Brain and NervePub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202672
Haruyasu Yamaguchi, Tomoharu Yamaguchi
{"title":"[Impairment of Attention in Dementia].","authors":"Haruyasu Yamaguchi, Tomoharu Yamaguchi","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202672","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202672","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Impairment of attention, especially complex attention, appears in the early stage of dementia. Complex attention is one of the six neurocognitive domains, which are disturbed in dementia. Impairment of complex attention promotes symptoms of dementia, difficulties in activities of daily living (ADLs), and disturbed communication in dementia due to Alzheimer disease, Lewy body disease, and cerebrovascular diseases. Despite its importance, research on \"impairment of attention in dementia\" is scarce. We look forward to future studies addressing this topic. In this article, we emphasized on providing care for ADL and communication for people with dementia, who have attention deficits.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 6","pages":"743-748"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141297220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain and NervePub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202676
Ayami Okuzumi, Taku Hatano, Nobutaka Hattori
{"title":"[Mechanisms Underlying the Propagation of α-Synuclein Seeds Derived from the Blood of Patients with α-Synucleinopathies].","authors":"Ayami Okuzumi, Taku Hatano, Nobutaka Hattori","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202676","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn), associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) extends from the peripheral autonomic nervous system to the cerebral cortex, indicating a neural circuit-based mechanism of spread. However, recent studies, have proposed alternative propagation routes beyond neural pathways, including transmission via bodily fluids, such as the blood. This notion expands our understanding of PD progression, underscoring the complexity of α-syn spread and its implications in disease management and therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 6","pages":"767-772"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141297221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain and NervePub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202667
Ryo Sawagashira, Masaki Tanaka
{"title":"[Neural Mechanisms of Visual Search and Working Memory].","authors":"Ryo Sawagashira, Masaki Tanaka","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202667","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202667","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visual search is a useful experimental paradigm investigating various aspects of attention. For efficient search, participants must avoid revisiting previously viewed objects. Inhibitory tagging and inhibition of return are phenomena related to this process, but their neural mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. Recent studies have shown that the rate of revisit behavior during visual search correlates with working memory capacity. This suggests that top-down signals from the frontal executive system alter the priority map that guides attention and eye movements. With this in mind, we have developed a novel visual search paradigm with many identical distractors and an evaluation model that assesses multiple parameters of working memory. The model incorporated memory capacity, memory decay, and utility rate, and when applied to data obtained from experimental animals, these parameters could be reliably evaluated. Furthermore, using the behavioral paradigm and model, we found that systemic administration of subanesthetic dose of ketamine decreased utility rate and memory capacity, while nicotine administration increased utility rate. Since our behavioral paradigm does not require complex instruction, it can be applied to a variety of patients in future clinical studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 6","pages":"709-714"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141297223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain and NervePub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202670
Hiroyuki Tsubomi
{"title":"[Working Memory and Controlled Attention].","authors":"Hiroyuki Tsubomi","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202670","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202670","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Short-term memory is crucial for higher cognitive functions, yet its storage capacity is severely limited. Thus, it is necessary to selectively retain information relevant to our goals by controlling attention. This is facilitated by working memory, which consists of short-term storage and executive attention. In this review, I introduce the psychological model and measurement tasks of working memory and discuss the significance of attentional control for remembering information appropriately and stably.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 6","pages":"727-731"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141297230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain and NervePub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202640
Hidenori Ogata
{"title":"[Autoimmune Nodopathy].","authors":"Hidenori Ogata","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.1416202640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autoimmune nodopathy (AN), a newly established category of autoimmune disease, refers to an immune-mediated neuropathy associated with development of autoantibodies against membrane proteins, including neurofascin 186, neurofascin 155, contactin-1, and contactin-associated protein 1 located in the nodes of Ranvier or paranodes. Subclass analysis of these autoantibodies reveals predominant elevation of immunoglobulin (G4. Patients with AN show clinical and laboratory characteristics such as distal-predominant sensorimotor disturbance, sensory ataxia, poor response to intravenous immunoglobulin, and highly elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein levels. B cell-depletion therapy using an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody is effective for patients with AN. Autoantibody measurement is beneficial not only for diagnosis but also for deciding treatment strategies for AN.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 5","pages":"534-539"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain and NervePub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202638
Norito Kokubun
