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[Response if the Three Mainstay Treatments for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy Are Ineffective or Insufficient].
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.188160960770010049
Yukio Takeshita
{"title":"[Response if the Three Mainstay Treatments for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy Are Ineffective or Insufficient].","authors":"Yukio Takeshita","doi":"10.11477/mf.188160960770010049","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.188160960770010049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effectiveness of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) treatment is difficult to evaluate based on disease characteristics and treatment methods. The first basic concept of CIDP treatment is \"to prevent undertreatment due to inadequate treatment and not overlook patients who can be saved.\" The second concept is \"to prevent overtreatment by unnecessary treatment and discontinue excessive therapy for patients.\" The evaluation of CIDP treatment requires a treatment period of at least six months. For CIDP pathology and nerve regeneration mechanisms, the response should be divided into four evaluation criteria; marked improvement, no effect, and insufficient effect (slight improvement or no change).</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"77 1","pages":"49-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Subcutaneous Injection of Efgartigimod, a New Therapeutic Agent for Generalized Myasthenia Gravis].
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.188160960770010067
Akiyuki Uzawa, Koichi Tsuda, Jing Shao, Daisuke Harada
{"title":"[Subcutaneous Injection of Efgartigimod, a New Therapeutic Agent for Generalized Myasthenia Gravis].","authors":"Akiyuki Uzawa, Koichi Tsuda, Jing Shao, Daisuke Harada","doi":"10.11477/mf.188160960770010067","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.188160960770010067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) suffer from significant physical and social burdens. Although immunotherapies have been widely used for the treatment of gMG, some patients do not achieve or maintain remission. Recently, several molecular-targeting therapies of gMG, including the intravenous infusion of efgartigimod alfa (efgartigimod IV), a neonatal Fc receptor inhibitor, have been developed and are clinically used in Japan. In 2024, combination subcutaneous injection of efgartigimod alfa and vorhyaluronidase alfa (efgartigimod SC) was approved for the treatment of patients with gMG (only when treatment with steroids or non-steroidal immunotherapies does not lead to sufficient response). Efgartigimod SC contains vorhyaluronidase alfa, which temporarily and locally facilitates diffusion of efgartigimod alfa, resulting in its absorption enhancement. An international phase III, ADAPT-SC study in patients with gMG, including Japanese demonstrates the non-inferiority of efgartigimod SC to efgartigimod IV in reduction of total IgG by 4 weeks treatment. An extension ADAPT-SC+ study demonstrates the long-term safety and tolerability as well as repeatable clinical benefit across multiple efgartigimod SC treatment cycles. As a self-injectable drug, efgartigimod SC may not only contribute to satisfy unmet medical needs in gMG therapy, but also improve convenience for patients and healthcare providers. (Received July 11, 2024; Accepted September 13, 2024; Published January 1, 2025).</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"77 1","pages":"67-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Diseases Separated from Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: Anti-Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Neuropathy and Autoimmune Nodopathy].
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.188160960770010035
Masanori Nakajima, Ken-Ichi Kaida
{"title":"[Diseases Separated from Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: Anti-Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Neuropathy and Autoimmune Nodopathy].","authors":"Masanori Nakajima, Ken-Ichi Kaida","doi":"10.11477/mf.188160960770010035","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.188160960770010035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (Anti-MAG) neuropathy and autoimmune nodopathies with antibodies targeting nodal or paranodal proteins have recently been reclassified as distinct conditions, separate from chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). This distinction is based on the clinical homogeneity observed in antibody-positive cases, their unique response to treatment compared to CIDP, and evidence indicating the pathogenic role of these autoantibodies. The significance of identifying conditions outside the CIDP category lies in the elucidation of their distinct pathological mechanisms and providing appropriate immunotherapy accordingly. We hope that the various pathologies currently grouped under CIDP will be further clarified in the future, leading to the elimination of CIDP variants with different pathophysiologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"77 1","pages":"35-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[History of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: Establishment of Disease Concepts, Changes, and the Future of Treatment].
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.188160960770010015
Takashi Kanda
{"title":"[History of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: Establishment of Disease Concepts, Changes, and the Future of Treatment].","authors":"Takashi Kanda","doi":"10.11477/mf.188160960770010015","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.188160960770010015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The year 2025 marks the 50th anniversary of the publication of the first paper by Dr. P.J. Dyck that uses the disease name \"chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy (CIP)\". By combining chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), which was previously termed using miscellaneous names, into a single disease concept, a major step forward was made in its diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, we first address the establishment of the disease concept, its acceptance in Japan, and the transition and current status of treatment methods. However, CIDP treatment has not yet been developed to provide satisfactory results for all patients. In the second half of this paper, we discuss therapeutic prospects of the near future based on possible pathological mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"77 1","pages":"15-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Updated Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy Based on the EAN/PNS Guideline 2021].
