Progress in Disaster Science最新文献

{"title":"Integration of fuzzy AHP and explainable AI for effective coastal risk management: A micro-scale risk analysis of tropical cyclones","authors":"Tanmoy Das ,&nbsp;Swapan Talukdar ,&nbsp;Shahfahad ,&nbsp;Mohd Waseem Naikoo ,&nbsp;Ishita Afreen Ahmed ,&nbsp;Atiqur Rahman ,&nbsp;Md Kamrul Islam ,&nbsp;Edris Alam","doi":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The east coast of India, especially the coastal region of Odisha, is highly threatened by tropical cyclones. This study develops a detailed risk map for tropical cyclones in the coastal districts of Odisha at the micro level, focusing on the assessment of risk factors at the block level. Using a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach, the study considers four primary risk components: Exposure, vulnerability, susceptibility, and mitigation options. The Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) framework, which uses the XGBoost model in conjunction with SHAP values, is applied to identify and elucidate the factors influencing risk levels in 69 blocks. Results indicate that about 65% of the area is at high risk to tropical cyclone, especially in the northeastern and central regions. In particular, 32 blocks are classified as high to very high-risk zones. The study shows a contrast in risk levels, with blocks in the northeast and southeast at higher risk, while blocks in the southern regions such as Ganjam and Puri and in the central parts of Kendrapara and Baleswar districts are at lower risk. The findings from this study are crucial for local authorities to identify vulnerable areas and improve cyclone preparedness and risk management strategies in Odisha.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52341,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Disaster Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100357"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590061724000474/pdfft?md5=b678434cb270214e43f30f4437df20df&pid=1-s2.0-S2590061724000474-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141852775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing volcanic hazard and exposure in a data poor context: Case study for Ethiopia, Kenya, and Cabo Verde","authors":"S.F. Jenkins ,&nbsp;K. Mee ,&nbsp;S.L. Engwell ,&nbsp;S.C. Loughlin ,&nbsp;B.V.E. Faria ,&nbsp;G. Yirgu ,&nbsp;Y. Bekele ,&nbsp;E. Lewi ,&nbsp;C. Vye-Brown ,&nbsp;S.A. Fraser ,&nbsp;S.J. Day ,&nbsp;R.M. Lark ,&nbsp;C. Huyck ,&nbsp;J. Crummy","doi":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Volcanoes produce a wide variety of hazards across varying spatial and temporal scales. When data are scarce on past eruptions and hazards, it can falsely imply low hazard recurrence and create challenges for robust hazard and risk assessment. Data quality and quantity vary considerably across different regions, volcanoes, and eruptions. Yet, there is a need for regional to global scale information on volcanic hazard and risk, where consistent and reproducible methods are applied. Such information is used by international stakeholders to inform funding priorities, risk reduction policies, and to highlight data and knowledge gaps, contributing towards the Sendai Framework's Sustainable Development Goals. Challenges in gathering this information can be most problematic where large populations are exposed to potential volcanic hazards but there are few comprehensive eruptive histories, as in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we present a unique study to evaluate hazard and exposure for nine volcanoes in Ethiopia, Kenya and Cabo Verde, as part of an international project to develop multi-hazard Disaster Risk Country Profiles. We applied a two-stage expert elicitation process to volcanoes for the first time, and coupled the results with vent mapping, numerical hazard modelling, and GIS analysis of eight exposure categories to identify where high volcanic hazard and exposure coincide. Testing the sensitivity of our findings to input assumptions, to better understand where uncertainties lay, showed that improving our knowledge of past eruption volumes, frequencies, and dates was key to reducing uncertainty. Expert elicitations proposed that Fogo, Cabo Verde, is the most likely to erupt (eruption on average every 25 years), while Fentale (Ethiopia), Longonot and Suswa (Kenya) were elicited to have the greatest probability for a large explosive (VEI ≥ 4) eruption (on average every 400 years). Menengai and Longonot produce the larger exposure values across most VEI scenarios and categories of exposure, but population and GDP exposure was also large for more distal tephra fall and flows at Corbetti and Suswa, with order of magnitude increases expected between 2010 estimates and 2050 projections. Potentially high impact scenarios include tephra being dispersed across large cities (e.g. Nairobi, 55 km from Suswa) and key infrastructure (e.g. geothermal power station ∼2.5 km from Aluto), as well as important tourist destinations, seats of government and emergency management operations (e.g. islands east of Fogo). This study provided the first hazard and exposure assessment of its kind for these volcanoes and drew attention to volcanic risk at the levels required to inform policy and future in-country funding