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[Development of Two-Photon Super-Resolution Microscopy]. [双光子超分辨率显微镜的发展]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202687
Motosuke Tsutsumi, Hirokazu Ishii, Tomomi Nemoto
{"title":"[Development of Two-Photon Super-Resolution Microscopy].","authors":"Motosuke Tsutsumi, Hirokazu Ishii, Tomomi Nemoto","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.1416202687","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two-photon excitation microscopy enables in vivo deep-tissue imaging within organisms. This technique is based on two-photon excitation, a nonlinear optical process that uses near-infrared light for excitation, resulting in high tissue permeability. Notably, two-photon excitation occurs only near the focal plane; therefore, minimally invasive tomographic images can be obtained. Owing to these features, two-photon excitation microscopy is currently widely used in medical and life-science research, particularly in the domain of neuroscience for in vivo visualization of deep tissues. However, the use of long-wavelength excitation light in two-photon excitation microscopy has resulted in a larger focused spot size and relatively low spatial resolution, which is a limitation of this technique for further applications. Recent studies have described super-resolution microscopy techniques applied to two-photon excitation microscopy in an attempt to observe living organisms \"as they are in their natural state\" with high spatial resolution. We have also addressed this topic using an optical approach (two-photon stimulated emission depletion microscopy) and an image analysis approach (two-photon super-resolution radial fluctuation). Here, we describe these approaches together with a discussion of our recent accomplishments.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 7","pages":"807-812"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141545529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Quantitative Activity-Induced Manganese-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principles, Applications, and Limitations]. [定量活动诱导锰增强磁共振成像：原理、应用和局限性]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202690
Makoto Osanai
{"title":"[Quantitative Activity-Induced Manganese-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principles, Applications, and Limitations].","authors":"Makoto Osanai","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202690","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202690","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate identification of regions that show activity changes in response to functional expression is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying functional expression in the brain. Quantitative activity-induced manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (qAIM-MRI) is a noninvasive whole-brain activity history imaging method used for this purpose. Notably, qAIM-MRI is a pseudo-Ca<sup>2+</sup> imaging method that uses Mn<sup>2+</sup> as a surrogate marker for Ca<sup>2+</sup>. In this paper, I describe the principles, applications, and limitations of qAIM-MRI.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 7","pages":"827-834"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141545534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Application of Ultra-High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging to the Central Nervous System]. [超高场磁共振成像在中枢神经系统中的应用]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202693
Yoshichika Yoshioka
{"title":"[Application of Ultra-High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging to the Central Nervous System].","authors":"Yoshichika Yoshioka","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202693","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of high-performance magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners is ongoing. The strength of the magnetic field is the most important factor in the use of this technology. Ultra-high magnetic fields provide many benefits, including high spatial and temporal resolution. In this chapter, we describe the characteristics and images obtained using ultra-high-field MRI.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 7","pages":"851-861"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141545527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Multiscale Imaging of Neural Activity Using Two-Photon Microscopy]. [利用双光子显微镜对神经活动进行多尺度成像]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202686
Kazuo Kitamura
{"title":"[Multiscale Imaging of Neural Activity Using Two-Photon Microscopy].","authors":"Kazuo Kitamura","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.1416202686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two-photon calcium imaging is widely used to observe neural activity in animal brains. Improvements in two-photon microscopy and calcium indicators in recent years have led to higher sensitivity, faster speed, and larger field-of-view imaging, which have facilitated observation of large-scale neuronal activity in three dimensions on a micrometer to millimeter scale. In this paper, we describe these novel two-photon imaging techniques and their applications to neuroscience.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 7","pages":"799-805"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141545532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Development of the Venture Scientist Mindset among Japanese Basic Researchers]. [日本基础研究人员风险科学家思维模式的发展]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202694
Naotaka Fujii
{"title":"[Development of the Venture Scientist Mindset among Japanese Basic Researchers].","authors":"Naotaka Fujii","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202694","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Japanese basic researchers, known for their dedication to the advancement of science without any expectation of economic benefit, are conventionally regarded as virtuous professionals. However, current social demand requires researchers to adopt a venture mindset, implement their research outcomes for societal benefit, and contribute to society through business. In this paper, I highlight the importance of overcoming the \"valley of death\" between society and researchers to create useful intersections between science and business, aimed at application of research outcomes to the society and encouraging a lifestyle and challenges as venture scientists who can contribute to the generation of new industries.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 7","pages":"863-868"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141545528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Positron Emission Tomography Imaging-based Analysis of Biological Functions]. [基于正电子发射断层成像的生物功能分析]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202688
Yilong Cui