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.188160960770010029
Satoshi Kuwabara
{"title":"[Updated Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy Based on the EAN/PNS Guideline 2021].","authors":"Satoshi Kuwabara","doi":"10.11477/mf.188160960770010029","DOIUrl":"10.11477/mf.188160960770010029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) includes a number of clinical subtypes. The major phenotype is \"typical CIDP,\" which is characterized by symmetric and \"proximal and distal\" muscle weakness. Due to historical changes in the concept of CIDP, multifocal motor neuropathy, anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (anti-MAG) neuropathy, and autoimmune nodopathy were excluded. International guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of CIDP were first published in 2005 and revised in 2010. In 2021, the guidelines of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN)/Peripheral Nerve Society (PNS) were the second revision, reflecting changes in the disease concept and progress of electrodiagnosis, neuroimaging, and novel treatments. This review introduces the outline of the guidelines in addition to typical CIDP; related chronic demyelinating neuropathies were classified as CIDP variants. The diagnosis of CIDP is based on (1)the phenotype of a typical CIDP or variant, (2)electrophysiological evidence of peripheral nerve demyelination, and (3)exclusion criteria. The first-line treatments for typical CIDP are corticosteroids and immunoglobulin therapy. These guidelines recommend intravenous or subcutaneous immunoglobulin as maintenance therapy, as well as unresolved questions on the evolving concept of CIDP and future treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"77 1","pages":"29-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Gould and Sōseki and Neuropsychology: Revisiting the Brain Mechanism of Hi-ninzjo (Inhumanity)].
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202785
Mitsuru Kawamura
{"title":"[Gould and Sōseki and Neuropsychology: Revisiting the Brain Mechanism of Hi-ninzjo (Inhumanity)].","authors":"Mitsuru Kawamura","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.1416202785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Canadian pianist Glenn Gould, referred to as a \"concert dropout,\" is known for his recorded performances that are applauded even during current times. Gould identified with Sōseki's concept of \"Hi-ninzyo (Inhumanity)\" and was an ardent admirer of Sōseki Natsume's well-known novel, \"The Three-Cornered World.\" In this paper, I rediscuss my previous work that describes neuropsychologically the brain mechanisms underlying intelligence, emotions, and will that form the basis of \"Hi-ninzyo (Inhumanity)\" as the cognition and attitudes of life that Gould and Sōseki shared.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 12","pages":"1335-1342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142787587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Understanding Franz Kafka from the Neuroscientific Perspective].
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202782
Hajime Mushiake
{"title":"[Understanding Franz Kafka from the Neuroscientific Perspective].","authors":"Hajime Mushiake","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.1416202782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Franz Kafka (1883-1924) was a novelist from what is now the Czech Republic, and is one of the figures who symbolize modern world literature. Although his works are more than 100 years old, Kafka displays amazing foresight regarding modern society; his writing portrays many original and unusual settings with extremely realistic expressions of individuals who find themselves in solitude caught in a huge inhuman system that typifies the current society. In this report, I discuss the association between such originality and Kafka's solitary interiority from a neuroscientific perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 12","pages":"1313-1318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142787572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Robert Schumann and Neurosyphilis].
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202779
Takashi Kanda
{"title":"[Robert Schumann and Neurosyphilis].","authors":"Takashi Kanda","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.1416202779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Robert Schumann (1810-1856), one of the greatest music composers of the Romantic era, was suspected to have had syphilis. Syphilis was a stigmatized disease during the time, and Schumann's followers tended to deny the infection itself or to destroy evidence of possible infection; therefore, no solid evidence is available in this regard. However, based on records (obtained 130 years after his death), which describe his stay in a psychiatric hospital, it is concluded that Schumann was certainly diagnosed with syphilis. In this essay, I have discussed Schumann's creative work from syphilis infection to the onset of progressive paralysis, as a Schumann lover.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 12","pages":"1293-1299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142787616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[What We Learn through Multitasking: From Working Memory to General Intelligence].
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202789
Kei Watanabe
{"title":"[What We Learn through Multitasking: From Working Memory to General Intelligence].","authors":"Kei Watanabe","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.1416202789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multitasking ability has become indispensable in modern information-based societies. However, the question whether interindividual variations in multitasking ability can serve as a strong predictor of working memory performance and even general intelligence has received less attention. This review initially explores how these three seemingly disparate cognitive components-which operate at different levels-are interrelated and, then, critically examines the \"brain training\" boom of the 2000s that was characterized by claims that multitasking training could enhance general intelligence.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 12","pages":"1351-1359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142787592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Taro Okamoto and Parkinson's Disease].
Brain and Nerve Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202786
Takashi Osada
{"title":"[Taro Okamoto and Parkinson's Disease].","authors":"Takashi Osada","doi":"10.11477/mf.1416202786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.1416202786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Taro Okamoto, a famous Japanese artist, theorist, and writer developed Parkinson's disease during the later years of life. Facial pareidolia associated with Parkinson's disease led to the idea of \"Glass with Face.\" Color vision impairment and reduced contrast sensitivity affected the use of colors in his paintings, and the focus of his creative activities shifted from painting to ceramics and sculpture. In this study, we investigated the effects of anti-Parkinson drugs on Okamoto's creativity. Additionally, we have discussed the etiology of acute respiratory failure that led to Okamoto's death.</p>","PeriodicalId":52507,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Nerve","volume":"76 12","pages":"1343-1348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142787537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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