opportunities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52341,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Disaster Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590061724000401/pdfft?md5=023d5793e2e072c2d2ed9d3e99a3845d&pid=1-s2.0-S2590061724000401-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141851968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vegetation-based approached for tsunami risk reduction: Insights and challenges","authors":"Benazir ,&nbsp;Radianta Triatmadja ,&nbsp;Syamsidik ,&nbsp;Nizam ,&nbsp;Warniyati","doi":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of utilizing coastal vegetation as a mitigation strategy against tsunamis. It begins with an introduction to the historical impact of tsunamis on coastal vegetation and explores various types of trees known for their tsunami defense characteristics. The paper examines how vegetation can effectively protect against tsunamis based on past events, supported by both experimental and numerical studies. It also delves into innovative concepts proposed by researchers, including hybrid defense systems and optimized plantation layouts, to enhance the protective capabilities of coastal vegetation. Case studies from Aceh and South Java illustrate practical applications of reforestation efforts aimed at tsunami mitigation. Additionally, the paper discusses the challenges and limitations associated with implementing coastal vegetation strategies, emphasizing crucial factors such as maintenance and long-term sustainability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52341,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Disaster Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100352"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590061724000425/pdfft?md5=cc5289b963f4ee6a3390280d8452cfca&pid=1-s2.0-S2590061724000425-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141839134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of potential hazard level for flood-induced damage during different life cycle stages of T. Aman rice along the floodplain of the Jamuna River","authors":"S.M. Bahar,&nbsp;Fariha Tabassum,&nbsp;Nusrat Tahmina Moumita,&nbsp;Md. Anisuzzaman Rafy","doi":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bangladesh, a low-lying deltaic plain formed by the convoluted network of streams within the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin, is one of the worst climate change-induced natural hazards sufferers. Among all the riverine and coastal hazards, floods alone have wreaked havoc on the national economy. This study focused on determining the level of potential hazard of different crop stages of Transplanted <em>Aman</em> (T. <em>Aman</em>) rice based on the coincidence of the crop cycle stages with the duration and depth of flood of the Brahmaputra-Jamuna River system. A 2D hydrodynamic model has been developed using TUFLOW for the Brahmaputra-Jamuna River system under this study. The model simulated results for 2008 and 2019, representing bank-full flow conditions (2008) and a recent flood event (2019). It is seen that the vegetative stage for both the flooding scenarios is most affected for all selected monitoring locations, and the effect of flood events of the other two stages (reproductive and ripening stage) varied spatially. The analysis presented in the study can be used to determine the economic damage incurred to the lower-income community, primarily associated with agriculture. Adaptive actions and mitigation measures can be prioritized to depreciate the loss and damage due to these catastrophic flooding events.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52341,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Disaster Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590061724000437/pdfft?md5=2d3ca73a5cda0a6b196ced0c44544ec8&pid=1-s2.0-S2590061724000437-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141841228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating the levee effect – Spatial planning approaches to address residual risk","authors":"Lena Junger,&nbsp;Walter Seher","doi":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The levee effect poses a challenge for flood risk management. While there is research on the consequences of the levee effect in general, a detailed understanding of policies addressing residual risk is lacking. The aim of this research is to understand how coercive and cooperative policy designs are applied in spatial planning provisions dealing with residual flood risk and which context conditions influence planning authorities when deciding on a certain policy design. We applied a qualitative research approach, including expert interviews and examining relevant documents. The results show that coercive planning policies can regulate the use of areas with residual risk either by limiting the extension of building land or by prescribing flood adaptation of buildings. However, the formulation of such regulations is connected to the spatial context, the actors involved, past flood events and risk awareness. Cooperative planning policies address residual risk either as recommendations or by providing local authorities scope for decision-making when it comes to land use planning in residual risk areas. The interview partners also discussed possibilities that go beyond spatial planning, such as emergency management. The research shows the variety of policies that can offer ways of dealing with flooding beyond the expected level.