{"title":"[Positron Emission Tomography Imaging-based Analysis of Biological Functions].","authors":"Yilong Cui","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202688","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202688","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Positron emission tomography (PET) refers to a noninvasive imaging modality that enables ultrahigh-sensitivity quantitative evaluation of the spatiotemporal dynamics of targeted molecules within living organisms from outside the body. In this review, we explain the principles of PET imaging technology and the basic properties of ultrahigh sensitivity and quantifiability. Furthermore, we have outlined PET imaging-based integrated approaches to elucidate the fundamental neurobiological mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric activity, as well as the usefulness of PET imaging in pharmacokinetic analysis and theranostics during drug development.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 7","pages":"813-819"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141545533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[How to Choose the Best Optogenetic Tool for Your Research]. [如何为您的研究选择最佳光遗传学工具]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202691
Shoko Hososhima, Hideki Kandori
{"title":"[How to Choose the Best Optogenetic Tool for Your Research].","authors":"Shoko Hososhima, Hideki Kandori","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202691","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202691","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>All-optical methods that provide deeper understanding of neural activity are currently being developed. Optogenetics is a biological technique useful to control neuronal activity or life phenomena using light. Microbial rhodopsins are light-activated membrane proteins used as optogenetic tools. Microbial rhodopsins such as channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) consist of seven-pass transmembrane proteins with a covalently bound retinal. Light absorption is followed by photoisomerization of the all-trans retinal to a 13-cis configuration and subsequent conformational changes in the molecule, with consequent permeability of the channel structure to ions. Recent studies have reported the discovery of microbial rhodopsins with novel functions. Microbial rhodopsin diversity has also increased. We describe the characteristics of microbial rhodopsins used as optogenetic tools and the latest research in this domain.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 7","pages":"835-842"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141545530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Advanced Neurocircuit Mapping via Non-invasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques]. [通过无创磁共振成像技术绘制高级神经回路图]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202689
Hirotaka Onoe
{"title":"[Advanced Neurocircuit Mapping via Non-invasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques].","authors":"Hirotaka Onoe","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202689","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The brain comprises a complex network of anatomically distinct regions (each with specialized functions) that collaborate to support various cognitive processes. Therefore, it is important to understand the brain from the perspective of a complex network. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasingly being accepted for its ability to provide useful insights into brain function. Among the fMRI techniques available in clinical practice, resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) represents the core method for mapping brain activity in the absence of specific tasks; studies have reported the usefulness of rsfMRI in the investigation of various human diseases. Functional brain networks, which consist of interconnected regions that show correlated activities, are typically depicted as functional connectivity (FC). FC analysis using rsfMRI data provides extensive information, revealing intrinsic resting-state networks and highlights deviations in network structure among patients with psychiatric disorders. Such network insights not only deepen our understanding of the brain but also facilitate assessment of network alterations associated with psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 7","pages":"821-826"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141545526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[The Frontal Lobe and Top-down Control of Attention]. [额叶与自上而下的注意力控制]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202668
Shunsuke Kobayashi
{"title":"[The Frontal Lobe and Top-down Control of Attention].","authors":"Shunsuke Kobayashi","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202668","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202668","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The concept of attention in cognitive science encompasses a bidirectional nature: bottom-up attention based on the salience of sensory stimuli, and top-down attention, which involves voluntary control over aspects such as intensity, allocation, selectivity, and duration. Top-down attention is believed to be primarily realized through the frontal lobes that monitor on-going information processing. This monitoring helps detect situations requiring intervention and manipulates lower-level information processing systems as a part of executive functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 6","pages":"715-720"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141297228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Rehabilitation for Unilateral Spatial Neglect]. [单侧空间感缺失的康复治疗]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202674
Katsuhiro Mizuno
{"title":"[Rehabilitation for Unilateral Spatial Neglect].","authors":"Katsuhiro Mizuno","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202674","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is a symptom of unilateral brain damage resulting in failure to report sensory phenomena in the contra-lesional space. It is associated with motor impairment as well as sensory deficits. Recent research suggests that USN, may be caused by a disruption in the interhemispheric balance of the visual attention network. Based on this hypothesis, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), is utilized in the rehabilitation of USN patients. Presently, inhibitory stimulation by continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) on contra-lesional parietal cortex are believed to be the most promising method. Conversely, compensation by attentional network of the non-lesioned hemisphere plays an important role in the recovery of USN. Recent imaging studies revealed that functional and structural connectivity of attentional networks within a lesioned hemisphere and between lesioned and non-lesioned hemispheres affects spontaneous recovery and effectiveness of rehabilitation approach such as prism adaptation therapy. These findings are useful in elucidating the pathophysiology of USN and predicting functional outcome. Furthermore, we hope that understanding the pathophysiology will enable the development of new rehabilitation strategies and appropriate treatment selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 6","pages":"755-759"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141297224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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