{"title":"[CIDP Variants].","authors":"Norito Kokubun","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202638","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a heterogeneous syndrome that has several variants. Although they share macrophage-associated demyelination, clinical, neurophysiological, and pathological investigations have demonstrated that each subtype has a different pathophysiology. Multifocal CIDP exhibits a chronic course with asymmetrical symptoms. Its neurophysiological significance involves multifocal demyelination at intermediate nerve sites. Distal CIDP has a prolonged chronic course, presenting sensory and motor symptoms in a length-dependent manner. Furthermore, it frequently coexists with IgG M proteinemia or other hematologic disorders. Motor CIDP displays symmetric muscle weakness similar to typical CIDP but lacks sensory involvement. Often, motor CIDP is associated with malignancy or inflammatory diseases. Although acute deterioration after corticosteroid therapy in patients with motor CIDP is well-known, the available evidence to support this is limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 5","pages":"520-525"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain and NervePub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202654
Kazuma Sugie
{"title":"[Dermatomyositis].","authors":"Kazuma Sugie","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202654","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202654","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dermatomyositis (DM) is distinguished from other idiopathic inflammatory myopathies by the characteristic skin rashes, muscle pathology, and muscle symptoms. Five myositis-specific autoantibodies have been identified in DM, and the correlation between each antibody and the clinical picture is clear. Pathological analysis has also identified DM as a type I interferonopathy of the skeletal muscle. Consideration of treatment strategies requires careful evaluation of muscle strength, systemic inflammatory findings, muscle pathology, muscle imaging, and complications such as malignancy and interstitial lung disease. Corticosteroids are administered as first-line treatment, and immunosuppressive agents and intravenous immunoglobulins are employed as important second-line treatments. Some patients exhibit resistance to these therapies. Currently, treatment strategies for refractory cases are not well established, necessitating further development of treatment methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 5","pages":"635-645"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain and NervePub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202655
Akinori Uruha
{"title":"[Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy].","authors":"Akinori Uruha","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202655","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is a form of autoimmune myositis characterized by the presence of necrotic and regenerating process as a major finding in the muscle. Anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR have been identified as IMNM-specific autoantibodies. Patients with this disease often present with severe muscle weakness and markedly elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) levels. Differentiation from muscular dystrophy is challenging in certain cases. When patients meet the condition \"subacute onset\", \"hyperCKemia over 1000 IU/L\", and \"clinical diagnosis of muscular dystrophy lacking molecular diagnosis\", the possibility of IMNM should be considered. Autoantibody measurement, including of anti-SRP and HMGCR antibodies, is recommended. Treatment with corticosteroid in combination with immunosuppressants, intravenous immunoglobulin, and rituximab can be performed.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 5","pages":"646-654"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain and NervePub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202653
Hidenori Matsuo
{"title":"[Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome].","authors":"Hidenori Matsuo","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202653","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), an autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, is characterized by proximal muscle weakness, reduction of tendon reflexes, and autonomic dysfunction. LEMS shows a prevalence of approximately 0.25-0.27 per 100,000 population. The characteristic muscle weakness observed in patients with LEMS is attributed to the role of pathogenic autoantibodies directed against voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) present on the presynaptic nerve terminal. Notably, 50-60% of patients with LEMS have an associated tumor, small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), which also expresses functional voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC). The Japanese LEMS diagnostic criteria 2022 recommend documentation of typical electrophysiological abnormalities combined with myasthenic symptoms for accurate diagnosis. P/Q-type VGCC antibody positivity strongly supports the diagnosis. Treatment options are categorized as oncological treatment, immunotherapy, and symptomatic treatments. Effective treatment of the tumor can improve LEMS in patients with SCLC. Most patients benefit from 3,4-diaminopyridine administration for symptomatic treatment. A treatment algorithm is established by the clinical practice guidelines 2022.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 5","pages":"630-634"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain and NervePub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202650
Shigeaki Suzuki
{"title":"[Peripheral Neuropathy and Muscle Disorders as Immune-Related Adverse Events].","authors":"Shigeaki Suzuki","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202650","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.1416202650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurological immune-related adverse events (irAEs) associated with cancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) present diverse clinical characteristics. Neurological irAEs affect the peripheral nervous system and muscles more than they affect the central nervous system. Among the various subsets of peripheral neuropathies, polyradiculoneuropathy, which includes Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, stands out as the most severe form, leading to significant muscle weakness. ICIs can induce dysautonomia, including autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy. Autonomic neuropathy represents a neurological irAE. Neurological irAEs of neuromuscular junctions include myasthenia gravis (MG) and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). Diagnosing MG or myositis independently can be challenging when they occur as irAEs. Myocarditis is sometimes observed as an irAE in patients with MG and can cause both severe heart failure and lethal arrhythmias, resulting in fatal outcomes. Anti-Kv1.4 antibodies are biomarkers of the severe form of MG and myocarditis. The administration of ICI in patients with small cell lung cancer increases the risk of LEMS. The distinction between LEMS is an irAE or a manifestation of paraneoplastic neurological syndrome is unclear as both conditions share common immunological mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 5","pages":"605-611"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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