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52341,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Disaster Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100355"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590061724000450/pdfft?md5=92aef0325ca330ad2002dc1da6e862f0&pid=1-s2.0-S2590061724000450-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141732403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk perception, policy efficacy, and policy support in earthquake risk management: Empirical insights from South Korea","authors":"Wen Ya Li ,&nbsp;Tulsi Paudel","doi":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines the perception of South Korean citizens regarding earthquake risk, their understanding of earthquake management policies, and their evaluation of such policies. The structural relationship between earthquake risk perception, policy efficacy (which is the general audience's understanding of the policy and willingness to participate), and policy support was investigated while exploring the moderating effect of past earthquake experiences. The survey was conducted among 330 South Korean individuals. The responses were analysed using statistical tools such as confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modelling, and multi-group analysis.</p><p>The study revealed that an individual's earthquake risk perception significantly impacts policy efficacy but is unlikely to directly influence policy support. The findings also suggest that individuals who have experienced seismic shockwaves are more likely to perceive earthquake risk and understand earthquake risk mitigation policies. However, an individual's earthquake experience does not significantly impact the relationship between risk perception and policy support.</p><p>This study's findings have implications for understanding the relationship between earthquake risk perception, policy efficacy, and support, as well as for developing effective earthquake risk management strategies in South Korea.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52341,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Disaster Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100349"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590061724000395/pdfft?md5=b34ca426faa7ce8aa99c414265f03bd6&pid=1-s2.0-S2590061724000395-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141689579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the impact of changing rainfall patterns on landslide frequency and intensity in the Nilgiris District of Western Ghats, India","authors":"Sabari Nathan Chellamuthu,&nbsp;Ganapathy Pattukandan Ganapathy","doi":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Changing rainfall patterns on vulnerable hill slopes are a significant factor in increasing landslide frequency and resulting damages. In the Nilgiris district of the Western Ghats, India, recent shifts in rainfall patterns, including increased overall precipitation and more erratic downpours, have raised concerns about landslide occurrences. This study examines the correlation between the altering rainfall patterns and the occurrence of landslides in a quantitative manner. A thorough analysis of rainfall data from 1992 to 2022 using R (hydroTSM) is conducted to evaluate its impact on landslides. Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a comprehensive Landslide Susceptibility Map (LSM) is generated by incorporating twelve significant landslide causative factors. The results indicate that 1% of the study area is in the very high susceptibility zone and 18% in the high susceptibility zone. These findings are crucial for developing targeted mitigation strategies, effective land use planning, and ensuring the safety of the region's inhabitants and infrastructure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52341,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Disaster Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100351"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590061724000413/pdfft?md5=62531af510b3741f5d1f840f45041b3c&pid=1-s2.0-S2590061724000413-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141639212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging Drones for Effective Disaster Management: A Comprehensive Analysis of the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake Case in Japan","authors":"Mikio Ishiwatari","doi":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Drones, unmanned aerial systems, are of growing interest to organizations involved in disaster risk reduction, particularly in post-disaster emergency response. Despite the potential benefits of drones, their use is not well established and practical challenges need to be understood. This study examines the role of drones in disaster management by analyzing various applications of drones in response to the Noto Peninsula earthquake in January 2024. Drones were used on the ground in a variety of new ways, including transport of emergency supplies, restore of cellphone communications, and inspect on damaged facilities. Several issues were identified, including the need to incorporate drone capabilities into disaster management plans, develop appropriate laws and regulations, establish public-private coordination mechanisms, address technological limitations due to advances in technology, and implement training programs specifically for drone operators. Collaboration among government agencies, private organizations, and industry associations in disaster response highlighted the importance of fostering partnerships and mobilizing collective expertise in disaster management. The study concludes by highlighting the important role that drones can play in enhancing emergency response efforts and mitigating the impact of future disasters.