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[HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND)]. [hiv相关神经认知障碍（HAND）]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2026-05-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.188160960780050519
Hiroaki Yokote, Taiichiro Kobayashi, Yoshiharu Miura
{"title":"[HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND)].","authors":"Hiroaki Yokote, Taiichiro Kobayashi, Yoshiharu Miura","doi":"10.11477/mf.188160960780050519","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.188160960780050519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are characterized by an insidious onset and a slowly progressive course and are observed in approximately 20-50% of people living with HIV. No disease-specific laboratory tests or neuroimaging findings exist for the diagnosis of HAND, and comprehensive neuropsychological assessment is considered the ideal diagnostic approach. Although antiretroviral therapy reduces the risk of developing HAND, HIV is known to invade the central nervous system (CNS) early in the course of infection and establish a so-called \"CNS reservoir.\" Consequently, therapeutic strategies that take the CNS reservoir into account are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"78 5","pages":"519-522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147977217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Immunodeficiency and Central Nervous System Infections]. [免疫缺陷和中枢神经系统感染]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2026-05-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.188160960780050426
Fumitaka Shimizu
{"title":"[Immunodeficiency and Central Nervous System Infections].","authors":"Fumitaka Shimizu","doi":"10.11477/mf.188160960780050426","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.188160960780050426","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Central nervous system (CNS) infections are serious and potentially life-threatening complications in patients with immunodeficiency. Predisposing conditions include organ transplant, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, and treatment with steroids, immunosuppressive agents, anti-complement therapy, or anti-B cell therapy. Neurologists must anticipate opportunistic and severe infection in these settings and closely monitor the clinical course. This review focuses on the clinical information and management of CNS infections in organ transplant and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, as well as in patients with HIV infection. It also discusses infection management in patients receiving steroids and/or immunosuppressive agents and in those treated with anti-complement or anti-B cell therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"78 5","pages":"426-431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147977289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System]. [中枢神经系统水痘带状疱疹病毒感染]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2026-05-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.188160960780050495
Yusuke Sakiyama
{"title":"[Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System].","authors":"Yusuke Sakiyama","doi":"10.11477/mf.188160960780050495","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.188160960780050495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Varicella-zoster virus causes varicella and herpes zoster and a wide spectrum of central nervous system (CNS) complications, such as meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, and stroke. Severe manifestations are more often observed in older adults and patients with an immunocompromised status. CNS involvement may occur without accompanying skin eruptions, making clinical diagnosis challenging. Although the FilmArray<sup>®</sup> Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel is a useful rapid detection tool, clinicians should be aware that false-negative results are possible, particularly in cases with low viral load or delayed presentation. Early initiation of high-dose intravenous acyclovir is crucial for improving outcomes. In recent years, a recombinant zoster vaccine has gained attention for preventing herpes zoster and for its potential protective effects against stroke and dementia, as suggested by observational studies. Comprehensive strategies integrating early diagnosis, prompt antiviral therapy, and vaccination are increasingly important in aging societies.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"78 5","pages":"495-501"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147977306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Cerebral Echinococcosis]. [Echinococcosis脑]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2026-05-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.188160960780050626
Tomohiro Uemura, Takashi Kanda
{"title":"[Cerebral Echinococcosis].","authors":"Tomohiro Uemura, Takashi Kanda","doi":"10.11477/mf.188160960780050626","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.188160960780050626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cerebral echinococcosis is a potentially fatal central nervous system infection caused by Echinococcus tapeworms, such as E. multilocularis and E. granulosus. It often metastasizes from lesions in other organs, including the liver, and rarely occurs primarily in the brain. Differentiation from malignant tumors is frequently difficult, and diagnosis is challenging unless cerebral echinococcosis is suspected. Surgical resection is the primary treatment, and for cases in which resection is difficult, chemotherapy with benzimidazole-based antiparasitic drugs is used; however, the therapeutic effect is limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"78 5","pages":"626-630"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147977290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Cerebral Aspergillosis]. (脑曲霉病)。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2026-05-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.188160960780050580
Keisuke Hara, Nobuya Fujita
{"title":"[Cerebral Aspergillosis].","authors":"Keisuke Hara, Nobuya Fujita","doi":"10.11477/mf.188160960780050580","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.188160960780050580","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cerebral aspergillosis is broadly classified into hematogenous dissemination and direct invasion from the paranasal sinuses or orbit. The hematogenous form is characterized by brain abscesses and subcortical infarctions, whereas the direct invasion form typically presents with orbital apex syndrome and cerebral infarctions affecting major vessels. Differentiation from Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, hypertrophic pachymeningitis, brain abscess, and cerebral infarction is essential. The sensitivity of serum β-D-glucan and Aspergillus antigen assays is limited, and inappropriate corticosteroid use may be fatal. When a definitive diagnosis is difficult, empirical antifungal therapy should be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"78 5","pages":"580-584"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147977228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Candidiasis]. (念珠菌病)。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2026-05-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.188160960780050585
Yasufumi Kageyama, Takashi Katakami
