych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49083382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}