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52341,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Disaster Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100348"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590061724000383/pdfft?md5=27dbb810006a2486e625eb65f357c045&pid=1-s2.0-S2590061724000383-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141595179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging technologies and supporting tools for earthquake disaster management: A perspective, challenges, and future directions","authors":"Mohamed S. Abdalzaher ,&nbsp;Moez Krichen ,&nbsp;Francisco Falcone","doi":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seismology is among the ancient sciences that concentrate on earthquake disaster management (EQDM), which directly impact human life and infrastructure resilience. Such a pivot has made use of contemporary technologies. Nevertheless, there is a need for more reliable and insightful solutions to tackle the daily challenges and intricacies of the natural sciences that stakeholders must confront. To consolidate the substantial endeavors in this field, we undertake a comprehensive survey of the interconnected contemporary technologies. More particularly, we analyze the data communication networks (DCNs) and the Internet of Things (IoT), which are among the main infrastructures of seismic networks. In accordance, we present conventional and innovative signal-processing techniques in seismology. Then, we shed light on the evolution of EQ sensors including the acoustic sensors based on optical fibers. Furthermore, we address the role of remote sensing (RS), robots, and drones for EQDM. Afterward, we highlight the social media contribution. Subsequently, a comprehensive elucidation of the diverse optimization techniques employed in seismology and for prolonging seismic networks is presented. Besides, the paper analyzes the important functions that artificial intelligence (AI) can fulfill in several areas of seismology. Lastly, we guide stakeholders on how to prevent natural disasters and preserve human lives.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52341,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Disaster Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100347"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590061724000371/pdfft?md5=d555882f0ec7781950d94c3db989dda2&pid=1-s2.0-S2590061724000371-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141605516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vulnerabilities and exposure of recent informal urban areas in Lima, Peru","authors":"Luis Moya ,&nbsp;Marta Vilela ,&nbsp;Javier Jaimes ,&nbsp;Briggite Espinoza ,&nbsp;Jose Pajuelo ,&nbsp;Nicola Tarque ,&nbsp;Sandra Santa-Cruz ,&nbsp;Pablo Vega-Centeno ,&nbsp;Fumio Yamazaki","doi":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urban areas are experiencing rapid growth, accompanied by significant disorder in Lima Metropolitan area and many other cities in South America. Due to decades of uncontrolled construction practices, it is imperative to identify and better understand the types of informalities prevalent in these recent urban areas. Addressing this lack of information is crucial for implementing appropriate countermeasures and developing new policies that benefit the communities residing in such areas. It is worth noting that understanding disaster risk aligns with the first priority of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this study, we propose the use of radar satellite imagery recorded by the Sentinel-1 constellation since 2017 to identify clusters of urban growth in Lima Metropolitan area. Then, the informal urban clusters can be depicted by visual inspection of the last recorded high-resolution optical image. With good spatial and temporal resolution, we identified 25 clusters informal areas. Among our findings, we observed that several of these clusters are situated in landfills comprised of construction and other waste, increasing their vulnerability to debris flow, landslides, and earthquakes. Additionally, we noted that some new urban areas mainly consist of temporarily empty houses, highlighting the feasibility of implementing countermeasures, such as relocations, in the early stages of informal occupation. These results underscore the significant contribution of satellite radar imagery in identifying recent informal urban areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52341,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Disaster Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590061724000358/pdfft?md5=161cab27d401bebd2c67517715f212af&pid=1-s2.0-S2590061724000358-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141540074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}