{"title":"[Candidiasis].","authors":"Yasufumi Kageyama, Takashi Katakami","doi":"10.11477/mf.188160960780050585","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.188160960780050585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CNS candidiasis typically occurs in patients with candidemia, especially immunocompromised hosts or patients with neurosurgical CNS devices. The gold standard for diagnosis is identification of Candida growth in CSF culture. For initial treatment, liposomal amphotericin B with or without flucytosine is recommended. If the isolate is susceptible to initial treatment, fluconazole is added. When possible, CNS devices should be removed. Autosomal recessive CARD9 deficiency is a primary immunodeficiency disorder associated with chronic mucocutaneous or invasive candidiasis, especially drug-resistant or recurrent candidal meningitis. In patients presenting with primary candidal meningitis in the absence of known immunodeficiency, CARD9 deficiency should be considered. A history of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis provides an important diagnostic clue.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"78 5","pages":"585-588"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147977245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Botulism in Japan]. [日本的肉毒杆菌中毒]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2026-05-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.188160960780050479
Keigo Kihara, Hideki Mochizuki
{"title":"[Botulism in Japan].","authors":"Keigo Kihara, Hideki Mochizuki","doi":"10.11477/mf.188160960780050479","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.188160960780050479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Botulism is a paralytic disease caused by the neurotoxin mainly produced by Clostridium botulinum. Botulism is classified as infant, foodborne, wound, adult intestinal toxemia, iatrogenic, and inhalation botulism. In Japan, type E botulism associated with the consumption of \"izushi,\" a traditional fermented fish product, was prevalent before 2000. Since the 2000s, type A botulism has become more common. In some cases, foodborne botulism was suspected, but no incriminating food or sporadic cases were identified. Therefore, foodborne botulism should be considered even in the absence of a clear history of high-risk food consumption or a mass outbreak. Differential diagnoses of botulism include Guillain-Barré syndrome, Miller-Fisher syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Although botulism is rare, it is clinically important. In patients presenting with acute flaccid paralysis accompanied by brainstem symptoms, botulism should be considered as a differential diagnosis. When botulism is suspected, the local public health authorities should be promptly notified to prevent additional cases. To improve clinical outcomes, early administration of botulinum antitoxin is essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"78 5","pages":"479-483"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147977155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Educating Physicians to Be Present with Their Clients: Behavioral and Human Sciences]. [教育医生与客户在一起：行为与人文科学]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2026-04-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.188160960780040383
Chikako Nakamura
{"title":"[Educating Physicians to Be Present with Their Clients: Behavioral and Human Sciences].","authors":"Chikako Nakamura","doi":"10.11477/mf.188160960780040383","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.188160960780040383","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article considers why \"the human being\" needs to be reconsidered in contemporary medicine and healthcare, drawing on changes in the nature of illness and ways of understanding the physician-patient relationship in clinical settings. It examines the development of behavioral sciences, and human models, and the usefulness and limitations of medical evidence. This emphasizes the importance of engaging with patients as unique individual persons living with illness. By introducing practices in human sciences education, this paper explored possibilities for cultivating healthcare professionals capable of genuinely encountering and responding to others.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"78 4","pages":"383-390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147678599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Functional Anatomy and Related Disorders of the Facial and Auditory Nerves]. [面部和听觉神经的功能解剖学和相关疾病]。
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2026-04-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.188160960780040347
Ryota Tamura
{"title":"[Functional Anatomy and Related Disorders of the Facial and Auditory Nerves].","authors":"Ryota Tamura","doi":"10.11477/mf.188160960780040347","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.188160960780040347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the facial and auditory nerves are managed by medical doctors across several departments, including Neurology, Otolaryngology, and Neurosurgery. It is not easy to comprehensively cover the knowledge base of each department. Therefore, this article provides a broad description of the facial and auditory nerves, including nerve conduction pathways, associated disorders and symptoms, examination methods, causative diseases, and recent topics. We also focus on neoplastic lesions of the cerebellopontine angle that can cause palsy of the facial and auditory nerves, including vestibular schwannomas, NF2-related schwannomatosis, meningioma, and epidermoid cyst. Because facial and auditory nerve functions are closely related to quality of life, it is important to efficiently identify the cause of impairment and rapidly develop an appropriate strategy for improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"78 4","pages":"347-360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147678647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[The Eye and Optic Nerve in Neurological Practice]. [神经学实践中的眼睛和视神经]
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2026-04-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.188160960780040313
Tetsuya Ikeda
{"title":"[The Eye and Optic Nerve in Neurological Practice].","authors":"Tetsuya Ikeda","doi":"10.11477/mf.188160960780040313","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.188160960780040313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The eye serves as an important \"window\" that sensitively reflects neurological lesions. This article reviews the basic anatomy of the eyeball and optic nerve, and explains simple methods for evaluating visual acuity, pupils, ocular movements, color vision, visual fields, and the fundus that can be performed by neurologists in outpatient clinics and at the bedside. It also focuses on optic neuritis, which is closely associated with neurological disorders, outlining examination methods and key clinical precautions that can be undertaken by neurologists, as well as major ophthalmic adverse effects that may occur with drugs used to treat neurological diseases. Finally, the importance of early collaboration with ophthalmologists is emphasized.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"78 4","pages":"313-321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147678600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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